NURSING CARE MANSAGEMENT SCHWIRIAN MODEL (1986)
110
NURSING INFORMATICS – WEEK This model is presented as a pyramid. The
base consists of raw data and information.
2 STUDY NOTES Technology such as computers and
software supports users, which include
NURSING INFORMATICS THEORIES AND nurses and students. At the top of the
MODELS pyramid is the goal of improved patient
outcomes and better nursing practice.
Nursing informatics theories and models
provide the foundation for how nurses use NELSON’S DIKW FRAMEWORK
data, make decisions, and adopt
technology in practice. This framework explains how data
transforms into wisdom. Data are raw
INTRODUCTION TO NURSING facts such as a blood pressure of 150/90.
INFORMATICS Information is data with context, such as
repeated elevated readings. Knowledge is
According to the American Nurses interpretation, such as recognizing a
Association (2022), nursing informatics hypertensive pattern. Wisdom is clinical
integrates nursing science with judgment and action, such as providing
information and analytical sciences to health teaching and informing the
identify, manage, and communicate data, physician. Every interaction with an EHR
information, knowledge, and wisdom in contributes to this process.
nursing practice.
ROGERS’ DIFFUSION OF INNOVATION
Key concepts include the DIKW continuum THEORY
where data becomes information,
information becomes knowledge, and This theory explains how nurses adopt
knowledge leads to wisdom. Decision new technologies such as EHRs and
support refers to tools that aid clinical telehealth. Adoption depends on relative
judgment. Patient-centered informatics advantage, compatibility, complexity,
means technology should serve the trialability, and observability. Categories of
patient, not replace human care. adopters include innovators, early
adopters, early majority, late majority, and
GRAVES AND CORCORAN MODEL (1989) laggards.
This model describes nursing informatics WHY THESE MODELS MATTER
as the intersection of nursing science,
information science, and computer These theories help nurses understand
science. Nursing practice improves when how raw data becomes meaningful
these three areas work together. For nursing action. They guide the design and
example, a nurse uses an electronic evaluation of electronic health records and
medication record to review patient data support safe, effective, and evidence-
and make safe clinical decisions. based nursing practice. Understanding
these models prepares nurses for ethical
TURLEY MODEL (1996) and wise use of technology.
This model expanded the Graves and NURSING INFORMATICS FRAMEWORKS
Corcoran model by adding cognitive
science. Cognitive science focuses on how Informatics frameworks are structured
nurses think, process information, and guides that define competencies,
make decisions. Informatics tools must standards, and system components for
support nurses’ mental workflow, not just effective digital health practice in nursing.
digital tasks.
They guide curriculum development, The World Health Organization’s digital
define nursing competencies, set health framework guides countries toward
standards for safe digital practice, support equitable and effective digital health
digital transformation, and help assess systems. Key components include health
readiness of health systems. workforce training, governance and
regulation, interoperable systems, digital
QSEN INFORMATICS COMPETENCY infrastructure, and person-centered digital
services. In the Philippines, this supports
The Quality and Safety Education for DOH eHealth strategies, telemedicine
Nurses framework defines six core guidelines under the UHC Act, and
competencies: patient-centered care, PhilHealth digital integration.
teamwork and collaboration, evidence-
based practice, quality improvement, WHY FRAMEWORKS MATTER TO NURSING
safety, and informatics. The informatics STUDENTS
competency focuses on using information
and technology to communicate, manage Frameworks define what nurses should
knowledge, reduce errors, and support know when using technology. They make
decision-making. Examples include EHR practice safer, more standardized, and
use, barcode medication administration, evidence-based. They prepare students for
mobile drug reference apps, and digital future digital roles and ensure that
nursing documentation. technology supports ethical and patient-
centered care.
TIGER INITIATIVE
PERSON-CENTERED CARE FRAMEWORKS
The Technology Informatics Guiding IN INFORMATICS
Education Reform initiative aims to
integrate informatics into nursing Person-centered care in informatics
education through standardized recognizes that digital systems influence
competencies. Domains include basic communication, patient access to data,
computer skills, information literacy, decision-making, and care coordination.
informatics literacy, professional and
regulatory standards, quality INSTITUTE OF MEDICINE PERSON-
improvement, and patient safety. CENTERED CARE DIMENSIONS
Examples include navigating hospital
systems, evaluating online sources, using The IOM defines person-centered care as
clinical decision support tools, and respectful of patient preferences,
maintaining patient privacy. coordinated and integrated, focused on
communication and education, providing
ANA NURSING INFORMATICS SCOPE AND physical comfort and emotional support,
STANDARDS involving family and community, and
ensuring continuity of care. In informatics,
The ANA defines nursing informatics as a this means EHRs should record patient
specialty and sets professional standards. preferences, telehealth systems should
These include standards of practice, allow family participation, and patient
standards of professional performance, portals should clearly present education
and competencies for registered nurses and discharge plans.
and informatics specialists. Emphasis
areas include data stewardship, privacy MCCORMACK AND MCCANCE PERSON-
and confidentiality, interprofessional CENTRED NURSING FRAMEWORK
communication, safe technology use, and
participation in system life cycles such as This framework includes prerequisites
planning, testing, training, and evaluation. such as nurse competence, interpersonal
skills, self-awareness, and commitment to
WHO DIGITAL HEALTH FRAMEWORK person-centered care. The care
environment must support shared
decision-making and efficient
documentation. Person-centered
processes include engagement, shared
decision-making, respect for beliefs and
values, and holistic care. Outcomes
include patient satisfaction, well-being,
and a positive care culture. Informatics
systems should allow documentation of
patient goals and preferences without
disrupting therapeutic presence.
PLANETREE PERSON-CENTERED CARE
MODEL
This model emphasizes human interaction
before technology, transparency of
information, patient and family
engagement, healing environments, and
holistic care. In informatics, this includes
patient portals that provide access to
records and education, alarm systems
designed to reduce anxiety, and
educational content embedded in EHRs.
DIGITAL PERSONHOOD AND ETHICAL
PRINCIPLES
Key principles include autonomy over
personal health data, dignity through
respectful documentation, privacy and
confidentiality, transparency in data
access, and digital inclusion. Examples
include audit trails, use of simple language
in instructions, and providing local
language options in telehealth platforms.
PERSON-CENTERED DESIGN PRINCIPLES
FOR DIGITAL TOOLS
In EHRs, person-centered design includes
patient preference tabs, goals-of-care
documentation, cultural and spiritual
alerts, shared decision-making templates,
and education sections. In telehealth, it
includes accessibility features, family
participation, and language options. In
mobile apps, it includes simple interfaces,
self-monitoring tools, and personalized
care plans.