TOPICS TO BE COVERED

MATTER
Anything which has mass and occupies space is called matter.
MATTER
MATTER
MIXTURE
 Properties Of Types Of Mixture
Property Homogeneous Mixture Heterogeneous Mixture
Definition A mixture with a uniform A mixture where the
composition throughout composition is not
uniform throughout
Appearance Appears the same Different parts can be
throughout seen
Components Components cannot be seen Components can be seen
separately separately
Example Salt dissolve in water Sand mixed with water
 MIXTURE
Homogeneous mixture Heterogeneous mixture
 Property True solution Colloid Suspension

Nature Homogeneous mixture Appears homogeneous Heterogeneous mixture

but actually
heterogeneous mixture
Particle size Very small particles (less Intermediate sized Large particles (more
than 1nm diameter) particles (1-1000nm) than 100nm in
diameter)
Visibility of Particles cannot be seen Particles cannot be seen Particles can be seen by
particles through naked eyes naked ayes
Tyndall effect Does not show tyndall Shows tyndall effect Shows tyndall effect
effect
Separation by No No Yes
filtration
Settling of Do not settle down Do not settle down Settle down on
particles standing
Example Salt solution Milk Chalk powder in water
TYNDALL EFFECT
 SOLUTION
• A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more
substances.
• E.g., lemonade, soda water etc.

Components of solution:
(i) Solvent – the component that
dissolves the other component in
it (usually the component in large
amount) is called solvent.
(ii) Solute – the component that is
dissolved in the solvent ( usually
present in lesser quantity)
 ALLOY
• A homogeneous mixture of two or more metals, or a metal and
a non-metal.
• Generally prepared to produce materials that are stronger, more
rigid, or more corrosion-resistant.
Stainless steel
Brass Bronze a mixture of iron and other
a mixture of a mixture of approximately elements such as carbon
approximately 80% copper 80% copper and 20% tin (about 0.03-0.8%),
and 20% zinc chromium (16-18%), nickel
(10.0-14.0%) and
molybdenum (2.0-3.0%)
 COLLOID
• The component of a colloid are called the dispersed phase and
the dispersion medium.
• The solute-like component or the dispersed particles, in a colloid
form the dispersed phase and the component in which the
dispersed phase is suspended is known as the dispersion medium.
 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
The amount of solute dissolved in a given amount of solvent or
solution.
 ORS
DILIP MAHALANABIS
• Indian paediatrician
• First developed and implemented the treatment for
dehydration caused by diseases, such as diarrhoea and
cholera.
• He formulated the ORS that has revolutionized
rehydration therapy.
• It has saved millions of lives after the world health
organization (WHO) popularized it worldwide.

Oral rehydration solution (ORS) is prepared by specified

amounts of salt and sugar to a fixed amount of water.
 CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
3 main ways to express the concentration of a solution in terms
of percentage

Mass by mass percentage Mass by volume percentage Volume by volume

(% m/m or % w/w) (% m/v or % w/v) percentage (% v/v)
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒆
x 100 x 100 x 100
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏
QUESTION
If 10g of salt is dissolved in 90g of water, calculate the mass by mass
percentage of the solution formed.
QUESTION
If 5g of glucose is dissolved in water to make 100 mL of solution, calculate
its concentration in mass by volume percentage.
QUESTION
If 1 mL of a liquid pesticide is mixed with a sufficient amount of water to
form 100 mL of a pesticide spr
QUESTION
A common talcum powder contains 4 % m/m zinc oxide, which acts as an
antiseptic. How much zinc oxide is present in 300 g of the talcum powder?
QUESTION
Your mother gives you a bottle of orange juice concentrate to mix with
water and serve it to your visiting friends. She asks you to mix two
tablespoons of the concentrate with water in a glass tumbler. If each
tablespoon measures 15 mL and you make 150 mL of juice per person, what
is the % v/v of orange juice concentrate in the mixture you prepared?
QUESTION
Vinegar, used as a food preservative and additive, contains 5 % v/v acetic
acid. Glacial acetic acid is a liquid, i.e., 100% acetic acid. If you want to
make vinegar from glacial acetic acid, how would you proceed?
 SOLUBILITY
• Solubility : The maximum amount of solute that dissolves in a fixed quantity of the
solvent (100mL or 100g) at a given temperature.
• Saturated solution : A solution that cannot dissolve any more solute at that
temperature.
• Solubility os a solid solute in a liquid solvent generally increases with temperature
• In the case of gases dissolved in liquids, their solubility generally decreases with an
increase in temperature.
 SOLUBILITY CURVE
• A graph of solubility versus temperature is called a solubility
curve.

fill in the blanks of the following statements:

I. The solubility of compound ‘A’ in water at
20 °C is ______________ (less than/more
than/similar to) its solubility at 60 °C.
II. The solubility of compound ‘B’ at 20 °C
is ____________ (less than/ more than/similar
to) its solubility at 60 °C.
III. The solubility of _____________ increases more
than that of ______________ with an increase
in the temperature.
 CRYSTALS
• If you take a saturated solution of
compound ‘B’ in water at 60°C,
prepared by dissolving 287g of
compound ‘B’ in 100g of water

• If you gradually cool it to 40℃, the

solubility of compound ‘B’ is 241g
per 100g of water at 40℃. It
implies that only 241g of compound
‘B’ can remain in the solution and
the rest of it will separate out as
a pure solid called as CRYSTALS.
 CRYSTALS
• CRYSTALS – A crystal is a solid that is made up of particle arranged in a
regular geometric pattern. Example – rock salt crystals or sugar crystals
that grow while making candy sugar (called mishri in hindi).

• CRYSTALS FORMED NATURALLY – Snowflakes are also crystals formed

when water vapour freezes in the air, frost on window is formed when
water vapour turns into ice crystals
 CRYSTALLIZATION
• The process of forming crystals from a saturated solution in labs.
• This method can also be used for purification of solids.
• The principle of purification by crystallization is based on the differences in the solubility
of a substance at different temperature.

Common technique for separating pure substances (crystals) from

homogeneous mixture.
When new compounds are prepared, they are often accompanied by unwanted
impurities. Crystallization helps to separate the desired pure substance from
the undesired impurities.
 STEPS IN CRYSTALLIZATION
• Take 1g of copper sulphate (blue vitriol) in 25mL of water
to the beaker and add a drop of dilute sulphuric acid
• Sulphuric acid helps in making pure crystals by preventing
unwanted reactions
• Gently heat the mixture in a water bath while stirring
constantly.
• Add more copper sulphate until the solution becomes
saturated.
• Filter the hot solution to remove insoluble impurities
• Collect it in a clean beaker and cover it with a watch glass.
• Allow the solution to cool slowly without disturbing it –
enough time to the particles in the solution to come
together, resulting in the formation of larger, shiny, well-
shaped and blue-coloured crystals.
• Filter the crystals, rinse them with cold water and allow
them to dry on watch glass.
 DISTILLATION
• A homogeneous mixture of two
miscible liquids can be separated by
heating the mixture until the liquid
with the lower boiling point
vaporizes.
• The vapour is then cooled, turning
back into liquid. This process is
known as distillation.
• It allows the recovery of the solvent
or the separation of liquids that
differ in boiling point by at least
about 25℃
DISTILLATION
 DISTILLATION
• A mixture of acetone and water can be separated by distillation because
their boiling points differ sufficiently. Acetone boils at about 56℃ and
water boils at 100℃ . A large difference in boiling points allows one
liquid to vapourise before the vapours of the other liquid are formed in
significant amount.
 PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
• Chroma = ‘colour’ and graphein = meaning ‘to write’.
• Means ‘writing with colour’ because it was first used to separate coloured
substances like dyes and inks.
• Method of separating the components of a mixture.
• Uses differences in the interaction of the components with the solvent
and the paper to separate them.
• The liquid carries the substances up the paper, separating them based on
how fast they move.
• Take a 3cm wide strip of chromatographic paper.
• Draw a straight, horizontal line, 2cm from the bottom of the paper
with a pencil.
• Mark a spot with a black sketch pen at the centre of the line.
• Place the paper strip with the ink spot vertically into the container
with water, so that its lower end dips into the water.
• The water level should be below the spot.
• Observe the paper as the water rises through the paper.
• As the water rises, the ink starts to separate into different colour
spots.
• Black ink is not a single colour substance.
• It is a mixture of different coloured dyes/pigments that can be
separated by chromatography.
• Different dyes move at different speeds with water.
QUESTION
State whether the following statements are True or False.
i. Salt can be separated from a salt solution by evaporation or distillation.
ii. Distillation can be used for separation of two liquids even when these
have the same boiling point.
iii. In paper chromatography, the solvent level should be above the sample
spot at the beginning of the experiment.
iv. Evaporation and crystallization are the same processes.
SEPARATION OF TWO IMMISCIBLE
LIQUIDS
• Liquids that do not mix Completely with each other and form separate
layers.
• Example : oil and water
 SEPARATION OF TWO IMMISCIBLE
LIQUIDS
• Pour a mixture of 5 mL Mustard oil and 20 mL water
into separating funnel.
• The yellow–coloured mustard oil forms the upper layer
and water forms the lower layer.
• Open the stopcock of the separating funnel Slowly to
collect the lower layer of water Carefully into a
container.
• Close the stopcock when the water is Fully drained.
• Collect the next small portion that may contain both
liquids and discard it.
• Collect the layer of oil Separately by opening the stopcock
again.
SEPARATION OF SOLID-SOLID MIXTURES
• SUBLIMATION: process In which a solid Changes directly
into vapour without Changing into liquid state on heating
.

• Deposition process in which a gas changes directly into

solid Without changing into liquid state on cooling.

• Example- Camphor and naphthalene

• Camphor sublimes and separates from sand because sand

does not sublime on heating
SEPARATION OF SOLID-SOLID MIXTURES
• Take a spatula full of the mixture containing
crushed camphor and sand into clean and dry
chine dish.
• Place it on the tripod stand using a wire gauze.
• Take a clean and try glass funnel.
• Plug it’s nozzle with cotton.
• Keep this funnel inverted on the china dish .
• Light the burner and place it Under the wire
gauze.
• Heat the china dish gently for a few minutes.
• Observe the inner wall of the Funnel carefully.
• White, solid camphor deposits on the inner wall
of the funnel while sand remains in the china
dish.
 SUSPENSIONS
• Heterogeneous mixture in which the solid particles (sand) do not dissolve
but remain suspended throughout the bulk of the medium.
SEPARATION OF MUD FROM WATER
• Leave a container of muddy water undisturbed the heavier mud particles
settle at the bottom and the water may still appear cloudy.
• You can filter the muddy water through a cotton cloth or a filter paper.
• Larger particles will be removed, the water often remains cloudy .
• This shows that filtration is not always enough to separate tiny particles.

• If the muddy water is still not clear even after keeping for sometime,
CLEAN-by:
(I) CENTRIFUGATION (II) COAGULATION
 CENTRIFUGATION
• Process involves spinning A mixture in a tube at a high speed.
• During CENTRIFUGATION, the tubes become horizontal and the
centrifugal force (outward force acting on a body moving in circular
motion causes the heavier particles to move outwards, where they settle
at the bottom of the tube, while the lighter liquid remains at the top.
• Used in laboratories to separate the components of blood, such as red
blood cells and plasma.
 COAGULATION
• Powdered alum (fitkari) added to beaker
containing muddy water.
• Alum- white crystalline chemical substance
often used in water purification.
• The alum causes the fine suspended particles
to clump together.
• This process is called coagulation and the
alum is said to act as a coagulant.
• Larger clumps formed, settle by gravity
(sedimentation), and can be separated from
water by decantation or filtration.
 COAGULATION
• Formation of cheese ( paneer) from milk also involves coagulation, in which
acid (lemon juice or vinegar) is used as a coagulant.
• It causes the coagulation of milk proteins, forming cheese.