P 2.6-3 An ideal voltmeter is modeled as an open circuit.

A more realistic model of a voltmeter

is a large resistance. Figure P 2.6-3a shows a circuit with a voltmeter that measures the voltage
vm. In Figure P 2.6-3b the voltmeter is replaced by the model of an ideal voltmeter, an open
circuit. Ideally, there is no current in the 100-Ω resistor and the voltmeter measures vmi = 12 V,
the ideal value of vm. In Figure P 2.6-3c the voltmeter is modeled by the resistance Rm. Now the
voltage measured by the voltmeter is
⎛ Rm ⎞
vm = ⎜ ⎟12
⎝ Rm +100 ⎠
As Rm → ∞, the voltmeter becomes an ideal voltmeter and vm → vmi = l2 V. When Rm < ∞, the
voltmeter is not ideal and vm < vmi. The difference between vm and vmi is a measurement error
caused by the fact that the voltmeter is not ideal.
(a) Express the measurement error that occurs when Rm = 900 Ω as a percent of vmi.
(b) Determine the minimum value of Rm required to ensure that the measurement error is
smaller than 2 percent of vmi.
100 Ω

+
+ vmi = 12 V
12 V –
100 Ω Voltmeter
−
+
+
(b)
12 V –
vm 100 Ω
−
+
(a) 12 V + Rm vm
–
−

(c)
Figure P 2.6-3

Solution:
⎛ 900 ⎞
(a) vm = ⎜ ⎟12 = 10.8 V
⎝ 900 + 100 ⎠

12 − 10.8
= 0.1 = 10%
12
(b) We require
⎛ Rm ⎞
12 − ⎜
⎜ R m + 100 ⎟⎟
12
0.02 ≥ ⎝ ⎠ ⇒
Rm
≥ 0.98 ⇒ R m ≥ 4900 Ω
12 R m + 100

(checked: LNAP 6/16/04)

P 2.7-2 The ammeter in the circuit shown in Figure P 2.7-2 indicates that ia = 2 A, and the
voltmeter indicates that vb = 8 V. Determine the value of g, the gain of the VCCS.
Answer: g = 0.25 A/V

2 . 0 0
Ammeter
8 . 0 0
Voltmeter
ia R1

g vb vs + R2 vb
–
–

Figure P 2.7-2
Solution:
ia 2 A
vb = 8 V ; g v b = i a = 2 A ; g = = = 0.25
vb 8 V

P 2.7-3 The ammeters in the circuit shown in Figure P 2.7-3 indicate that ia = 32 A and ib = 8
A. Determine the value of d, the gain of the CCCS.
Answer: d = 4 A/A

3 2 . 0
Ammeter
8 . 0 0
Ammeter
ia ib
R

d ib vs +
–

Figure P 2.7-3
Solution:
i a 32 A
i b = 8 A ; d i b = i a = 32A ; d = = =4
ib 8 A

2
P 2.7-4 The voltmeters in the circuit shown in Figure P 2.7-4 indicate that va = 2 V and vb = 8
V. Determine the value of b, the gain of the VCVS.
Answer: b = 4 V/V

2 . 0 0
Ammeter
8 . 0 0
Voltmeter

R ia

+
+ +
vs r ia vb
– –
–

Figure P 2.7-4
Solution:
vb 8 V
va = 2 V ; b va = vb = 8 V ; b = = =4
va 2 V

P 2.7-5 The values of the current and voltage of each circuit element are shown in Figure P
2.7-5. Determine the values of the resistance, R, and of the gain of the dependent source, A.
−2V+

ia = −0.5 A
A ia = 2 V
−4V+
+ –

−2 A R + 3.5 A
+ 14 V +
10 V – 1.5 A – 12 V
−
2.5 A −4 A

Figure P 2.7-5
Solution:
4 2 V
R=− = 2 Ω and A = = −4
−2 −0.5 A
(checked: LNAP 6/6/04)

3
Section 2-9 Switches
t=2s

P 2.9-1 Determine the current, i, at t = 1 s t=3s

and at t = 4 s for the circuit of Figure P 2.9-1.
+ 5 kΩ +
15 V – – 10 V

Figure P 2.9-1
Solution:
At t = 1 s the left switch is open and the
right switch is closed so the voltage
across the resistor is 10 V.

v 10
i= = = 2 mA
R 5×103

At t = 4 s the left switch is closed and the right switch is open so the voltage across the resistor is
15 V.
v 15
i= = = 3 mA
R 5×103

t=3s
P 2.9-2 Determine the voltage, v, at + t=2s
t = 1 s and at t = 4 s for the circuit shown
5 kΩ v
in Figure P 2.9-2. 1 mA
– 2 mA

Figure P 2.9-2

Solution:

At t = 1 s the current in the resistor

is 3 mA so v = 15 V.

At t = 4 s the current in the resistor

is 0 A so v = 0 V.
P 3.2-3 Consider the circuit shown in Figure P 3.2-3.
(a) Suppose that R1 = 6 Ω and R2 = 3 Ω. Find the current i and the voltage v.
(b) Suppose, instead, that i = 1.5 A and v = 2 V. Determine the resistances R1 and R2.
(c) Suppose, instead, that the voltage source supplies 24 W of power and that the current source
supplies 9 W of power. Determine the current i, the voltage v, and the resistances R1 and R2.

Figure P 3.2-3

Solution:

KVL : −12 − R 2 (3) + v = 0 (outside loop)

v − 12
v = 12 + 3R 2 or R 2 =
3
12
KCL i+ − 3 = 0 (top node)
R1
12 12
i = 3− or R1 =
R1 3−i
(a) 12
v = 12 + 3 ( 4 ) = 24 V and i = 3 − = 1.5 A
8

(b) 42 − 12 12
R2 = = 10 Ω ; R1 = = 16 Ω
3 3 − 2.25
(checked using LNAP 7/27/08)

(c) 24 = − 12 i, because 12 and i adhere to the passive convention.

12
∴ i = − 2 A and R1 = = 2.4 Ω
3+ 2
9 = 3v, because 3 and v do not adhere to the passive convention
3 − 12
∴ v = 3V and R 2 = = −3 Ω
3
The situations described in (b) and (c) cannot occur if R1 and R2 are required to be
nonnegative.
P 3.2-12 Determine the voltage and current of each of the circuit elements in the circuit shown in
Figure P 3.2-12.

Figure P 3.2-12

Solution: We can label the circuit as follows:

The subscripts suggest a numbering of the circuit elements. Apply KCL at node b to get
i 4 + 0.25 + 0.75 = 0 ⇒ i 4 = −1.0 A

Next, apply KCL at node d to get

i 3 = i 4 + 0.25 = −1.0 + 0.25 = −0.75 A

Next, apply KVL to the loop consisting of the voltage source and the 60 Ω resistor to get
v 2 − 15 = 0 ⇒ v 2 = 15 V

Apply Ohm’s law to each of the resistors to get

v2 15
i2 = = = 0.25 A , v 3 = 10 i 3 = 10 ( −0.75 ) = −7.5 V
60 60
and v 4 = 20 i 4 = 20 ( −1) = −20 V

Next, apply KCL at node c to get

i1 + i 2 = i 3 ⇒ i1 = i 3 − i 2 = −0.75 − 0.25 = −1.0 A

Next, apply KVL to the loop consisting of the 0.75 A current source and three resistors to get
v 6 − v 4 − v 3 − v 2 = 0 ⇒ v 6 = v 4 + v 3 + v 2 = −20 + (−7.5) + 15 = −12.5 V
Finally, apply KVL to the loop consisting of the 0.25 A current source and the 20 Ω resistor to get
v 5 + v 4 = 0 ⇒ v 5 = −v 4 = − ( −20 ) = 20 V

(Checked: LNAPDC 8/28/04)

P 3.2-13 Determine the value of the current that is measured by the meter in Figure P 3.2-13.

Figure P 3.2-13

Solution:
We can label the circuit as shown.

The subscripts suggest a numbering of the

circuit elements. Apply KVL to node the left
mesh to get

20
15 i1 + 25 i1 − 20 = 0 ⇒ i1 = = 0.5 A
40

Apply KVL to node the left mesh to get

v 2 − 25 i1 = 0 ⇒ v 2 = 25 i1 = 25 ( 0.5 ) = 12.5 V

Apply KCL to get i m = i 2 . Finally, apply Ohm’s law to the 50 Ω resistor to get

v2 12.5
im = i2 = = = 0.25 A
50 50

(Checked: LNAPDC 9/1/04)

 P3.2-29
P3.2-29 The voltage across the capacitor in Figure P3.2-29 is v ( t ) = 24 − 10 e −25 t V for t ≥ 0. Determine
the voltage source current i(t) for t > 0.

Solution: Notice that i(t) is the current in the 20 Ω resistor. Apply KVL to the left mesh to get

⎡ 24 − 10 e −25 t ⎤ − 30
−20 i ( t ) + ⎡⎣ 24 − 10 e ⎣ ⎦
⎦ − 30 = 0 ⇒ i ( t ) =
− 25 t ⎤
= −0.3 − 0.5 e −25 t for t > 0.
20

P3.2-30
P3.2-30 The current the inductor in Figure P3.2-30 is given by i ( t ) = 8 − 6 e −25 t A for t ≥ 0. Determine
the voltage v(t) across the 80 Ω resistor for t > 0.

Solution: Notice that i(t) is the current in the 20 Ω resistor. Apply KCL at the top node of the 80 Ω
resistor to get

v (t )
80
(
= 10 − 8 − 6 e −25 t ) ( )
⇒ v ( t ) = 80 ⎡10 − 8 − 6 e −25 t ⎤ = 160 + 480 e −25 t for t ≥ 0
⎣ ⎦
P 3.3-4 Determine the voltage v in the circuit shown in Figure P 3.3-4.

Figure P 3.3-4

Solution:
Voltage division
16
v1 = 12 = 8 V
16 + 8
4
v3 = 12 = 4 V
4+8

KVL: v3 − v − v1 = 0
v = −4 V

(checked using LNAP 8/16/02)

P 3.3-5 The model of a cable and load resistor connected to a

source is shown in Figure P 3.3-5. Determine the appropriate
cable resistance, R, so that the output voltage, vo, remains
between 9 V and 13 V when the source voltage, vs, varies
between 20 V and 28 V. The cable resistance can only assume
integer values in the range 20 < R < 100 Ω.
Figure P 3.3-5
Solution:
⎛ 100 ⎞ ⎛v ⎞
using voltage divider: v = ⎜ ⇒ R = 50 ⎜ s − 1⎟
v
0 ⎝ 100 + 2 R ⎟⎠ s ⎜v ⎟
⎝ o ⎠
with v = 20 V and v > 9 V, R < 61.1 Ω ⎫
s 0 ⎪
⎬ R = 60 Ω
with v = 28 V and v < 13 V, R > 57.7 Ω ⎪
s 0 ⎭
P 3.3-9 A potentiometer can be used as a transducer to
convert the rotational position of a dial to an electrical
quantity. Figure P 3.3-9 illustrates this situation. Figure P
3.3-9a shows a potentiometer having resistance Rp
connected to a voltage source. The potentiometer has
three terminals, one at each end and one connected to a
sliding contact called a wiper. A voltmeter measures the
voltage between the wiper and one end of the
potentiometer.
Figure P 3.3-9b shows the circuit after the
potentiometer is replaced by a model of the
potentiometer that consists of two resistors. The
parameter a depends on the angle, θ, of the dial. Here
a = 360
θ
° , and θ is given in degrees. Also, in Figure P 3.3-
9b, the voltmeter has been replaced by an open circuit
and the voltage measured by the voltmeter, vm, has been
labeled. The input to the circuit is the angle θ, and the
output is the voltage measured by the meter, vm.
(a) Show that the output is proportional to the input.
(b) Let Rp = 1 kΩ and vs = 24 V. Express the output Figure P 3.3-9
as a function of the input. What is the value of
the output when θ = 45º? What is the angle when
vm = 10 V?

Solution:
(a) Use voltage division to get
aR p
vm = v s = av s
(1 − a ) R p + R p
⎛ vs ⎞
Therefore vm = ⎜ ⎟θ
⎝ 360 ⎠
So the input is proportional to the input.
⎛1⎞
(b) When vs = 24 V then v m = ⎜ ⎟ θ . When θ = 45o then vm = 3 V. When vm = 10 V then θ = 150o .
⎝ 15 ⎠
(Checked: LNAP 6/12/04)
P 3.4-7 Determine the value of the current i in the circuit shown in Figure P 3.4-7.

Figure P 3.4-7

Solution:
All of the elements of this circuit are connected in parallel. Replace the parallel current sources by a
single equivalent 2 – 0.5 + 1.5 = 3 A current source. Replace the parallel 12 Ω and 6 Ω resistors by a
12 × 6
single = 4 Ω resistor.
12 + 6

By current division

⎛ 4 ⎞ 12
i = −⎜ ⎟ 3 = − = −1.714 A
⎝ 3+ 4 ⎠ 7

(checked: LNAP 62/6/07)

P 3.4-8 Determine the value of the voltage v in
Figure P 3.4-8.

Figure P 3.4-8

Solution:
Each of the resistors is connected between
nodes a and b. The resistors are connected in
parallel and the circuit can be redrawn like this:

Then 40 & 20 & 40 = 10 Ω

so v = 10 ( 0.003) = 0.03 = 30 mV
(checked: LNAP 6/21/04)

P 3.4-9 Determine the power supplied by the dependent

source in Figure P 3.4-9.

Figure P 3.4-9
Solution:
Use current division to get
75
ia = −
25 + 75
( 30 × 10−3 ) = −22.5 mA

so v b = 50 ( −22.5 × 10−3 ) = −1.125 V

The power supplied by the dependent source is

given by
p = − ( 30 × 10−3 ) ( −1.125 ) = 33.75 mW

(checked: LNAP 6/12/04)

P 3.5-2 Determine the power supplied by each source in the circuit shown in Figure P 3.5-2.

Figure P 3.5-2
Solution:
20 × 5
The 20-Ω and 5-Ω resistors are connected in parallel. The equivalent resistance is = 4 Ω.
20 + 5
The 7-Ω resistor is connected in parallel with a short circuit, a 0-Ω resistor. The equivalent
0× 7
resistance is = 0 Ω , a short circuit.
0+7

The voltage sources are connected in series and can be

replaced by a single equivalent voltage source.

After doing so, and labeling the resistor currents, we have

the circuit shown.

The parallel current sources can be replaced by an

equivalent current source.

Apply KVL to get

−5 + v1 − 4 ( 3.5 ) = 0 ⇒ v1 = 19 V

The power supplied by each sources is:

Source Power delivered

8-V voltage source −2 ( 3.5 ) = −7 W
3-V voltage source −3 ( 3.5 ) = −10.5 W
3-A current source 3 ×19 = 57 W
0.5-A current source 0.5 ×19 = 9.5 W

(Checked using LNAP, 9/15/04)