2.0 Light behaves in predictable ways.

(page 188-211)

LO#2: Investigate the transmission of light and describe its behavior using a
geometric ray model
a) investigate how light is reflected, transmitted, and absorbed by different
materials; and describe differences in the optical properties of various materials

OPTICAL DEVICES: are mechanisms that direct light beams to the viewer’s eyes
through reflection and refraction.

OPTICAL SYSTEMS: consists of four elements: lenses, mirrors, prisms and a light
source. YOU WILL LEARN ABOUT EACH TYPE AND HOW LIGHT IS
AFFECTED BY THEM AS YOU WORK THROUGH THIS TOPIC.

LAB A: DESK DUTY:

2.1 LIGHT TRAVELS IN RAYS AND INTERACTS WITH MATERIALS (page 190)

RAY DIAGRAMS:

1. Define what predictable means.

2. A ________ _____________________ shows how light travels. The rays are drawn

in ___________________ lines from the source of light.

3. Why are ray diagrams incomplete?

4. Draw two pictures below showing how ray diagrams can help explain why light
intensity (brightness) changes with distance from the source.
high intensity

_____ of light rays reaching the eye.

low intensity

_____ light rays reaching the eye.

5. Draw a ray diagram below to show how shadows are created.

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6. Where would you have to stand in relationship to the light source to create a very
large shadow compared to a small one?

LAB B: LIGHT INTERACTS WITH MATERIALS:

1. Shine a light source (light bulb) through the three different objects at this
station.

2. What happened to the light rays for each material?

LAB C: LIGHT INTERACTS WITH MATERIALS:

1. Shine a light source (light bulb) through the three different objects at this
station.

2. What happened to the light rays for each material?

LAB D: LIGHT INTERACTS WITH MATERIALS:

1. Shine a light source (light bulb) through the three different objects at this
station.

2. What happened to the light rays for each material?

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3. Read page 191. Material in LAB B would be considered ________________________.
Material in LAB C would be considered _____________________________. Material
in LAB D would be considered _____________________________. Complete the
chart below based on your findings.
Type of Interaction with Light Examples of Ray Diagram
Material Material

TRANSPARENT

TRANSLUCENT

OPAQUE

Match the following examples of objects as to whether they are transparent,

translucent or opaque.

1. Desk _______________________ 5. Water _____________________

2. Leaf _____________________ 6. Mirror ____________________
3. Camera lens ___________________ 7. Rainbow ______________________
4. Stained glass ________________ 8. Solid color shower curtain
____________

LAB E: DESK DUTY: LUMINOUS vs. NON-LUMINOUS Read page 191

1. A pencil or other opaque objects are called ______ ___________________________,

meaning they ______ _____________ produce _________________.

2. Where does the light come from in order for you to see an opaque object? Draw
a diagram to demonstrate.

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 3. An object that produces its own light is considered _______________________.
LAB F: LIGHT REFLECTION LAB: page 192

QUESTION: What type of material makes the best reflector?

HYPOTHESIS: I think the best reflecting material is ________________________________

because _____________________________________________________________________

VARIABLES: manipulated: ___________________________________________

responding: _____________________________________________
2-controlled: __________________________________________________
MATERIALS & PROCEDURES: see page 192
OBSERVATIONS:
Material Transparent Surface type Color and Qualitative Quantitative Ranking
Measurement Measurement 1st, 2nd,
Description Translucent, (smooth or Shiny or
Predict (good, (mA) etc..
or Opaque rough) Dull ave, poor)

ANALYSIS:
1. Which material reflected the best? Why do you think this material was the
best?

2. Which material was the worst reflector? Why do you think this material was
the worst?

CONCLUSION TO LIGHT REFLECTION LAB:

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Errors/Changes:
LAB G: TYPES OF REFLECTION: Read page 193 to complete the chart below, then
go to Station G to complete the second chart.

Type of Ray Diagram Interaction with Light

Reflection
type of surface: _______________

regular bounce off in the _______

____________

reflected rays stay _______________ to

each other

image is ________________

type of surface:
_____________________
diffuse
each ray is reflected at a
____________
angle

the light is _________________

Classify each of the following objects (found at station G) as to whether they

would give a regular reflection or a diffuse reflection.

OBJECT: describe it WHAT TYPE OF REFLECTION WOULD YOU

GET?
(diffuse or regular)

LAB H:: Read “Give it a Try” on page 194 (If time allows)

1. When you wink your right eye, the ________________ eye in the mirror winks back.
2. With 2 mirrors 90º to each other, when you wink your right eye the ____________
eye in the mirror winks back.
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3. Any possible explanation for this?

LO#2: b) measure and describe angles of reflection

LAB I: 2.2: The Law of Reflection read page 194-196

1. The _________________ ray is the ray that goes into an object and bounces off as a
________________ beam, giving regular reflection.
2. What type of surface gives the best reflections?
3. Examples of objects that allow you to see your image are: still _____________,
____________________, __________________, or even _____________ ______________.
The one that gives you the clearest reflection is a _____________ (flat) __________.

QUESTION: What rule can you make that described how light reflects off a
flat (smooth) mirror?

HYPOTHESIS:

VARIABLES: manipulated: ______________________________________

responding: _______________________________________
controlled: ________________________________________

MATERIAL AND PROCEDURE: SEE PAGE 195

OBSERVATION DRAWING

MIRROR-TOP VIEW

LIGHT RAY

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ANALYSIS QUESTIONS:
a. Label the diagram below using these words: incident ray, angle of incidence,
reflecting surface, normal, angle of reflection and reflected ray.

b. Using a protractor measure the angle of incidence= _______°

c. Using a protractor measure the angle of reflection= _______°

d. Explain how the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection compare.

e. Is this what you got with your lab above? Explain

CONCLUSION: The “LAW OF REFLECTION” states that….

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REVIEW FOR A FORMATIVE QUIZ!!
LAB J: 2.3 REFLECTING LIGHT WITH CURVED MIRRORS (page 197)

1. A mirror that is curved inwards like a bowl is called a ________________ mirror.

2. Look at the inside of a spoon. Describe what you see.

3. Look at the concave mirror supplied. What does the reflection look like?

4. What happens when you move far away from the mirror?

5. What happens when you are very close to the mirror?

6. Turn on the light source and sketch a ray diagram of a concave mirror as the
light source hitting it. Page 197. Note that the rays follow the Law of Reflection!

7. The place where the light rays all head to a common point is called the
__________________ __________________.

8. Because of the shape of a concave mirror they are very good at ___________
____________ and ________________ it to a ______________ __________________.

9. Explain where concave mirrors are used and why.

10. Look at the ray diagram of a flashlight or

car headlight. Which way are the rays of light
going? Why?

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 Why do you think headlights or flashlights are designed this way?

11. Explain what an image looks when the object is outside the focal point and
what happens as the object approaches the focal point.

12. When using a concave mirror, explain when you get an image that is
upright
and enlarged?

LAB K: REFLECTING LIGHT WITH CURVED MIRRORS: (page 199)

1. A mirror with the surface curved outwards is called a ____________ ________.

2. Look at the outside of a spoon. Describe what you see.

3. Look at the convex mirror supplied. What happens when you move far away from
the mirror?

4. What happens when you move very close to the mirror?

5. Turn on the light source and sketch a ray diagram of a convex mirror that has a
light
source hitting it. Page 199. Note that the rays follow the Law of Reflection!

6. Describe what type of image you get when using a convex mirror.

7. List a couple of places where convex mirrors are used.

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8. What warning message do some convex mirrors have on them?
TRY LOOKING AT THE LARGE CONCAVE AND CONVEX MIRRORS

a) Which mirror gives you a large viewing area? ____________________

b) Which mirrors gives you a large image? ________________________ Explain where

you need to be in relationship to the mirror to get the large image.

c) Identify the type of mirror used in each case below: FLAT, CONCAVE, CONVEX.
Write the type of mirror on the line below each situation.

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TIME FOR A FORMATIVE QUIZ! REVIEW THE LAW OF REFLECTION AND HOW
CONCAVE AND CONVEX MIRROR REACT WITH LIGHT. WATCH OUT FOR THE
VOCABULARY!!

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LO#2c: Investigate, measure and describe the refraction of light through different
materials

LAB L: WHY IS THE FISH IN A DIFFERENT PLACE?

2.4 Transparent Substances Refract Light: (page 200-203)

1. How do transparent substances affect light rays?

2. Shine a laser through the colored water. Now shine the laser at an angle from
the air above the water lever into the water. Look at the laser from the
side. Explain what you see.

3. Explain why grizzlies have problems catching fish that are under water?

4. What is the scientific name given to light bending?

5. What is the reason for light bending?

6. Remember the term “density”? What does it mean?

7. a) What substance is denser? water or air

b) Which substance (water or air) would you be able to run the fastest through?

8. STEPS FOR REFRACTION:

1. List the density of substances (more dense into less dense or vice versa)
2. Is light going to speed up or slow down?
a. Speeds up light refract (moves) _________________ the normal.
b. Slows down light refracts (moves) ________________ the normal.
3. Draw the normal line (line that is 90° to the medium’s surface where
the ray contacts the new medium)
4. Extend the light ray (dotted line) in a straight line into the new medium
5. Put your pencil on the extended ray, then change the angle of your
pencil--either towards the normal (slows down) or away from the
normal (speed up).
6. Draw the refracted ray where your pencil ended up.
Substance Density Substance Density
Glass 2 g/cm 3
Diamond 3.5 g/cm3
Water 1 g/ml Glycerol 1.26 g/ml
Isopropyl Alcohol 0.79 g/ml Baby oil 0.8 g/ml
Air 0.0013g/mL Vegetable oil 0.9g/mL

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 9. Use a ruler to sketch how a fish would look to you when you are on the shore.
Draw the normal: (it should be 90° to where the light beam hits the water
surface). Label the incidence ray, the ray of refraction, the normal, the
angle of incidence and angle of refraction.

IMAGE FISH
NOTE: INCIDENT RAY HAS TO BE
AT AN ANGLE TO THE NEW MEDIUM
ACTUAL FISH

10. As the incidence ray of the fish changed from the water to the air the ray bent
__________________ ____________the normal, because the speed of light
___________________. (dense to less dense matter)

11. The light will refract towards the normal when the ray goes from a ___________
dense matter into a _________________ dense matter, because the speed of light
____________________.

12. Diagram out how light would refract if it went from air into diamond. Show the
normal.

Air Diamond

13. Mirages are optical illusions caused by ____________________________.

14. Diagram out how light would refract if it went from glycerol into water Show the
normal.

Glycerol Water

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15. Diagram out how light would refract if it went from vegetable oil into glycerol.
Show the normal.
Glycerol vegetable oil

16. Continue the light ray as it goes from the baby oil to glass and then from the
glass
into the air.

Baby oil

Glass

Air

17. This diagram shows the path of light traveling

from baby oil into an unknown substance.
Is the unknown substance more or less
dense than baby oil?

Hint: draw the normal!

18. In the diagram below, is substance X more or

less
dense than the air?

How can you tell?

Hint: identify the surface where the medium

changes and label the normal

19. Below is a diagram of light going from the

left side into the right-side. Which
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side has the largest density?

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LAB M: 2.5 Lenses Refract and Focus Light: page 204-208

1. Draw the shape of a concave lens and describe it in words.

2. Look through the concave lens at the writing on this sheet of paper. What
happens to the size of the letters when the lens is close to the paper?

What happens to the size of the letters as you move the lens further away from
the
paper?

What kind of image do you get using a concave lens?

3. Turn the light ray on and pass it through the concave lens. Draw and describe
what you see happening to the light rays. Look in your textbook to confirm
results.

4. Knowing what you saw, diagram out what happens to light rays that are reflected
off the ant and pass through the concave lens.

5. Will light rays meet after they pass through a concave lens to make a focal point?
Explain how the light is refracted.

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LAB N: 2.5 Lenses Refract and Focus Light: (page 204-208)

1. Draw the shape of a convex lens and describe it in words.

2. Look through the convex lens at this sheet of paper. What happens to the size of
letters when the lens is close to the paper?

What happens to the size of the letters when you move the lens further away?

What kind of image do you get using a convex lens?

3. If a lens is curved out on both sides, it is called a ___________ ____________.

6. 4. Turn the light ray on and pass it through the convex lens. Draw and describe
what you see happening to the light rays. Look in your textbook to confirm
results.

5. Knowing what you saw, diagram out what happens to light that is reflecting off the
ant and passes through a double convex lens.

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7. List the two reasons why convex lenses are useful.

8. What are some uses of a convex lens?

9. What type of telescopes use convex lenses? ___________________________

10. What is one drawback of convex lenses?

11. What type of lens would be useful for the following items?
a) magnifying glass _______________________
b) overhead projector ________________________
c) eye piece in a telescope ___________________________
d) lens in microscope (objective) _______________________

11. How is the image of a double convex lens similar to that seen in a concave
mirror? (distance, size, orientation)

REFRACTION FORMATIVE EXAM:

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FOLLOWED BY A LO#2 SUMMATIVE EXAM!

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