MODULE 5: SINGLE PHASE AC POWER ANALYSIS

Instantaneous Power
❖ The instantaneous power p(t) absorbed by an element is the product
of the instantaneous voltage v(t) across the element and the
instantaneous current i(t) through it.

𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣(𝑡) × 𝑖(𝑡)
❖ The instantaneous power (in watts) is the power at any instant of
time.

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 INSTANTANEOUS POWER

❖ Let the voltage and current at the terminals of the circuit be

𝑣 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜗𝑣 )
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜗𝑖 )
❖ The instantaneous power absorbed by the circuit is
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑣 𝑡 × 𝑖 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜗𝑣 ) sin(𝜔𝑡 + 𝜗𝑖 )
❖ Using the trigonometric identity
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑏 = (𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 − 𝑏) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎 + 𝑏)) / 2
1 1
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜗𝑣 − 𝜗𝑖 + 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜗𝑣 + 𝜗𝑖 )
2 2

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 INSTANTANEOUS POWER

1 1
𝑝 𝑡 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜗𝑣 − 𝜗𝑖 + 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos(2𝜔𝑡 + 𝜗𝑣 + 𝜗𝑖 )
2 2
❖ This shows us that the instantaneous power has two parts.
❖ The first part is constant. Its value depends on the phase difference
between the voltage and the current.
❖ The second part is a sinusoidal function whose frequency is which
is twice the angular frequency of the voltage or current.

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 AVERAGE POWER

❖ The instantaneous power changes with time and is therefore

difficult to measure.
❖ The average power is more convenient to measure. In fact, the
wattmeter, the instrument for measuring power, responds to average
power.
❖ The average power, in watts, is the average of the instantaneous
power over one period

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 AVERAGE POWER

1 𝑇
𝑃 = න 𝑝 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 0
1
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑚 𝐼𝑚 cos 𝜗𝑣 − 𝜗𝑖
2

𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜃

❖ A resistive load (R ) absorbs power at all times, while a reactive load
(L or C ) absorbs zero average power.

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 EXAMPLES

Given that
𝑣 𝑡 = 120 cos 377𝑡 + 45° 𝑉
𝑖 𝑡 = 10 cos 377𝑡 − 10° 𝐴
find the instantaneous power and the average power

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 EXAMPLES

Calculate the instantaneous power and average power absorbed by

𝑣 𝑡 = 165 cos 10𝑡 + 20° 𝑉
𝑖 𝑡 = 20 sin 10𝑡 + 60° 𝐴

❖ An instantaneous current, i =250sinωt mA flows through a pure

resistance of 5kΩ. Find the power dissipated in the resistor.

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 EXAMPLES

Find the average power supplied by the source and the average power
absorbed by the resistor. (2.5W)

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 EXAMPLES

❖ Calculate the average power absorbed by the resistor and inductor.

Find the average power supplied by the voltage source.

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 POWER TRIANGLE

❖ Consider an inductive circuit, the current I can be resolved into two

rectangular components.
❖ The product of current components and Voltage results to a power
triangle, with four components i.e. Active (True) power, Reactive
power, Apparent power and power factor.

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 POWER TRIANGLE

❖ Apparent power: The total power that appears to be transferred

between the source and load. It is equal to the product of applied
voltage (V) and circuit current (I) i.e.
𝑆 = 𝑉1
❖ It is measured in volt-ampers (VA).

❖ Apparent power has two components: true power and reactive

power.

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 POWER TRIANGLE

❖ Active (True or Average) power: The power which is actually

consumed in the circuit. It is measured in watts (W).
𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 cos 𝜃 = 𝑉𝐼 cos 𝜃
❖ We know that power is consumed in resistance only since neither
pure inductor (L) nor pure capacitor (C) consumes any active power.
❖ Now, current and voltage are in phase in a resistance. Therefore,
current in phase with voltage produces true or active power. It is the
useful component of apparent power.

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 POWER TRIANGLE

❖ Reactive power: The component of apparent power which is

neither consumed nor does any useful work in the circuit.
❖ 𝑄 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 sin 𝜃 = 𝑉𝐼 sin 𝜃
❖ It is measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR).

❖ The power consumed (or true power) in L and C is zero because all the power received from the
source in one quarter-cycle is returned to the source in the next quarter-cycle. This circulating
power is called *reactive power.
❖ Now, current and voltage in L or C are 90° out of phase. Therefore, current 90° out of phase
with voltage contributes to reactive power or the wattless component

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 POWER TRIANGLE

❖ Power Factor: The power factor is the cosine of the phase

difference between voltage and current. It is also the cosine of the
angle of the load impedance.
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 = cos 𝜗𝑣 − 𝜗𝑖 = cos 𝜃

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 EXAMPLES

❖ A series circuit of resistance 60Ω and inductance 75mH is connected to a

110V, 60Hz supply. Calculate the power dissipated. (165W).
❖ A load takes 90 kWatt a power factor of 0.5 lagging. Calculate the
apparent power and the reactive power. (180kVA), 156kvar).
❖ A coil of resistance 60Ω and inductance 318.4mH is connected in parallel
with a 15μF capacitor across a 200V, 50Hz supply. Calculate(a) the
current in the coil, (b) the current in the capacitor, (c) the supply current
and its phase angle, (d) the circuit impedance, (e) the power consumed, (f
) the apparent power, and (g) the reactive power. Sketch the phasor
diagram.
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 POWER TRIANGLE

Significance of Power factor:

• The apparent power drawn by a circuit has two components viz. (i) true power and (ii) reactive
power. True power component should be as large as possible because it is this component which
does useful work in the circuit. This is possible only if the reactive power component is small.
• The smaller the phase angle f (i.e. greater the p.f. cos f), the smaller is the reactive power
component.
• Thus power factor of a circuit is a measure of its effectiveness in utilizing the apparent power
drawn by it. The greater the power factor of a circuit, the greater is its ability to utilize the
apparent power.
• Thus 0·5 p.f. (i.e. 50% p.f.) of a circuit means that it will utilize only 50% of the apparent power
whereas 0·8 p.f. would mean 80% utilization of apparent power. For this reason, we wish that the
power factor of the circuit to be as near to 1 as possible.

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 Power Factor Correction
• Power factor correction is the process of increasing the power factor
without altering the voltage or current to the original load.

• Since most loads are inductive, with low power factor, a load’s power
factor is improved by deliberately installing a capacitor in parallel with
the load.

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 Power Factor Correction
Let a motor take a current of 50A at a power factor of 0.6 lagging from a
240V, 50Hz supply, what value of capacitor is needed to improve the power
factor from 0.6 lagging to unity?

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 Power Factor Correction
𝐶 = 531 𝜇𝐹
Before the capacitor was connected, the supply current was 50A at 0.6
lagging pf. Now it is 30A at unity p.f.

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 Power Factor Correction
An inductive load takes a current of 60A at a power factor of 0.643 lagging when connected to a 240V, 60Hz
supply. It is required to improve the power factor to 0.80 lagging by connecting a capacitor in parallel with
the load. Calculate (a) the new supply current,
𝐼𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 = 48.21∠ − 36.87°𝐴
(b) The capacitor current, and
𝐼𝑐𝑎𝑝 = 𝐼𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦 − 𝐼𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 17.03∠90°𝐴
(c) the value of the power factor correction capacitor.
𝐶 = 188.2𝜇𝐹

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 Power Factor Correction
A 20 Ω non-reactive resistor is connected in series with a coil of inductance 80mH and negligible resistance.
The combined circuit is connected to a 200V, 50Hz supply. Calculate (a) the current in the circuit, (b) the
power factor of the circuit, (c ) the value of a power factor correction capacitor to produce a power factor of
unity, and (d) the value of a power factor correction capacitor to produce a power factor of 0.9.

[ 6.227∠−51.49◦A, 0.623 Lagging, 77.56µF, 47.569µF]

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 Power Factor Correction
A 250V, 50Hz single-phase supply feeds the following loads (i) incandescent bulbs taking a current of 10A
at unity power factor, (ii) fluorescent bulbs taking 8A at a power factor of 0.7 lagging, (iii) a 3kVA motor
operating at full load and at a power factor of 0.8 lagging. Determine, for the three loads (a) the total current,
(b) the overall power factor, and (c) the KVA rating of the supply. (d) Find the value of the static capacitor to
improve the overall power factor to 0.975 lagging.

[28.32∠ − 27.13°, 0.890 𝑙𝑎𝑔𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑔, 7.08 kVA, 91.29μF]

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 Power Factor Correction
Advantages of power factor improvement
1. Supply current is reduced
2. Supply system has lower losses
3. Cheaper running costs
4. Reduced reactive power supply
Disadvantages of Low power factor

1. Greater conductor size

2. Large copper losses
3. Large kVA rating of equipment.
4. High running costs 23
 Exercise
1. A two-element series circuit consumes 700 W and has a p.f. = 0.707
leading. If applied voltage is v = 141.1 sin (314t + 30°) V, find the circuit
element values.

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 Exercise
1. Two impedances consist of resistance of 15 Ω and series connected inductance of 0.04 H and resistance
of 10 Ω, inductance of 0.01 H and a capacitance of 100 μF, all in series are connected in series and are
connected to a 230 V, 50 Hz a.c. source. Find (i) current drawn (ii) voltage across each impedance (iii)
individual and total p.f. Draw the phasor diagram.

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 Exercise
For the circuit given, Determine (i) the admittance (ii) equivalent impedance (iii) power
consumed and (iv) power factor.

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 Exercise
Three impedances of (70.7 + j 70.7) W, (120 + j 160) W and (120 + j 90) W
are connected in parallel across a 250 V supply. Determine (i) admittance of
the circuit (ii) supply current and (iii) circuit power factor.

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Exercise

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