CHAPTER-1: INTRODUCTION
Background of the study:
Food is one of the most essential aspects of human survival, yet it is much
more than a biological requirement. It reflects cultural heritage, economic status,
social interaction, lifestyle orientation and identity formation. In urban Odisha,
particularly in Bhubaneswar, traditional food habits were historically shaped by
agrarian economy, seasonal availability and family centered living patterns. Rice,
dal, leafy vegetables, fish, curd and home-prepared items formed the core of daily
meals. Eating was not only about nourishment but also about family bonding and
routine discipline.
Over the last two decades, Bhubaneswar has transformed rapidly due to
urbanisation, expansion of higher educational institutions, growth of the service
and IT sectors, and infrastructure development. This transformation has
significantly influenced the lifestyle of urban youths. Migration from rural districts
and other states for education and employment has increased. Hostel and paying
guest accommodations have become common. Time constraints, academic
pressure, work schedules and exposure to global culture through digital media
have collectively reshaped daily routines.
Simultaneously, the city has witnessed rapid growth of fast-food outlets,
cafés, supermarkets, street food vendors and online food delivery platforms.
Youths today are exposed to a wide variety of cuisines beyond traditional Odia
food. Food choices are increasingly influenced by taste preference, convenience,
affordability, peer networks and social media trends.
These developments indicate a visible shift from traditional home-based
dietary systems to market-oriented consumption patterns. Understanding this
transition is important for evaluating its social and health implications.
1.1 Statement of the Problem:
Urban youths in Bhubaneswar are increasingly moving away from traditional
home-cooked meals toward fast food, processed items and digitally ordered food.
Frequent eating outside, irregular meal timing and preference for convenience-
based options may contribute to nutritional imbalance and lifestyle disorders.
The central problem of this study is to systematically examine the current
food habits and dietary preferences of youths in Bhubaneswar and to identify the
major factors influencing these changes.
1.2 Objectives of the Study:
The study is based on the following two objectives:
1. To examine the current food habits and dietary preferences of youths in
Bhubaneswar.
2. To identify major factors influencing changes in food habits.
1.3 Review of Literature:
Studies on nutrition transition indicate that urbanization and economic
growth lead to dietary shifts from traditional diets to processed and convenience-
based food patterns.
National health surveys highlight increasing consumption of high-calorie,
processed and outside food among urban adolescents and young adults.
Research also shows rising cases of obesity, diabetes and lifestyle-related
disorders among urban youth populations.
Existing research shows that food habits among urban Indian youth are
undergoing a major shift, largely due to the rise of ordering-in culture and the
growing preference for convenience foods. Patgiri (2022) notes that middleclass
youths increasingly rely on online delivery rather than traditional meals. Similarly,
Kumar et al. (2022) emphasize that evolving food choices are driven by
modernization, increased exposure to global cuisines, and time-saving needs in
busy city life.
Studies also highlight that snacking behavior and frequent consumption of
street food are strongly influenced by peer groups, social surroundings, and easy
accessibility (Rathi, 2025; Chandraprabha, 2025). Social media trends, café
culture, and the popularity of foreign fast-food brands encourage youth to
experiment with new tastes and move away from home-cooked diets
(Chandraprabha, 2025). Gumasate et al. (2021) further indicate a rise in food
delivery apps and lifestyle-based on food choices among the youngsters.
Several academic studies identify the following key factors influencing
youth food behaviour:
• Peer group influence
• Media exposure and advertising
• Availability and accessibility of fast food
• Digital food delivery services
• Time constraints and lifestyle changes
• Economic independence
These studies establish a theoretical base for examining the situation in
Bhubaneswar specifically.
CHAPTER 2: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Research Design:
The study adopts a descriptive research design aimed at understanding
existing dietary patterns without manipulating variables.
2.2 Sampling Method:
A sample of 100 urban youths residing in Bhubaneswar are selected for an
in-depth study.
2.3Sources of Data:
• Primary Data:
Primary data was collected through interviews with selected
sample of 100 youths who are residing in Bhubaneswar. An
interview schedule will be prepared to collect reliable
information directly from the participants. The interviews will
help gather firsthand accounts of their experiences and the
socioeconomic impact of these violations on their lives.
• Secondary Data:
Secondary data will be collected from various sources, including
National Health Reports, Academic Journals, Government
Nutrition Statistics, Online scholarly sources available. The
secondary data will provide context and background information
regarding the nature and will provide context about the food
behavior among the youths in Bhubaneswar. It will also help in
analyzing the broader trends and patterns.
2.4 Method of Analysis:
Data were analysed using: • Percentage method
• Tabular presentation
• Comparative interpretation
CHAPTER 3:AREA AND PEOPLE UNDER STUDY
This study focuses on the changing food habits among youths living in the
Bhubaneswar region, particularly those aged between 15 to 30 years. The study
group mainly includes school and college students, young professionals, and
youths residing in hostels or paying guest accommodations. These individuals
represent an important segment of the urban population whose lifestyle, social
exposure, and daily routines significantly influence their dietary patterns. Since
this age group is highly active socially and academically, their food choices often
reflect convenience, peer influence, and changing urban culture.
The study area includes several commonly visited public and social
spaces in Bhubaneswar such as food courts, shopping malls, fairs, parks,
restaurants, and crowded religious places like temples in the Old Town area.
These locations were chosen because they are frequently visited by young people
for social gatherings, leisure activities, and dining. Places such as malls and food
courts attract youths due to the availability of various fast-food outlets and cafés,
while fairs, parks, and temple areas often have street food vendors that are
popular among visitors. Observing and interacting with youths in these locations
provided practical insights into their food preferences, eating habits, and the social
contexts in which food consumption takes place.
CHAPTER 4: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The findings clearly indicate that urban youths in Bhubaneswar are
experiencing a structured dietary shift.
4.1 Demographic Profile:
Age Distribution:-
Age Group Percentage
15-18 12%
19-22 38%
23-26 30%
27-30 20%
(Table no.-1)
Interpretation:
The above table shows the age distribution of respondents in the study. It is
observed that the majority of respondents (38%) belong to the 19–22 age group,
indicating that college-going youths form the largest portion of the sample.
The 23–26 age group represents 30% of the respondents, which mainly
includes young adults pursuing higher education or starting their careers. This
group is often exposed to independent lifestyle choices that influence food
habits.
The 27–30 age group accounts for 20%, while 12% belong to the 15–18
category, representing school-going youths. Overall, the data indicates that the study
mainly reflects the perspectives of college students and young working adults.
4.2 Dietary Preferences:
4.2.1 Frequency of Eating Outside Per Week:-
Frequency Percentage
Rarely 8%
1-2 times 22%
3-4 times 36%
More than 4 times 34%
(Table no.-2)
Observation:
The above table presents how frequently respondents eat outside food in a
week. It is observed that 36% of respondents eat outside 3–4 times per week,
indicating a high dependence on restaurants, cafés, and street food outlets.
Another 34% reported eating outside more than four times per week, which
shows that outside food has become a regular part of their diet. This reflects the
convenience and availability of fast food in urban areas.
Only 22% eat outside 1–2 times per week, while 8% rarely eat outside.
Overall, nearly 70% of respondents consume outside food at least three times a week,
showing a strong reliance on market-based food options.
4.2.2 Preferred Type of Food:-
Food Category Percentage
Restaurant Food 32%
Home cooked Food 24%
Street Food 18%
Packaged Food 14%
Café/ Beverages 12%
(Table no.3)
Observation:
The above table shows the preferred types of food among urban youths in
Bhubaneswar. It is observed that restaurant food accounts for the highest preference
with 32%, indicating that many youths frequently choose fast food and restaurant
meals due to taste, convenience, and easy availability.
Home-cooked food ranks second with 24%, which suggests that traditional
meals still remain an important part of the diet for a considerable number of
respondents. This reflects that some youths continue to value balanced and familiar
home-prepared food.
Street food (18%) and packaged food (14%) also form a noticeable part of youth
dietary preferences, mainly because they are affordable and easily accessible. Café
foods and beverages (12%) reflect the growing café culture among urban youths,
where eating and socializing often take place together.
4.2.3 Meal Skipping Behaviour:-
Response Percentage
Often 28%
Sometimes 40%
Rarely 20%
Never 12%
(Table no.-4)
Observation:
The above table shows the meal skipping behaviour of respondents. It is
observed that 40% of respondents sometimes skip meals, while 28% reported
skipping meals often, indicating that irregular eating habits are quite common among
urban youths.
On the other hand, 20% of respondents rarely skip meals, suggesting that they
try to maintain a more regular eating routine. However, only 12% reported that they
never skip meals, which represents a relatively small proportion.
Overall, the data indicates that nearly 68% of respondents skip meals either
frequently or occasionally, reflecting irregular eating patterns. This behaviour may be
influenced by busy academic schedules, work commitments, and changing lifestyle
habits among urban youths.
4.2.4 Monthly Expenditure on Outside Food:-
Expenditure Range Percentage
Below 1000/- 14%
1000-2000/- 26%
2000-4000/- 38%
Above 4000/- 22%
(Table no.-5)
Observation:
The above table shows the monthly expenditure of respondents on outside food.
It is observed that 38% of respondents spend between ₹2000–₹4000 per month, which
represents the largest proportion among the categories.
Additionally, 22% of respondents spend above ₹4000 per month, indicating that
a considerable number of youths allocate a significant amount of their income or
pocket money to eating outside. In comparison, 26% spend between ₹1000–₹2000,
while 14% spend below ₹1000.
Overall, the data suggests that a majority of respondents spend more than
₹2000 per month on outside food, highlighting that food consumption has become a
noticeable and regular expense among urban youths.
4.3 Factors Influencing Changes in Food Habits:-
4.3.1 Online Food Delivery Usage:-
Usage Pattern Percentage
Never 6%
Occasionally 18%
Weekly 30%
Frequently 46%
(Table no.-6)
Interpretation:
The above table shows the usage pattern of online food delivery applications
among urban youths in Bhubaneswar. It is observed that 46% of respondents
frequently use food delivery apps, while 30% use them on a weekly basis, indicating
that digital food ordering has become a common practice.
Only 18% of respondents use delivery apps occasionally, and a very small proportion,
6%, reported that they never use such services. This suggests that most youths are
familiar with and comfortable using digital platforms to order food.
Overall, the data indicates that nearly 76% of respondents regularly use online
food delivery applications, highlighting the growing influence of convenience and
digital accessibility in shaping modern food consumption patterns among urban
youths.
4.3.2 Major Influencing Factors:-
Factors Percentage
Taste Preference 78%
Convenience 74%
Social Media 66%
Peer Influence 61%
Price 49%
Health Concerns 42%
(Table no.-7)
Key Insights:
The above table highlights the major factors influencing the changing food
habits of urban youths in Bhubaneswar. It is observed that taste preference (78%) and
convenience (74%) are the most dominant factors affecting food choices among
respondents. This indicates that youths often prioritize flavour and ease of access
when selecting food.
The table also shows that social media (66%) and peer influence (61%) play
an important role in shaping food trends and encouraging youths to try new food
options. Exposure to online content and social interactions often influence their dietary
preferences.
On the other hand, price (49%) and health concerns (42%) have comparatively
less influence on food choices. This suggests that although some youths consider
affordability and health aspects, these factors are generally secondary to taste and
convenience in determining their food habits.
4.3.3 Living Arrangement and Food Behavior:-
Living Type Frequent Outside Eating
Hostel/PG 82%
Shared Flat 69%
With Family 44%
(Table no.-8)
Interpretation:
The above table shows the relationship between living arrangements and the
frequency of outside food consumption among urban youths. It is observed that 82%
of respondents living in hostels or PG accommodations frequently eat outside,
indicating a high dependence on restaurants, street food, and food delivery services.
This may be due to limited cooking facilities and busy schedules.
Similarly, 69% of respondents living in shared flats also reported frequent
outside eating, suggesting that independent living often leads to greater reliance on
convenient food options. Cooking regularly may be difficult due to time constraints or
lack of proper arrangements.
In contrast, only 44% of respondents living with their families frequently
consume outside food. This suggests that a family environment generally supports
more regular home-cooked meals and healthier eating routines compared to those
living independently.
➢ Regarding Objective 1:
The findings of the study show that outside food consumption among urban
youths in Bhubaneswar has become quite frequent. A large number of respondents
reported eating outside several times a week, which indicates a growing dependence
on restaurants, street food stalls, and cafés. Fast food such as burgers, pizza, noodles,
and other ready-to-eat items has emerged as the most preferred choice among
youths. This preference is mainly influenced by taste, convenience, and easy
availability in urban areas.
The study also reveals that meal skipping has become a common habit
among many young individuals. Due to busy academic schedules, work commitments,
and irregular daily routines, many youths often miss regular meals. At the same time,
the monthly expenditure on food, especially outside food, has been increasing. Many
respondents reported spending a noticeable amount of their pocket money or income
on eating out or ordering food online, which clearly reflects changing dietary behaviour
and lifestyle patterns.
Overall, these patterns indicate a gradual shift from traditional home-
cooked meals to more convenience-based food choices among urban youths. While
such changes provide variety and flexibility in eating habits, they also raise concerns
about nutritional balance and long-term health. Therefore, understanding these trends
becomes important for promoting awareness about healthier food choices and
balanced dietary practices among young individuals.
Current Food Habits and Preferences among Youths in
Bhubaneswar
12%
32%
14%
18%
24%
Café/ Beverages Processed Food Street Food Home cooked Fast Food
(Figure-1)
➢ Regarding Objective 2:
time, busy academic or work schedules leave little time for cooking, encouraging
dependence The findings related to the second objective reveal that several
social and lifestyle factors play an important role in influencing the changing food
habits of urban youths in Bhubaneswar. One of the most noticeable factors is the
growing use of online food delivery platforms. Applications such as food delivery apps
make it very convenient for youths to order a wide variety of meals at any time, which
gradually normalizes the habit of convenience eating. As a result, many young
individuals rely more on ordered food rather than preparing meals at home.
Peer groups also have a strong influence on the eating behaviour of
youths. Many respondents reported that they often eat outside with friends at cafés,
restaurants, or street food stalls, making food consumption a social activity. Social
media further shapes taste preferences by promoting food trends, restaurant
reviews, and visually appealing dishes that attract young audiences. At the same on
fast and easily available food options.
Another important factor identified in the study is the increasing economic
independence among youths. Many young individuals today have their own source
of income or receive sufficient pocket money, allowing them to spend more freely on
food. This financial freedom, combined with convenience and social influences,
significantly contributes to the changing dietary patterns among urban youths.
Factors Influencing Changing Food Habits Among the Youths
20% 21%
11%
18%
13%
16%
Taste Preferences Health Concerns Price Peer Influence Social Media Convenience
(Figure-2)
The results align with broader urban nutrition transition patterns observed in
metropolitan and emerging cities.
4.4 MAJOR FINDINGS:
The study reveals several important trends regarding the changing food habits
of urban youths in Bhubaneswar. One of the major findings is that a majority of the
respondents frequently consume outside food. Many youths reported eating at
restaurants, cafés, and street food stalls multiple times a week. This indicates a
growing dependence on readily available market-based food rather than traditional
home-cooked meals. The increasing number of food outlets and easy accessibility in
urban areas have contributed significantly to this pattern.
Another key finding is that fast food has become more preferred than
traditional meals among urban youths. Items such as burgers, pizzas, noodles, and
other quick snacks are highly popular because they are tasty, convenient, and easily
available. The study also highlights that digital food ordering culture has become
widespread. Many respondents regularly use online food delivery platforms, which
allow them to order food quickly and conveniently from a variety of restaurants without
leaving their homes.
Irregular meal timing is another common behaviour observed among the
respondents. Due to academic pressure, work commitments, and busy daily
schedules, many youths often skip meals or eat at inconsistent times. The study further
indicates that taste and convenience are the most dominant factors influencing food
choices. Young individuals often prioritize flavour and ease of access over nutritional
value.
Social media and peer influence also affect food preferences among youths.
Many respondents reported trying new food items after seeing them online or while
spending time with friends. The findings also suggest that youths living in hostels or
PG accommodations are more dependent on outside food and are therefore more
vulnerable to unhealthy eating patterns.
CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSION
The study concludes that the changing food habits among urban youths in
Bhubaneswar are closely associated with the processes of urbanization,
modernization, and digitalization. As highlighted in various studies on dietary
transition, rapid urban development and changing lifestyles often lead to a shift from
traditional food patterns to more convenience-based consumption. Similar
observations have been noted in national nutrition studies and urban lifestyle research,
which indicate that young populations increasingly rely on fast food, processed items,
and ready-to-eat meals. In the context of Bhubaneswar, the expansion of educational
institutions, employment opportunities, and urban infrastructure has significantly
influenced the daily routines and food choices of youths.
The findings of this study also align with earlier research discussed in the
literature review, which suggests that peer influence, social media exposure, and the
availability of digital food delivery services play an important role in shaping modern
dietary behaviour. Online food delivery platforms have made food more accessible
and convenient, encouraging frequent ordering and reducing dependence on home-
cooked meals. Additionally, studies on youth consumption patterns emphasize that
taste preference, convenience, and time constraints are among the most influential
factors affecting food choices among young individuals.
While these changes reflect economic growth, lifestyle flexibility, and greater
exposure to global food culture, they also raise concerns about nutritional balance and
long-term health outcomes. Research in the field of public health and nutrition has
repeatedly emphasized that excessive reliance on fast food and irregular eating habits
can contribute to lifestyle-related health problems. Therefore, it becomes essential to
promote awareness about healthy eating practices among youths. Educational
institutions, public health initiatives, and community awareness programs can play a
crucial role in encouraging balanced diets and responsible food consumption habits,
ensuring that modernization does not compromise the nutritional well-being of the
younger generation.
5.1 SUGGESTIONS:
Based on the findings of the study, several practical measures can be
suggested to promote healthier food habits among urban youths in Bhubaneswar.
I. Conduct nutrition awareness programs in colleges and workplaces:
Educational institutions and workplaces can organize regular seminars,
workshops, and awareness campaigns to inform youths about the importance of
balanced diets and healthy eating habits. These programs can involve nutrition
experts who can guide students and young professionals about making better food
choices in their daily lives.
II. Promote affordable healthy food options near educational institutions:
Local authorities and food vendors can be encouraged to provide hygienic
and affordable healthy food options near colleges, universities, and coaching
centres. Availability of nutritious meals such as balanced thalis, fruits, and healthy
snacks can help youths choose better alternatives instead of relying only on fast
food.
III. Encourage traditional balanced Odia diet among youths:
Traditional Odia food is generally balanced and nutritious. Promoting
awareness about the benefits of traditional meals such as rice, dal, vegetables,
and fish can help youths appreciate and adopt healthier dietary patterns.
IV. Educate youths about long-term health consequences of irregular eating:
Young individuals should be informed about how frequent consumption of
fast food and irregular meal patterns can affect their long-term health. Awareness
about issues such as obesity, digestive problems, and lifestyle diseases can
motivate them to adopt healthier eating habits.
V. Promote time management to reduce meal skipping:
Encouraging youths to manage their daily schedules more effectively can
help them maintain regular meal timings. Proper time management can reduce the
habit of skipping meals and support a more balanced and disciplined lifestyle.
5.2 SCOPE FOR FUTURE RESEARCH:
The present study provides an overview of changing food habits among
urban youths in Bhubaneswar; however, further research can explore this topic in
greater depth. Future studies can conduct a comparative analysis between rural
and urban dietary patterns to understand how modernization influences food
choices differently in these areas. A gender-based study can also examine
whether food habits vary between male and female youths due to social, cultural,
or lifestyle factors. Additionally, longitudinal research can track individuals over
time to analyse how changing dietary habits may affect long-term health outcomes
and lifestyle-related diseases among young populations.
CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES:
• National Health Report
• Government Nutrition Statistics
• “Changing Food Habits of Urban Middle-class Youth in India: Ordering In”
by R. Patgiri. (2022)
• “Evolving Food Choices Among the Urban Indian Middle class” by G.S
Kumar et al. (2022)
• “Factors that Influence Snacking Behaviours Among Urban Adolescents”
by N Rathi. (2025)
• “Food Habits In The 21st Century: A Study Of Changing Dietary
Behaviour And The Influence Of Foreign Food Culture” by Dr.
Chandraprabha. (2025)
• “Changing Food Habits Among Adolescents: The Influence of Social
Media and the Hype Around Street Food” by Dr. Chandraprabha (2025)
• “Changing Food Trends and Eating Habits Among Youngsters.” By R.
Gumaste et al. (2021)
• “Social Influences on Eating and Physical Activity Behaviours of Urban,
Minority Youths.” By Elizabeth T. A. Steeves et al. (2016)
➢ Questionnaires:
“Changing Food Habits Among Urban Youths in Bhubaneswar”
Description: This questionnaire is part of an academic study on changing food
habits among urban youths in Bhubaneswar. The information collected will be used
only for research purposes. Your responses will remain confidential.
Section 1: Basic Information
1. Age Group (Multiple Choice)
• 15–18
• 19–22
• 23–26
• 27–30
2. Gender (Multiple Choice)
• Male
• Female
• Prefer not to say
3. Current Status (Multiple Choice)
• Student
• Working Professional
• Both studying and working
4. Living Arrangement (Multiple Choice)
• With family
• Hostel / PG
• Shared flat / rented accommodation
• Section 2: Current Food Habits
5. How often do you eat outside (restaurant, café, street food, etc.) in a week? (Multiple
Choice)
• Rarely
• 1–2 times
• 3–4 times
• More than 4 times
6. What type of food do you prefer the most? (Multiple Choice)
• Home-cooked food
• Fast food (burger, pizza, etc.)
• Street food
• Processed/packaged food
• Café foods and beverages
7. Do you sometimes skip meals due to busy schedules or other reasons? (Multiple Choice)
• Often
• Sometimes
• Rarely
• Never
8. Approximately how much do you spend on outside food in a month? (Multiple Choice)
• Below ₹1000
• ₹1000–₹2000
• ₹2000–₹4000
• Above ₹4000
Section 2: Factors Influencing Food Habits
9. How often do you use food delivery apps (Zomato, Swiggy, etc.)? (Multiple Choice)
• Never
• Occasionally
• Once a week
• Frequently
10. What are the main reasons you choose outside or fast food? (Checkboxes – Select all
that apply)
• Taste
• Convenience / saves time
• Peer influence (friends)
• Social media influence
• Availability of restaurants/fast food outlets
• Affordable price
• Lifestyle changes
11. Do social media platforms influence your food choices? (Multiple Choice)
• Yes, strongly
• Sometimes
• Rarely
• Not at all
12. Do you think your food habits have changed compared to a few years ago? (Multiple
Choice)
• Yes, significantly
• Yes, slightly
• No major change
• Final Question
13. In your opinion, what is the biggest reason for changing food habits among youths
today? (Short answer)