PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

4th Quarter Examination Reviewer

INSTRUCTIONS:
This reviewer summarizes the key concepts and topics covered in your 4th Quarter Exam. Review each
section carefully and understand the definitions, examples, and distinctions between similar concepts.

TOPIC 1: FAMILY STRUCTURES AND LEGACIES

A. GENOGRAM
Definition: A visual representation of a person's family that helps identify patterns or themes
across generations that may influence current behavior.
Key Symbols:
Square = Male (with name and age)
Circle = Female (with name and age)
Solid line between shapes = Marriage (include year and ages)
Broken/Dashed line = Conflictual or distant relationship
Double line = Very close relationship
Dotted line = De facto relationship
Line with two slashes (//) = Separation or Divorce
X through shape = Death (include date if known)
Dotted circle/square = Unknown gender
Enclosure (dotted/dashed box) = Members living together currently

B. FAMILY STRUCTURES
Family Type Definition

Nuclear Family Father, mother, and dependent children (traditional family)

Extended Family Parents, children, AND grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins living together or nearby

Step Family/Blended
Two families brought together due to divorce, separation, and remarriage
Family

Single Parent Family One father or mother solely responsible for raising a child (by birth or adoption)

Adoptive Family One or more children have been adopted (can be any family structure)

Bi-racial/Multi-racial
Parents are members of different racial identity groups
Family

Foster Family One or more children are legally temporary members of the household

Gay or Lesbian Family One or both parents' sexual orientation is gay or lesbian

Immigrant Family Parents have immigrated to another country as adults

Family Type Definition

Migrant Family Family moves regularly for employment (farm workers, military)

A family member is separated due to employment, military service, incarceration, or

Separated Family
hospitalization
C. FAMILY LEGACIES
Legacy Type Description

Emotional Legacy Enduring sense of security and stability nurtured in an environment of safety and love

Social Legacy Learning the fine art of relating to people; developing interpersonal skills

Spiritual Legacy Adopting attitudes and beliefs about spiritual matters; presenting faith to children
Legacy Evaluation Score Interpretation:
Above 24 = Strong legacy
19-24 = Healthy legacy
14-18 = Mixed legacy (good and bad elements)
10-13 = Weak legacy
Below 10 = Damaged legacy

D. IMPORTANT STORIES
"The Wooden Bowl"

TOPIC 2: PERSONS AND CAREERS

A. KEY DEFINITIONS
Term Definition

Career The combination and sequence of roles played by a person during the course of a lifetime

Job A position an individual holds doing specific duties

Similar work for which people have similar responsibilities and develop a common set of skills and
Occupation
knowledge

Transferable Skills learned in one area that can be readily utilized in a wide range of other areas (e.g., interpersonal
Skills communication, writing, research, critical thinking)

Psychometric
Standard and scientific method used to measure individuals' mental capabilities and behavioral style
Assessment
B. TEN MYTHS ABOUT CAREER PLANNING
Myth Fact

Arts/humanities majors are unemployable Skills matter in every stream; transferable skills are valuable

Selecting what's "hot" is safe What's hot today may cool down; choose based on interests

If X is happy in a field, I will be happy too You are not X; everyone is different

Luck will bring me to the right career Procrastination is no substitute for planning; take an active role

Making a lot of money will make me happy Fulfilling career requires passion and commitment to growth

Once I choose a career, I'm stuck forever You are never too old to switch careers

If I change careers, my skills will be wasted Being multi-skilled allows you to learn and adapt

I will decide after results are out Impulsive decisions lack planning and direction

I can't make money from my hobby If you love what you do, you won't feel like you're working
C. FACTORS INFLUENCING CAREER CHOICE
Skills and Abilities (Trait-Factor theories)
Interest and Personality Type (Holland Codes)
Life Roles
Previous Experiences
Culture
Gender
Social and Economic Conditions
Childhood Fantasies
D. SUPER'S CAREER DEVELOPMENT THEORY
Stages:
Stage Age Characteristics

Growth Birth-14 Development of self-concept, attitudes, needs, and general world of work

Exploration 15-24 "Trying out" through classes, work, hobbies; tentative choice and skill development

Establishment 25-44 Entry-level skill building and stabilization through work experience

Maintenance 45-64 Continual adjustment process to improve position

Decline 65+ Reduced output, prepare for retirement

Key Concept: Self-concept changes over time and develops as a result of experience. People seek career
satisfaction through work roles where they can express themselves and further develop their self-
concept.
TOPIC 3: MENTAL HEALTH AND WELL-BEING
A. DEFINITION OF MENTAL HEALTH
WHO Definition: A state of well-being in which the individual realizes his or her own abilities, can cope
with the normal stresses of life, can work productively and fruitfully, and is able to make a contribution
to his or her community.
Simple Definition: Mental health is our ability to respond to challenges. It's the way your thoughts,
feelings, and behaviors affect your life.
B. FACTORS THAT SHAPE MENTAL HEALTH
Protective Factors Risk Factors

Supportive family Chronic illness

Strong friendships Low socio-economic status

Sense of self-efficacy (perception of one's

value and worth)

High self-esteem
C. SELF-ESTEEM AND BODY IMAGE
Concept Definition

Self-
How much you feel you are worth; feeling good about yourself affects mental health and behavior
esteem

Body How you view your physical self—including whether you feel you are attractive and whether others
image like your looks
Factors Influencing Self-Esteem:
Puberty and Development
Media Images and Outside Influences
Families and School (comments, criticism, teasing)
D. WHEEL OF WELLNESS MODEL (Witmer & Sweeney, 1991)
Five Life Tasks:
Essence or spirituality
Work and leisure
Friendship
Love
Self-direction
Twelve Sub-tasks:
Sense of worth
Sense of control
Realistic beliefs
Emotional awareness and coping
Problem solving and creativity
Sense of humor
Nutrition
Physical exercise
Self-care
Stress management
Gender identity
Cultural identity
Important Skills to Develop:
Resiliency – capacity to establish and maintain balance in the face of adversity
Adaptability – capacity to adjust to changes necessary for survival and balance

E. PHYSICAL HEALTH AND MENTAL HEALTH

Effects of Sleep Deprivation:
Cranky, short temper
Emotionally sensitive
Bad memory
Skin rashes or acne
Dark circles around eyes
Bad posture due to weakness/low energy
F. MENTAL HEALTH PROBLEMS VS. MENTAL ILLNESS
Mental Health Problem Mental Illness

Short-term and temporary change in thoughts, feelings, Ongoing signs and symptoms cause frequent stress and affe
or behavior ability to function

Upsets well-being, interpersonal relationships, and

productivity
G. TYPES OF MENTAL ILLNESS
Disorder Description/Symptoms

Depression Low mood that lasts a long time, affects everyday life; can be life-threatening (suicidal feelings)

Anxiety Disorders Worry, tension, fear about things that may happen; physical sensations

Schizophrenia Lack of interest, feeling disconnected, hallucinations, delusions, disorganized thinking

Eating Disorders Restricting food, binge eating, purging, rigid food rules, body comparison

Addictive behaviors Substance use (alcohol, tobacco, drugs)

TOPIC 4: EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE

A. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE (EQ)
Definition: The ability to recognize and manage emotions; the ability to manage feelings so that they are
expressed appropriately and effectively, enabling people to work together smoothly toward common
goals (Goleman, 1998).
Emotion: An inner realization or feeling (joy, anger, fear, sadness) that can occur spontaneously or be
caused by a situation.
B. THEORIES OF EMOTION
Plutchik's Wheel of Emotions: Emotions are multi-dimensional with various intensities (adoration,
ecstasy, anticipation, rage, disgust, grief, surprise, fear).
Goleman's Eight Main Families of Emotions:
Family Members

Anger fury, outrage, resentment, wrath, annoyance, irritability, hostility, hatred, violence

Sadness grief, sorrow, gloom, melancholy, self-pity, loneliness, despair, depression

Fear anxiety, nervousness, concern, fright, terror, phobia, panic

Enjoyment happiness, joy, relief, contentment, bliss, pride, pleasure, satisfaction, euphoria, mania

Love acceptance, friendliness, trust, kindness, devotion, adoration, infatuation, agape

Surprise shock, astonishment, amazement, wonder

Disgust contempt, disdain, scorn, aversion, distaste, revulsion

Shame guilt, embarrassment, remorse, humiliation, regret, mortification, contrition

C. IMPROVING EQ
Being Aware of your EMOTIONS
Understanding how others feel and why
Managing Emotional Reactions
Choosing your MOOD

D. TYPES OF RESPONSES
Response Type Description

Passive Response Ignore own feelings, give in to others

Aggressive Response Express feelings in a way that violates the rights of others

Assertive Response Stand up for your own rights while respecting the rights of others

TOPIC 5: PERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS

A. DEFINITION OF RELATIONSHIPS
Close connections between people, formed by emotional bonds and interactions. Relationships
are not static; they are continually evolving.
B. TYPES OF RELATIONSHIPS
Type Description

Family Two or more persons related by birth, marriage, or adoption living together

Friends Close ties built upon mutual experiences, shared interests, proximity, and emotional bonding

Partnerships Romantic relationships built upon affection, trust, intimacy, and romantic love
C. CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY RELATIONSHIPS
Support
Mutual trust
Regular interactions
Shared beliefs and values
Security
Sense of community
D. IMPORTANCE OF RELATIONSHIPS
Strong relationships contribute to a long, healthy, and happy life
Health risks from isolation are comparable to smoking, high blood pressure, and obesity
Social alienation results from preoccupation with materialism and "busy-ness"
E. RELATIONSHIP DYNAMICS
Positive Factors Negative Factors

Communicating feelings Excessive reliance on social media

Loving yourself first Significant differences in core values/beliefs

Trying to understand others Not practicing forgiveness

Practicing forgiveness

Expressing gratitude

Spending quality time

Using positive methods to resolve

conflict
F. LOVE VS. LUST
Love Lust

Deeper commitment and emotional bonding More focused on physical attraction

Trust, respect, loyalty

QUICK REVIEW TABLE

Topic Key Terms to Remember

Genogram symbols, Nuclear, Extended, Step/Blended, Single Parent, Adoptive, Bi-racial, Foster,
Family Structures
Migrant, Immigrant

Family Legacies Emotional, Social, Spiritual

Careers Job vs. Occupation, Transferable Skills, Super's Stages, Psychometric Assessment

WHO definition, Protective/Risk factors, Self-esteem, Body image, Resiliency, Adaptability, Welln
Mental Health
Wheel

Emotional
EQ, Plutchik, Goleman's 8 emotions, Assertive response
Intelligence

Relationships Family, Friends, Partnerships, Love vs. Lust

Good luck on your exam! 📚✨