Unit -2
Process of assembling printed Circuit Board (PCB)
Is a crucial stage in electronic manufacturing that transforms a bare circuit
board
This process involves placing and soldering various electronic components
Surface according to the design.
The accuracy and quality
Reliability and durability of the final electronic product
Detail – oriented procedure
PCB assembly typically begins with the preparation of the bare board
SMT (surface Mount technology)
THT (through Hole Technology)
After soldering assembled PCB undergoes In
Inspection and testing to identify any defects
Components are mounted directly onto the board’s
Once the components are in place
Used them to secure them permanently
Automated Optical inspection (AOI)
In Circuit Testing (ICT)
Electronic products used across industries worldwide
List colour codes and polarity of components
Resistors:
Colour code : resistors typically have colour bands printed on their body to
indicate their resistance value and tolerance. The colour code follows a specific
pattern, where each colour represents a numeric value. The order of the bands
determines the multiplier and tolerance here is a general representation of the
colour code :
1st Band first significant digit
2nd Band second significant digit
3rd Band Multiplier (Number of Zero)
4th Band Tolerance (if present)
Polarity : resistors are non-polarized components, which means they can be
connected in either direction
capacitors: some capacitors are polarized, meaning they have a specific polarity
that must be observed during installation electrolytic and tantalum capacitors are
examples of polarized capacitors they have a positive lead (longer lead of marked
with a “+” symbol) and a negative lead (shorter lead or marked with a “-” symbol)
applying voltage with the incorrect polarity can damage capacitors
diodes :
polarity : diodes are polarized components that allow current flow in one direction
while blocking in the reverse direction. Diodes have two terminals: anode
(positive) and cathode (negative)
the cathode side usually marked with a band or a stripe near the diode body. In
schematic symbols , the arrowhead points in the direction of current flow.
LEDs (light-emitting-diodes)
Polarity : LEDs are polarized components that emit light when current flows
through them in a specific direction LEDs have two leads an anode (longer lead or
positive side) and a cathode (shorter lead or negative side). The cathode side
usually marked with a flat sport on the LED body or shorter lead. Additionally,
some LEDs have a “+” symbol or a longer leg as an indication of the anode
Occupational Safety Health Administration (OSHA) sets and enforces safety regulations in
the United States to protect workers’ health and safety, including guidelines for work place
conditions, equipment safety, hazard communication, and more
Health and safety Executive (HSE): HSE is a UK regulatory body responsible for ensuring
workplace health and safety, including guidelines on risk assessments, ergonomics, hazardous
substances, and electrical safety.
Quality Management Systems :
ISO 9001 : ISO 9001 is an internationally recognized standard for quality management systems.
It provides guidelines for establishing and maintaining quality processes continuous
improvement, customer stratification, and adherence to regulatory requirement.
Six Sigma : six sigma is a quality management methodology focused on minimizing defects
and improving processes through statistical analysis and problem- solving techniques.
Total quality Management (TQM) TQM is an approach that emphasizes continuous
improvement, customer satisfaction, and involvement of all employees in achieving quality
objectives.
Industry- Specific Standards: the Association connecting electronics industries (IPC)
develops and publishes industry standards for electronic assembly, including guidelines for
design assembly, testing, and quality control. Examples include IPC –A-610 (Acceptability of
electronic Assemblies) and IPC – J- STD-001 (requirements for soldered electrical and electronic
assemblies)
RoHS And Reach : restriction of Hazardous substances (RoHS) and registration, Evaluation,
authorization and restriction of chemicals (REACH) are European Union Regulations that
restrict the use of certain hazardous substances in electronic products and components .
ESD Control Standards :
ANSI/ESD S20.20: this standard provides guidelines for establishing an electrostatics Discharge
(ESD) control program to prevent damage to sensitive electronic components from electrostatic
discharge.
IEC 61340 : IEC 61340 is an international standard that specifies requirement for ESD control
in various industries, including manufacturing, assembly, and handling of electronics devices.
RoHS compliant soldering :
Composition: RoHS compliant solder is formulated using lead- free alloys typically composed
of a mixture of tin, silver copper (Sn-Ag-Cu) or tin and copper (Sn-Cu) these alloys replace the
traditional lead-based solder compositions.
Environmental impact : RoHS compliant soldering is designed to reduce the environmental
impact of electronic waste. It aims to eliminate or minimize the use of hazardous substances,
including lead mercury, cadmium hexavalent chromium, polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs) and
polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBEDs) these substances can be harmful to human health and
the environment when not properly managed.
Health and safety : by using RoHS compliant solder, the risk of lead exposure to workers and
the environment is significantly reduced this promotes better occupational health and safety
practices, especially in manufacturing and recycling facilities.
Compliance : RoHS compliant solder meets the requirements set forth by the RoSH directive
which restricts the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic and
electronic equipment (EEE) sold in the European Union (EU) and other countries that have
adopted similar regulations.
Non RoHS compliant Solder :
Composition : Non-RoHS Compliant solder traditionally contains lead (Pb) as a major
component, often in the form tin-lead (Sn-Pb) alloy lead-based solder has been widely used in
the electronics industry for its desirable properties, such as low melting point and good wetting
characteristics.
Environment Impact : Non-RoHS compliant solder poses environmental concerns due to the
presence of lead which can leach into soil and water if not properly managed during
manufacturing use can end of life Disposal lead is a known toxic substance that can cause
adverse effects on human and ecosystem.
Regulatory Restrictions: Non-RHS Compliant solder does not comply with the RoHS directive
and may not be permitted on certain regions or applications where RoHS compliant is required
by low or regulation
Transition to RoHS compliance : the electronics industry has gradually shifted towards RoHS
Compliant solder due to regulatory requirements and the environmental benefits it offers. This