Class 10 Science — Chapter 4

Carbon and its Compounds | Short Notes | CBSE

1. Carbon — Special Properties 7. Chemical Reactions

• Atomic no: 6 | Valency: 4 | Forms covalent bonds Combustion:
• Catenation: self-linking chains/rings | Tetravalency: 4
• CH4+2O2→CO2+2H2O+heat (complete=blue flame)
bonds
• Incomplete combustion → CO + soot (yellow/sooty
2. Allotropes of Carbon flame)
Oxidation:
Allotrope Structure Use
• Ethanol + KMnO4/K2Cr2O7 → Ethanoic acid (oxidising
Diamond 3D tetrahedral Cutting, jewellery agents)
Addition (unsaturated):
Graphite Hexagonal layersPencil, lubricant, electrode
• C2H4+H2 →(Ni)→ C2H6 | Used in hydrogenation of oils
Fullerene C60 Hollow cage Nanomaterials → ghee
Substitution (saturated):
3. Hydrocarbons • CH4+Cl2 →(sunlight)→ CH3Cl+HCl
Saturated (Alkanes) — single bonds only — C■H■■■■
8. Ethanol — C2H5OH
• CH4 Methane | C2H6 Ethane | C3H8 Propane | C4H10
Butane • Solvent, antiseptic, beverages | m.p. 156K, b.p. 351K
• 2C2H5OH+2Na → 2C2H5ONa+H2↑
Unsaturated — double (Alkenes C■H■■) / triple
• Dehydration (conc.H2SO4,443K): C2H5OH →
(Alkynes C■H■■■■) C2H4+H2O
• Alkenes: C2H4 Ethene, C3H6 Propene • Denatured alcohol: ethanol+methanol — unfit to drink
• Alkynes: C2H2 Ethyne, C3H4 Propyne
9. Ethanoic Acid — CH3COOH
4. Functional Groups • Vinegar = 5–8% solution | m.p. 290K (glacial acetic
Group Formula Class Example acid)
• Reacts with NaHCO3 → CO2 gas (test for carboxylic
Hydroxyl –OH Alcohol
C₂H₅OHacid)
• Esterification: CH3COOH+C2H5OH ■(H2SO4)■
Aldehyde –CHO Aldehyde HCHO
CH3COOC2H5+H2O
Ketone –CO– Ketone • Esters → sweet smell → perfumes, flavouring
CH₃COCH₃
• Saponification: Ester+NaOH → Alcohol+Soap
Carboxyl –COOH Carboxylic acid
CH₃COOH
10. Soaps & Detergents
Halo –X Haloalkane CH₃Cl • Soap = Na/K salt of long-chain fatty acid
• Micelle: hydrophilic head (water) + hydrophobic tail
5. Homologous Series (oil/grease)
• Same functional group, differ by –CH2– (14 u), same • Soap scum in hard water (Ca2+/Mg2+) — use detergents
general formula instead
• Gradual change in physical properties; similar chemical
properties 11. Key Points ★
★ Carbon forms ~10 million compounds — most of
6. Naming (IUPAC Prefixes) any element
C atoms 1 2 3 4 5 6 ★ Methanol (CH3OH) = wood spirit — very toxic,
causes blindness
Prefix Meth Eth Prop But Pent Hex ★ LPG = butane+propane | CNG = methane | Biogas =
methane
• Suffix: –ane | –ene | –yne | –ol | –al | –one | –oic acid
★ Diamond = no electricity | Graphite = good
conductor
★ Addition rxn test: Br2 water decolourises with
unsaturated cpds
Class 10 Science | Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds | CBSE Short Notes