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Class10 Science Chapter3 ShortNotes

This document provides a comprehensive overview of metals and non-metals, detailing their physical and chemical properties, reactivity series, extraction methods, and refining processes. It also covers the characteristics of non-metals and the formation and uses of alloys. Key points highlight the most reactive metals, the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and unique properties of certain metals like mercury and gallium.

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6 views1 page

Class10 Science Chapter3 ShortNotes

This document provides a comprehensive overview of metals and non-metals, detailing their physical and chemical properties, reactivity series, extraction methods, and refining processes. It also covers the characteristics of non-metals and the formation and uses of alloys. Key points highlight the most reactive metals, the most abundant metal in the Earth's crust, and unique properties of certain metals like mercury and gallium.

Uploaded by

ayush7542925461
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Class 10 Science — Chapter 3

Metals and Non-Metals | Short Notes | CBSE

1. Physical Properties 4. Ionic Bonding in Metals


Property Metals Non-Metals Metals lose electrons → form cations (Mn+). Non-metals
gain electrons → form anions. They attract each other to
Lustre Shiny Dull (except iodine) form ionic compounds.
• NaCl: Na → Na+ + e- | Cl + e- → Cl-
State Solid (except Hg) Solid/Liquid/Gas
• Ionic compounds: high m.p., conduct electricity in
Malleability Yes No (brittle) molten/aqueous state

Ductility Yes No
5. Extraction of Metals
Conductivity Good Poor (except C-graphite) Reactivity Method Examples

Density High Low High (K,Na,Ca,Mg,Al)


Electrolytic reduction
Al from Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>

Melting pt. High (except Ga, Cs) Low (except C, Si) Medium (Zn,Fe,Pb,Cu)
Reduction with
Fe from
C/COFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>

Sonorous Yes No Heating alone / found free Cinnabar → Hg


Low (Hg, Ag, Au)

2. Chemical Properties of Metals 6. Refining of Metals


With Oxygen: Electrolytic Refining: Impure metal = anode; Pure metal
= cathode; Metal salt solution = electrolyte. Used for Cu,
• 4Na + O2 → 2Na2O (burns vigorously)
Ag, Au, Zn.
• 2Mg + O2 → 2MgO (burns brilliantly)
• 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3 | 3Fe + 2O2 → Fe3O4
7. Corrosion & Prevention
• Metal oxides are basic in nature
• Rusting: 4Fe + 3O2 + xH2O → 2Fe2O3·xH2O
With Water: • Needs both O2 AND water — neither alone causes
• Na + H2O → NaOH + ½H2 (cold water, vigorous) rust
• Mg + H2O → MgO + H2 (hot water/steam) • Prevention: Painting, galvanising (Zn coat), tinning,
• Fe + steam → Fe3O4 + H2 | Cu — no reaction alloying, oiling

With Acids:
8. Alloys
• Metal + dil. acid → Salt + H2
Alloy Composition Use
• Cu, Ag, Au — do NOT react with dil. acids
With Other Metal Salts (Displacement): Brass Cu + Zn Utensils, coins
• Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu (iron displaces copper) Bronze Cu + Sn Statues, medals

3. Reactivity Series (Most → Least) Stainless Steel Fe + C + Cr + Ni Cutlery, tools

K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > H > Cu > Ag > Au > Pt Solder Pb + Sn Welding wires

Amalgam Hg + other metal Dental fillings

9. Non-Metals
• Non-metal oxides are acidic (e.g. CO2, SO2, NO2)
• Exception: H2O is neutral; CO is neutral
• Carbon (graphite) conducts electricity — exception
among non-metals
• Diamond — hardest natural substance (used as
abrasive)

10. Key Points ★


★ Most reactive metal = K (Potassium); Least =
Au/Pt
★ Most abundant metal in Earth's crust =
Aluminium
★ Thermite reaction: Fe2O3 + 2Al → Al2O3 + 2Fe +
heat
★ Anodising: Al gets protective oxide layer by
electrolysis
★ Mercury (Hg) — only liquid metal at room
temperature
★ Gallium (Ga) — melts in palm (m.p. ~30°C)
Class 10 Science | Chapter 3: Metals and Non-Metals | CBSE Short Notes

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