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Science Notes

The document discusses specialized cells that perform specific functions, such as red blood cells and nerve cells. It outlines the hierarchy of organization in living organisms, from cells to organisms, and explains the process of mitosis, which is essential for growth and repair. Additionally, it covers DNA and chromosomes, the role of genes, and the characteristics and uses of stem cells, along with associated risks.

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3 views4 pages

Science Notes

The document discusses specialized cells that perform specific functions, such as red blood cells and nerve cells. It outlines the hierarchy of organization in living organisms, from cells to organisms, and explains the process of mitosis, which is essential for growth and repair. Additionally, it covers DNA and chromosomes, the role of genes, and the characteristics and uses of stem cells, along with associated risks.

Uploaded by

amelieteypeifang
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Page 4: Specialised Cells

What are Specialised Cells?


Cells that are adapted to perform specific functions.

Examples

Red Blood Cell

●​ Carries oxygen
●​ Contains haemoglobin
●​ No nucleus

Nerve Cell

●​ Transmits electrical impulses


●​ Long axon

Root Hair Cell

●​ Absorbs water and minerals


●​ Large surface area

Palisade Mesophyll Cell

●​ Contains many chloroplasts


●​ Carries out photosynthesis

Page 5: Levels of Organisation


Hierarchy in Living Organisms
Cell → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Examples
Human

●​ Cell: Muscle cell


●​ Tissue: Muscle tissue
●​ Organ: Heart
●​ Organ System: Circulatory system
●​ Organism: Human

Plant

●​ Cell: Palisade cell


●​ Tissue: Mesophyll tissue
●​ Organ: Leaf
●​ Organ System: Shoot system
●​ Organism: Plant

Page 6: Cell Division – Mitosis


What is Mitosis?
Mitosis is the process where one cell divides to form two genetically identical daughter cells.

Importance
●​ Growth
●​ Repair of damaged tissues
●​ Replacement of worn-out cells

Stages of Mitosis

1.​ Prophase
2.​ Metaphase
3.​ Anaphase
4.​ Telophase

Page 7: Chromosomes and DNA


DNA
DNA carries genetic information.

Chromosomes
●​ Made of DNA
●​ Found in the nucleus

Human Chromosomes

●​ 46 chromosomes
●​ 23 pairs

Genes

Genes are sections of DNA that determine characteristics such as:

●​ Eye colour
●​ Blood group
●​ Hair type

Page 8: Stem Cells


What are Stem Cells?
Unspecialised cells that can develop into different cell types.

Sources

●​ Embryonic stem cells


●​ Adult stem cells
●​ Umbilical cord stem cells

Uses

●​ Treating diseases
●​ Repairing damaged tissues
●​ Medical research
Risks

●​ Ethical concerns
●​ Risk of uncontrolled cell growth

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