FLIGHT DYNAMICS
Ch1--Background Knowledge
COLLEGE OF AEROSPACE ENGINEERING
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CHAPTER 1
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
This chapter provides some basic
definitions of aerodynamics and
p o w e r p l a n t , a n d p h y s i ca l t h e o r y a n d
concepts used in the analysis of dynamic
systems are also reviewed.
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Contents
1. Introduction
2. Aerodynamic Characteristics
3. Thrust Characteristics
4. Dynamics of A Particle
5. Axes System
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1. Introduction
The movement characteristics of the
aircraft mainly depends on the forces, the
forces acting on an aircraft in flight are
– Gravitational forces
– Aerodynamic forces
– Propulsive forces.
We will firstly review some characteristics of
aerodynamic forces and propulsive forces.
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Review of Basic Aerodynamic Parameters
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General platform parameters of wings
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General platform parameters of wings
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2. Aerodynamic Characteristics
The aerodynamic forces and moments
arise due to motion of airplane relative to air.
The aerodynamic forces are the drag, the
lift and the side force. The moments are the
rolling moment, the pitching moment and
the yawing moment.
We generally define the aerodynamic
characteristics in term of aerodynamic
coefficients.
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Example:
1 1
L V SC L
2
L V SbCl
2
2 2
1 1
D V SC D
2
M V Sc Cm
2
2 2
1 1
C V SCC
2
N V SbCn
2
2 2
S : planform area c : mean aerodynamic chord b : span length
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2.1 Lift characteristics
The lift coefficient curve with the angle of
attack:
low α--linear： CL CL ( 0 )
high α--nonlinear：
--critical angle
--buffeting angle
--stalling angle
--allowed angle
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aerodynamic center
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aerodynamic center and
center of pressure
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Stall and High Lift Device
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2.2 Drag characteristics
At low speeds, the total drag of bodies
exposed to airstream consists of
1) Skin friction
attached flow, shear stresses
2) Pressure drag
flow separation, differential pressure
between the front of body and the rare of
body.
3) Induced drag
crossflow, drag due to lift .
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At high speeds, the shock wave and the
expansion wave result in wave drag.
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Drag Polar
induced drag coefficient
zero lift drag coefficient
or lift dependent drag coefficient
2
C D C D 0 C Di C D 0 KC L
induced-drag parameter
and
Oswald efficiency
aspect ratio
factor ≈1
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in high speed
2
CD CD 0 ( Ma ) K(Ma)C L
K
K
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2.3 Lift to drag ratio
The ratio CL/CD is called lift to drag ratio (E).
It is an indicator of the aerodynamic
efficiency of the design of the airplane. For
parabolic polar CL/CD can be worked out as
follows.
C D C D 0 C Di C D 0 KC L2
1 CD CD0
KC L
E CL CL
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d CD CD0
( ) 2 K 0
dC L C L CL
Em
E Emax
C D 0 KC L*2
* CD 0
C
L
K
CL 1
E m （ ）max
CD 2 KC D 0
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3. Thrust characteristics
3.1 Classification of the powerplant
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Reciprocating Engine
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Piston Engine
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propeller
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Turbine Engine
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Turbine Engine
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turbofan-engine
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turbofan-engine
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turbofan-engine
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Turboprop engine
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Athodyd engine
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3.2 Fundamental Principles of Propulsion
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3.3 Characteristics of the Propulsion and
fuel consumption
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4. Dynamics of a Particle
The approach used in performance analysis
is to apply Newton’s laws to the motion of
objects in flight.
Let us recall these laws:
Newton’s first law states that every object
at rest or in uniform motion continues to b
e in that state unless acted upon by an ext
ernal force.
Newton’s second law states that the force
acting on a body is equal to its rate of chan
ge of momentum.
Newton’s third law states that to every acti
on, there is an equal and opposite reaction.
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4. Dynamics of a Particle
Formulation of equations of motion
dv dR
ma F , a ,v mR F
dt dt
Angular momentum
H 0 r mR
Kinetic and potential energy
1
T mR R
2
F dR dV
or F R V
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5. axes system
To prescribe the vector, we need to have a
co-ordinate system. Generally, we need several
systems of axes to formulate and solve the pro
blems in flight dynamics.
5.1 Body axes system
Body axes system is defined by using the sy
mmetry plane of the airplane, it is fixed on the
airplane and moves with the airplane.
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Definition of Body axes system
Ø The origin ‘O’ : the center
of gravity (c.g.)
Ø The axis OXb: is taken
positive in the forward
direction.
Ø The axis OZb: is
perpendicular to OXb in
the plane of symmetry ,
positive downwards;
Ø The axis OYb is
perpendicular to the plane
of symmetry such that
OXbYbZb is a right handed
system.
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Definition of physic valuables in body
axes system
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Angle of attack and side slip
In a general case， the angle of attack and a
ngle of sideslip define the relative wind direction
(opposite to the flight velocity, V) with respect to
body axes system.
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5. axes system
5.2 Earth fixed axes system
In flight dynamics, a frame of reference attach
ed the earth is taken as a Newtonian frame.
(assumption: flat earth model, spin of the Earth i
s negligible).
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The attitude of the airplane is described by the
angular orientation of the OXbYbZb system wi
th respect to the OXeYeZe system.
The flight path is described by the angular orie
ntation of the flight velocity with respect to th
e OXeYeZe system.
Θ:pitch angle
Θ
Γ:flight path
angle.
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Assignment
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