Electrical Power

Transmission and
Distribution Laboratory

4th SEMESTER

EPTD LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, JISSP Page 1

EPTD LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, JISSP Page 2
 Experiment No. – 01
To demonstrate the improvement of P.f. using static condenser.

OBJECTIVE: -

To demonstrate the improvement of P.f. using static condenser.

BRIEF THEORY: -
Power factor is a very common term in electrical applications because it determines the efficiency of an electrical
system. It is a word that dealing with AC circuits as shown by its simple formula:

Cos = Active power(kW)/Apparent Power(kVA)

It is quite important that the power factor remains close to unity because it indicates higher efficiency of the
system. The following devices and equipment are used for Power Factor Improvement.
1. Static Capacitor or Static Condenser
2. Synchronous Condenser
3. Phase Advancer

SPECIFICATION: -

Components Specification

CONCLUSION: -
From this experiment we know how to demonstrate the improvement of P.f. using static condenser.

EPTD LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, JISSP Page 3

 Experiment No. – 02
To demonstrate various system faults by D.C. network analyzer.

OBJECTIVE: -
To demonstrate various system faults by D.C. network analyzer.

BRIEF THEORY: -
Fault currents & fault MVA must be known for the appropriate part of a supply system when selecting circuit
breakers. Values can be found analytically but the calculations become tedious as the system becomes more
complicated. Under fault conditions the system is largely inductive so that it is practicable to neglect the system
resistance and capacitance. If the generators in the system are assumed to be in phase and equal in output to the
system voltage, they can be represented by a single D.C. supply in a circuit, which uses resistance to simulate the
system inductance. Normal system currents are assumed negligible. Only infeeds are included in the fault
calculation, feeders are neglected. In the model 10 V D.C = 1 pu system voltage and 1 ohm = 1% inductive
reactance at 100 MVA. The choice of these values means that 1 mA of fault current on the calculating board
corresponds to a system fault level of 1 MVA.

SPECIFICATION: -

Components Specification

CONCLUSION: -
From this experiment we know how to demonstrate various system faults by D.C. network analyzer.

EPTD LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, JISSP Page 4

 Experiment No. – 03
Study samples of Overhead Conductors, Underground Cables, Line supports and Line Insulators.

OBJECTIVE: -
To study samples of Overhead Conductors, Underground Cables, Line supports and Line Insulators.

BRIEF THEORY:-

This overview contains information about electric transmission lines which are installed underground, rather than
overhead on poles or towers. Underground cables have different technical requirements than overhead lines and
have different environmental impacts. Due to their different physical, environmental, and construction needs,
underground transmission generally costs more and may be more complicated to construct than overhead lines.
Issues discussed in this pamphlet include:
 Overhead Conductors:-
An overhead power line is a structure used in electric power transmission and distribution to transmit electrical
energy across large distances. It consists of one or more uninsulated electrical cables (commonly multiples of
three for three-phase power) suspended by towers or poles.
 Underground Cables:-
Underground cables essentially consist of a conductor, an insulating system, a wire screen and a sheath. At the
core is an electric conductor; in the case of extra-high-voltage (EHV) lines, this is usually made of copper.

SPECIFICATION: -

Components Specification

CONCLUSION: -
From this experiment we know how to study samples of Overhead Conductors, Underground Cables, Line
supports and Line Insulators.

EPTD LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, JISSP Page 5

 Experiment No. – 04
Prepare a report based on transmission line network in west Bengal.

OBJECTIVE: -
To prepare a report based on transmission line network in west Bengal.

BRIEF THEORY:-
West Bengal State Electricity Transmission Company Limited (WBSETCL) exist to transmit power from
generating stations to load centers through transmission corridors in accordance with standards set down in The
Grid Code for the development of the state in particular and the nation in general. They use their assets and
resources efficiently, coordinate between Grid Users and ensure Grid Discipline. They receive load forecast from
the distribution companies and carry our planning, for future load growth and necessary construction and
augmentation of the network and undertake preventive and restorative maintenance. In return they receive
transmission and System Operation Charges; At the Present Time they are a reliable, strong and steady
organization, but rather slow. They are team workers, methodical, plan for the future, are regimented and hard
working.

SPECIFICATION: -

Components Specification

CONCLUSION: -

From this experiment we know how to Prepare a report based on transmission line network in west Bengal.

EPTD LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, JISSP Page 6

 Experiment No. – 05
Library/ Internet survey of electrical high voltage line and HVDC line

OBJECTIVE: -
To library/ Internet survey of electrical high voltage line and HVDC line

BRIEF THEORY:-
A high-voltage direct current (HVDC) electric power transmission system (also called a power superhighway or
an electrical superhighway)[1][2][3] uses direct current (DC) for electric power transmission, in contrast with the
more common alternating current (AC) transmission systems.
Most HVDC links use voltages between 100 kV and 800 kV. However, a 1,100 kV link in China was completed
in 2019 over a distance of 3,300 km (2,100 mi) with a power capacity of 12 GW. With this dimension,
intercontinental connections become possible which could help to deal with the fluctuations of wind
power and photovoltaics.
HVDC allows power transmission between AC transmission systems that are not synchronized. Since the power
flow through an HVDC link can be controlled independently of the phase angle between source and load, it can
stabilize a network against disturbances due to rapid changes in power. HVDC also allows the transfer of power
between grid systems running at different frequencies, such as 50 and 60 Hz. This improves the stability and
economy of each grid, by allowing the exchange of power between previously incompatible networks.
The modern form of HVDC transmission uses technology developed extensively in the 1930s in Sweden (ASEA)
and in Germany. Early commercial installations included one in the Soviet Union in 1951
between Moscow and Kashira, and a 100 kV, 20 MW system between Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954.

SPECIFICATION: -

Components Specification

CONCLUSION: -

From this experiment we know how to library/ Internet survey of electrical high voltage line and HVDC
line

EPTD LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, JISSP Page 7

 Experiment No. – 06
Single line Diagram of electrical supply system.

OBJECTIVE: -
To single line Diagram of electrical supply system.

BRIEF THEORY:-

The carrier of electrical power from power generating station to the consumer’s premises for its utilisation is
called the electrical supply system.
The whole electric supply system is segmented into three principle components, viz. −
 Power generating station:-
A power station, also referred to as a power plant and sometimes generating station or generating plant, is an
industrial facility for the generation of electric power. Power stations are generally connected to an electrical grid.

 Transmission system:-
In telecommunications, a transmission system is a system that transmits a signal from one place to another. The
signal can be an electrical, optical or radio signal. The goal of a transmission system is to transmit data accurately
and efficiently from point A to point B over a distance, using a variety of technologies such as copper
cable and fiber optic cables, satellite links, and wireless communication technologies.

 Distribution system:-
Distribution system design is, ideally, the process of specifying the most economical network that will provide the
required bidirectional bandwidth to the required number of terminal points and still meet defined performance
goals. The performance goals, in turn, may be derived from internal quality standards, governmental regulations,
the perceived requirements for reliable signal transportation, or all of the preceding.

SPECIFICATION: -

Components Specification

CONCLUSION: -

From this experiment we know how to single line Diagram of electrical supply system.
EPTD LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, JISSP Page 8
 Experiment No. – 07
Single line diagram of a given distribution system.

OBJECTIVE: -
To single line diagram of a given distribution system.

BRIEF THEORY:-
Electric power distribution is the final stage in the delivery of electric power; it carries electricity from
the transmission system to individual consumers. Distribution substations connect to the transmission system and
lower the transmission voltage to medium voltage ranging between 2 kV and 35 kV with the use
of transformers.[1] Primary distribution lines carry this medium voltage power to distribution transformers located
near the customer's premises. Distribution transformers again lower the voltage to the utilization voltage used by
lighting, industrial equipment and household appliances. Often several customers are supplied from one
transformer through secondary distribution lines. Commercial and residential customers are connected to the
secondary distribution lines through service drops. Customers demanding a much larger amount of power may be
connected directly to the primary distribution level or the subtransmission level.

General layout of electricity networks. The voltages and loadings are typical of a European network.
The transition from transmission to distribution happens in a power substation, which has the following functions.

 Circuit breakers and switches enable the substation to be disconnected from the transmission grid or for
distribution lines to be disconnected.
 Transformers step down transmission voltages, 35 kV or more, down to primary distribution voltages. These are
medium voltage circuits, usually 600–35000 V.
 From the transformer, power goes to the busbar that can split the distribution power off in multiple directions. The
bus distributes power to distribution lines, which fan out to customers.
SPECIFICATION: -

Components Specification

CONCLUSION: -
From this experiment we know how to single line diagram of a given distribution system.

EPTD LABORATORY, DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, JISSP Page 9