🧩 Introduction
The lecture covers the foundation of C++:
o Variables (storing data)
o Data Types (what kind of data we store)
o Operators (performing operations)
Basic structure of a C++ program and its execution process.
Reminder: C++ is case-sensitive (e.g. cout ≠ Cout).
💻 Output in C++
cout is used to print text to the console.
Eg- cout << "Hello World";
Use endl or "\n" for a new line.
Multiple outputs can be chained:
Eg- cout << "Sum = " << a + b << endl;
⚙️How Code Runstttt
Steps: Source code → Compilation → Machine code → Execution
The compiler checks syntax and converts .cpp code into a .exe or .out file.
g++ [Link] && ./[Link] (Linux/Mac) compiles and runs together.
Commands like clear (to clean terminal) and ↑ (to recall last command).
📁 Boilerplate Structure & Comments
Structure of a C++ Program:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main() {
-------
-------
return 0;
#include <iostream> → adds input/output library.
using namespace std; → allows use of cout, cin without std:: prefix.
main() → entry point of every C++ program.
return 0; → indicates successful execution.
Comments: parts of code that are not compiled and are used to explain the code
// single-line comment
/* multi-line
comment */
🧠 Variables
A variable stores data that can change during execution.
int age = 19;
float pi = 3.14;
char grade = 'A';
Rules:
o Must start with a letter or underscore _
o No spaces or special symbols
o Case-sensitive
Uninitialized variables contain garbage values.
Stored in RAM, each variable has:
o Name
o Type
o Value
o Memory address
🔢 Data Types
🔹 Basic Data Types:
Type Size Example Description
int 4 bytes int age = 18; Whole numbers
float 4 bytes float pi = 3.14; Decimal (single precision)
double 8 bytes double bigPi = 3.141592; More precise decimal
Type Size Example Description
char 1 byte char grade = 'A'; Single character
bool 1 byte bool isTrue = true; True or false
🔹 sizeof() Operator
Finds how much memory a data type takes:
cout << sizeof(int); // 4
cout << sizeof(double); // 8
🔹 ASCII Concept
Characters are stored as integer ASCII codes.
Example:
char ch = 'A';
cout << (int)ch; // prints 65
🔄 Type Conversion & Casting
1. Implicit Type Conversion
Done automatically by compiler (type promotion):
int a = 5;
double b = 2.5;
double sum = a + b; // a is promoted to double
2. Explicit Type Conversion
Forced conversion by the programmer:
double pi = 3.14159;
int x = (int)pi; // x = 3
Conversion from double → int truncates (not rounds).
If one operand is double and the other is int, result becomes double.
⌨️Input in C++
Use cin to take user input:
int age;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> age;
cout << "You are " << age << " years old";
cin ignores spaces for basic types.
To take multiple inputs:
cin >> a >> b;
➕ 47:07 — Operators Overview
1. Arithmetic Operators
Operator Meaning Example Output NOTE->
+ Addition 5+3 8
- Subtraction 5-3 2
* Multiplication 5 * 3 15
/ Division 5/2 2 (int division)
% Modulus 5%2 1
2. Relational Operators
Used for comparisons; returns true (1) or false (0).
<, >, <=, >=, ==, !=
3. Logical Operators
Operator Description Example
&& Logical AND (a > 0 && b > 0)
` `
! Logical NOT !(a > b)
4. Assignment Operators
=, +=, -=, *=, /=, %=
a += 3; // same as a = a + 3;
🧮 Example: Sum of Two Numbers
Simple program demonstrating input, processing, and output:
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
>> b;
cout << "Sum = " << a + b; int main() {
int a, b;
cout << "Enter two numbers: ";
cin >> a
return 0;
Increment and Decrement:
Operator Description Example Behavior
++a Pre-increment Increments before use Uses new value
a++ Post-increment Increments after use Uses old value
--a, a-- Similarly for decrement
Example:
int x = 5;
cout << ++x; // 6
cout << x++; // prints 6, then x = 7
Homework:
Create a Calculator Program performing all 5 arithmetic operations (+ - * / %).