Revisiting AI Project Cycle & Ethical Frameworks for AI
OBJECTIVE QUESTIONS
Q1. What is the purpose of defining the problem statement during the Problem
Scoping stage in an AI project cycle?
a) To collect data b) To understand the aim and objective of the project
c) To train the model d)To process data
Q2. In what ways can AI models be categorized based on the type of data fed
into them?
a) Two domains b) Four domains c) Three domains d) Five domains
Q3. In Statistical Data, what is the primary function of the system in relation
to data?
a) Generating large datasets b) Analyzing data to extract insights
c) Converting data into images d) Distributing data across networks Q4.
What is the main goal of Computer Vision projects?
a) Translating audio data into visual descriptions
b) Converting digital data into analogue signals
c) Teaching machines to understand textual information
d) Converting digital visual data into computer-readable language
Q5. What is the primary focus of NLP?
a) Analyzing computer languages
b) Interacting between computers and humans using artificial language
c) Dealing with the interaction between computers and humans using
natural language
d) Enhancing human-to-human communication
Q6. What do frameworks provide in the context of problem-solving?
a) Random solutions b) Step-by-step guidance
c) Legal advice d) Ethical justifications
Q7. How are Ethical Frameworks for AI categorized?
a) Into legal and illegal frameworks
b) Into sector-based and value-based frameworks
c) Into historical and contemporary frameworks
d) Into theoretical and practical frameworks
Q8. What is the central focus of virtue-based value-based frameworks?
a) Maximizing utility
b) Protecting human rights
c) Aligning actions with ethical principles and beliefs
d) Ensuring compliance with legal regulations
Q9. Which of the following best describes rights-based value-based
frameworks?
a) Prioritizing human rights and dignity, valuing human life over other
considerations
b) Evaluating actions based on maximizing overall good and minimizing
harm
c) Centering on the character of the decision-maker and the alignment
of actions with personal or societal virtues
d) Focusing on achieving outcomes that offer the greatest benefit
Q10. What is the primary domain of application for Bioethics?
a) Agriculture b) Healthcare and life sciences
c) Information technology d) Environmental conservation
Q11. Assertion: Ethics provide guidance in distinguishing right from wrong.
Reasoning: Ethics consist of a set of values and morals that aid individuals
in making moral judgments and decisions.
a) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, and Reasoning is the correct
explanation of the Assertion.
b) Assertion is true, but Reasoning is false.
c) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, but Reasoning is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion.
d) Assertion is false, but Reasoning is true.
Q12. Assertion: Value-based frameworks in ethics provide guidance by
focusing on fundamental ethical principles and values.
Reasoning: These frameworks reflect different moral philosophies guiding
ethical reasoning and are concerned with assessing the moral worth of
actions.
a) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, and Reasoning is the correct
explanation of the Assertion.
b) Assertion is true, but Reasoning is false.
c) Both Assertion and Reasoning are true, but Reasoning is not the correct
explanation of the Assertion.
d) Assertion is false, but Reasoning is true.
[Link] would feed the data into the machine. This is the data with which
the machine can be trained. Now, once it is ready, it will predict his next
data efficiently. This previous data is known as _.
a) Testing Data b) Training Data c) Exploring Data d) All of the above
[Link] you can identify the problem scoping in the project.
a) Understand why the project was started
b) Define the project’s primary objectives
c) Outline the project’s work statement.
d) All of the above
[Link] better efficiency of an AI project Training data should be i)
Relevant ii) Scattered iii) Structured iv) Authentic Choose
the correct option:
a) Both i and ii b) Both i and iv
c) Only I d) Only iv
Q16. Which one of the following is the second stage of AI project cycle?
a) Data Exploration b) Data Acquisition c) Modelling d) Problem Scoping Q17.
Which of the following comes under Problem Scoping?
a) System Mapping b) 4Ws Canvas c) Data Features d) Web scraping
Q18. The primary purpose of data exploration in AI project cycle is
a) To make data more complicated
b) To simplify complex data
c) To discover patterns and insights in data
d) To visualize data
Q19. How you can identify the problem scoping in the project.
a) Understand why the project was started
b) Define the project’s primary objectives
c) Outline the project’s work statement.
d) All of the above
Q20. summarizes all of the important points in one place.
a) Problem statement template b) Problem statement document
c) Problem statement files d) None of the above
ANSWER KEY
Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q5 Q6 Q7 Q8 Q9 Q10
b c b b c b b c a b
Q11 Q12 Q13 Q14 Q15 Q16 Q17 Q18 Q19 Q20
a a b d b b b c d a
Short Answer Type Questions
Q1. What is the major role of an AI Project Cycle?
Answer
The major role of AI Project Cycle is to distribute the development of AI project
in various stages so that the development becomes easier, clearly
understandable and the steps/stages should become more specific to
efficiently get the best possible output.
Q2. What roles does computer vision play in agricultural monitoring systems?
Answer
Computer vision is employed in agriculture for crop monitoring, pest
detection, and yield estimation. Drones with cameras capture aerial images
of farmland, which are then analyzed to assess crop health and optimize
farming practices.
Q3. Mention the factors which knowingly or unknowingly influence our
decisionmaking.
Answer:
• Perceived value of humans vs. non-humans: The importance we assign to
human life compared to animals or the environment can shape our choices.
• Religious beliefs: Whether a decision aligns with one’s religious principles and
moral teachings.
• Intuition and personal values: Moral frameworks that guide right or wrong.
• Identity of the recipient: Decisions may vary depending on who is affected
(e.g., age, background or perceived deservingness).
• Geographical proximity of the recipient: People often prioritize those who are
physically or emotionally closer to them.
• Bias toward relatives or in-group members: A natural tendency to favor family,
friends, or those belonging to one’s own group.
• Availability and visibility of information: Decisions are influenced by how
much information is accessible and how it is presented.
Q4. What is the necessity for Ethical Frameworks in AI development?
Answer
Ethical frameworks in AI ensure systems are safe, fair, trustworthy, accountable and
aligned with human values. They act as guardrails, guiding developers and
governments toward socially beneficial outcomes and helping prevent unintended
consequences.
Q5. Mention the key characteristics of sector-based frameworks.
Answer
Sector-based AI frameworks are customized, practical and context-aware
guidelines that bridge general ethical principles and real-world application.
They help ensure AI systems are safe, fair and effective within their specific
domains of use.
Eg – In health sector, it addresses issues such as patient privacy, data
security and the ethical use of AI in medical decision-making.
Q6. What are three categories of Value-based Frameworks?
Answer
i. Rights-based: Prioritizes the protection of human rights and dignity,
valuing human life over other considerations
ii. Utility-based: Evaluates actions based on the principle of maximizing
utility or overall good, aiming to achieve outcomes that offer the
greatest benefit and minimize harm.
iii. Virtue-based: This framework focuses on the character and intentions
of the individuals involved in decision-making.
Q7. How do value-based frameworks contribute to ethical decision-making by
emphasizing fundamental principles and values?
Answer
Value-based frameworks center around core moral values such as:
• Autonomy – Respecting individuals’ rights to make informed choices
• Justice – Ensuring fairness, equality, and non-discrimination
• Beneficence – Promoting well-being and positive outcomes
• Non-maleficence – Avoiding harm
• Accountability – Taking responsibility for decisions and outcomes
• Transparency – Making AI processes understandable and traceable
Value-based frameworks contribute to ethical AI decision-making by:
• Embedding core moral values into design and policy
• Offering a principled approach for navigating complex choices
• Supporting human-centric, fair, and responsible AI development
• They ensure that AI does not just function correctly—but does the right
thing.
Q8. What are Fundamental Principles of Ethical Frameworks?
• Fairness: Avoiding bias and ensuring equitable treatment
• Transparency: Making AI systems understandable and explainable
• Accountability: Ensuring someone is responsible for AI outcomes
• Privacy and Data Protection
• Human-Centeredness: Keeping human welfare and autonomy at
the core
• Safety and Security: Preventing unintended harm
Q9. How Natural Language Processing is using in Machine Translation?
Answer
NLP is used in machine translation systems like Google Translate and
Microsoft Translator to automatically translate text from one language to
another. These systems analyze the structure and semantics of sentences in
the source language and generate equivalent translations in the target
language
Long answer Questions
Q1. A global company deploys an AI system to automate its recruitment
process. The system is trained on historical hiring data to screen and rank
job applicants. After several months, internal audits reveal that the AI
consistently ranks male applicants higher than equally qualified female and
minority candidates.
The HR team is now under pressure to either fix the bias or shut down the
system. The company wants to use an ethical framework to guide its next
steps
Using an ethical AI framework, how should the company evaluate and
respond to the bias in its AI recruitment system? Identify the ethical principles
involved and propose a suitable course of action
Answer a. Human Agency and Oversight
Issue: Automated decisions are made without sufficient human review.
Action: Reintroduce human oversight in final hiring decisions, especially for
flagged or borderline candidates.
b. Technical Robustness and Safety
Issue: The model lacks fairness and accuracy across demographics.
Action: Audit and retrain the AI with diverse, balanced, and inclusive data,
and test for bias using fairness metrics. c. Privacy and Data Governance
Issue: Personal applicant data is used for algorithmic profiling.
Action: Ensure transparent data use policies and compliance with privacy
laws (e.g., GDPR). d. Transparency
Issue: Candidates and even HR staff are unclear on how decisions are made.
Action: Use explainable AI tools to show how and why the model ranks
candidates.
Q2. Akhil wants to learn how to scope the problem for an AI Project. Explain
him the following:
• 4W Problem Canvas
• Problem Statement Template
Answer
The 4Ws Problem canvas helps in identifying the key elements related to the
problem. The 4Ws are Who, What, Where and Why
• The “Who” block helps in analysing the people getting affected directly or
indirectly due to the problem.
• The “What” block helps us to determine the nature of the problem.
• The “Where” block helps us to look into the situation in which the problem
arises, the context of it, and the locations where it is prominent.
• The “Why” block suggests to us the benefits which the stakeholders would get
from the solution and how it will benefit them as well as the society
Our [stakeholders] Who
Have a problem that [need] What
When/while [context/ location/ situation] Where
An ideal solution would be [solution] Why
Q3. A city government wants to implement a computer vision-based traffic
monitoring system to detect traffic violations like running red lights and illegal
parking. The system uses real-time video feeds and AI to automatically
identify license plates and send violation notices.
What are the key ethical considerations for successfully deploying this
computer vision application, and how can these challenges is addressed?
Answer 1. Privacy and Surveillance Concerns
Issue: Constant monitoring may violate citizens’ privacy.
Solution: Anonymize individuals in video feeds and encrypt license plate data,
limiting access only to authorized personnel.
2. Data Retention and Use
Issue: Misuse or over-retention of surveillance data.
Solution: Set clear data retention policies and delete data once its intended
purpose is fulfilled, unless legally required otherwise.
3. Bias and Fairness
Issue: Algorithmic bias may disproportionately flag vehicles in certain areas
or with certain license styles.
Solution: Audit training data for representativeness and ensure fair
distribution of detection accuracy across demographics and vehicle types.
4. Transparency and Accountability
Issue: Citizens may not understand how or why they were flagged.
Solution: Provide public documentation of how the system works and
establish a dispute resolution process for incorrect fines.
Q4. A customer service company wants to implement an NLP-based chatbot
to handle client inquiries 24/7. The goal is to reduce human workload,
improve response time, and increase customer satisfaction. However, users
speak different languages, use slang, and sometimes express frustration or
sarcasm.
Answer
To successfully implement an NLP-based customer service chatbot, the
company should:
• Use robust multilingual and sentiment-aware NLP models
• Ensure ethical practices, including transparency, fairness, and
data protection
• Design with the user experience in mind, allowing seamless escalation
and empathetic dialogue
Q5. A hospital implements an AI diagnostic tool that analyzes medical images
(e.g., X-rays, MRIs) to assist doctors in detecting diseases like cancer. The AI
has shown high accuracy in clinical trials, but a recent case revealed that it
missed a rare condition, leading to a delayed diagnosis and patient harm.
Using bioethical principles (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and
justice), evaluate the ethical implications of deploying such AI systems in
clinical settings. What measures should be taken to ensure that AI in
healthcare aligns with bioethical standards?
Answer
Bioethical Principles Applied:
1. Autonomy
Issue: Patients may not be informed that AI is involved in their diagnosis.
Action: Ensure informed consent, where patients are made aware of AI
usage and have the right to ask for human-only analysis.
2. Beneficence (Do Good)
Issue: AI is intended to enhance diagnosis and reduce errors.
Action: Continuously improve the model's performance and ensure it’s used to
support, not replace, clinicians.
3. Non-Maleficence (Do No Harm)
Issue: A missed diagnosis caused real patient harm.
Action: Set clear protocols for human oversight; use AI only as a second
opinion, not the sole source of decision-making.
4. Justice
Issue: AI might perform poorly for certain demographics (e.g., rare conditions,
underrepresented groups).
Action: Audit the model for bias and equity and expand training data to
include diverse patient populations.
CBSE Exam Questions
Q1. Differentiate between Computer Vision (CV) and Natural Language Processing (NLP).
Computer Vision Natural Language Processing
Abbreviated as CV, is a domain of AI Abbreviated as NLP, is a branch of
that depicts the capability of a artificial intelligence that deals with the
machine to get and analyse visual spoken and written interaction
information and afterwards predict between computers and humans using
some decisions about it. the natural language.
The entire process involves Natural language refers to language
images/videos acquiring, screening, that is spoken and written by people,
analysing, identifying and extracting and it attempts to extract information
information using algorithms. from the spoken and written word
using algorithms.
This extensive processing helps The ultimate objective of NLP is to read,
computers to understand any visual decipher, understand, and make sense
content and act on it accordingly. of the human languages in a mainly
that is valuable.
In computer vision, Input to In NLP, Input to machines can be in
machines can be photographs, the form of spoken and written text
videos and pictures from thermal or using chatbot, mics, social media or
infrared sensors, indicators and phone messages etc.
different sources.
It reads pixels from 0-255 in RGB It understands the human language,
format. its context and semantics.
Examples – Self driving cars and face Examples – Voice assistants, Chatbot
recognition.
Q2. Define the following with respect to AI project cycle :
(i) Data Exploration
(ii) Data Features
(i) Data Exploration: It is the 3rd step of the AI Project Cycle to analyse the data. It is a
way to discover hidden patterns, interesting insights and useful information from the
collected data. You need to visualise it in some user-friendly format so that you can: ●
Quickly get a sense of the trends, relationships and patterns contained within the data.
● Define strategy for which model to use at a later stage.
● Communicate the same to others effectively.
● To visualise data, we can use various types of visual representations.
● Validating or verification of the collected data to analyze that the data is according
to the specifications decided, free from errors and data is meeting our needs.
(ii) Data Feature : Data features refer to the type of data you want to collect. It should
be relevant and correct. Data features are individual measurable properties or
characteristics of a dataset that are used to analyze and build models. These features,
also called variables or attributes, provide context and information about the data. For
example, data features would be salary amount, increment percentage, increment
period, bonus, etc.
Q3. One of the applications of Data Science is Airline Route Planning. List any two tasks
that airline companies can do using Data Science.
Answer
Using Data Science, the airline companies can:
• Predict flight delay
• Decide which class of airplanes to buy
• Whether to directly land at the destination or take a halt in between (For example, A
flight can have a direct route from New Delhi to New York. Alternatively, it can also
choose to halt in any country.)
• Effectively drive customer loyalty programs
Q4. What do you understand by AI Bias and AI Access ? Give one example of each to
support your answer.
Answer
AI Bias refers to the presence of discrimination in AI systems that leads to favor
certain groups over others, due to the data used to train the model. It occurs when
an AI system exhibits prejudiced behavior or produces inaccurate predictions due
to flawed training data, biased algorithms, or incomplete representations of reality.
Sometimes, it is required to have a bias to control a situation and keep things
working. We cannot expect a machine to have any biases of its own. Any bias can
transfer from the developer to the machine while the algorithm is being developed.
Examples: 1. Majorly, all the virtual assistants have a female voice. It is only now
that some companies have understood this bias and have started giving options
for male voices but since the virtual assistants came into practice, female voices
are always preferred for them over any other voice.
2. If you search on any search engines for salons, the first few searches are mostly
for female salons. This is based on the assumption that if a person is searching for
a salon, in all probability it would be a female.
AI Access refers to the availability to use AI technologies, tools, and resources. It
ensures that AI systems are accessible to different communities and organizations,
particularly marginalized or underserved groups, to avoid widening the digital
divide. AI access can be both technical access (access to AI tools, platforms, and
infrastructure) and social access (ensuring that AI is used equitably and benefits
all sectors of society). The people who can afford AI enabled devices make the most
of it while others who cannot are left behind. Because of this, a gap has emerged
between these two classes of people and it gets widened with the rapid
advancement of technology. Examples: Duolingo: An AI-driven language-learning
app that uses machine learning algorithms to adapt lessons based on the user’s
skill level. This makes learning a new language more accessible to people
worldwide, regardless of location or socioeconomic status. AI-powered mobile
health apps: apps like Babylon Health and Ada Health use AI to provide diagnostic
advice based on symptoms.