EXPERIMENT 7
BINARY PHASE SHIFT KEYING
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
OBJECTIVES
1- To investigate the concept of phase modulation by changing the phase of a carrier in
response to a modulating waveform to produce Binary Phase Shift Keyed (BPSK).
2- To study the synchronous demodulation of BPSK signal.
3- To study the problem of phase ambiguity in the demodulation of BPSK signal.
MODULES REQUIRED
Oty Description
1 AUDIO OSCILLATOR
1 DECISION MAKER
1 LINE-CODE DECODER
1 LINE-CODE ENCODER
1 MULTIPLIER
1 PHASE SHIFTER
1 QUADRATURE UTILITIES
1 SEQUENCE GENERATOR
1 TUNABLE LPF
THEORY
BPSK Modulation
Binary Phase Shift Keying is a form of phase modulation where the modulating
waveform is a digital data stream. The BPSK signal has constant amplitude and
frequency but its phase, with respect to a reference, is directly related to the value of a
binary data signal. It can be generated by modulating sinusoidal carrier by a polar binary
waveform. The polarity of the carrier will be reversed every time the bit stream changes
polarity. This, for a sinewave, is equivalent to a phase reversal (shift). Fig. 7.1 shows this
signal. Assume the carrier is and the polar signal is , then the BPSK signal is
represented by:
There is something special about the waveform of Fig. 7.1. The wave shape is
‘symmetrical’ at each phase transition. This is because the bit rate is a sub-multiple of the
carrier frequency. In addition, the message transitions have been timed to occur at a zero-
crossing of the carrier. Whilst this is referred to as ‘special’, it is not uncommon in
practice. It offers the advantage of simplifying the bit clock recovery from a received
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signal. Once the carrier has been acquired then the bit clock can be derived by division.
In this experiment, the bit clock will be a sub-multiple of the carrier.
Fig. 7.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying Signal
Modulator of BPSK
A block diagram of a basic BPSK modulator is shown in Fig. 7.2.
Fig. 7.2 Binary Phase Shift Keying Modulator
Demodulator of BPSK
Demodulation of a BPSK signal can be considered a two-stage process.
* Translation back to baseband, that is, recovery of the bandlimited message
waveform
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* Regeneration from the bandlimited waveform the binary message bit stream.
Translation back to baseband requires a local, synchronized carrier.
Stage 1
Translation back to baseband is achieved with a synchronous demodulator, as shown
in Fig. 7.3. This requires a local synchronous carrier. Using phase locked loop, carrier
can be extracted from the signal if a low power carrier is transmitted with the signal.
Else, Costas loop or squaring may be used to synthesize the carrier reference from the
signal. In this experiment, for simplicity, a stolen carrier from transmitter will be used.
Stage 2
The translation process does not reproduce the original binary sequence, but a
bandlimited version of it. The original binary sequence can be regenerated with a
detector. This requires information regarding the bit clock rate. If the bit rate is a sub-
multiple of the carrier frequency then bit clock regeneration is simplified. In this
experiment, the DECISION MAKER module is used for the regeneration.
Fig. 7.3 Binary Phase Shift Keying Synchronous Detection
Phase Ambiguity
Phase ambiguity is a problem in the demodulation of a BPSK signal. There are
techniques available to overcome this. One of these techniques is to use differential
encoding. In this case the signal is called Differential Phase-Shift Keying (DPSK).
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PROCEDURE AND QUESTIONS:
7.1: Generation of BPSK Signal
Fig. 7.4 Generation of BPSK Signal Connection Diagram
IMPORTANT
We will build up quite a large circuit
DO NOT DISCONNECT THIS CIRCUIT.
1- Before plugging the SEQUENCE GENERATOR module in locate the on-board
switch SW2 and set both toggles UP.
2- Connect the circuit shown in Fig. 7.4. Set the frequency of the signal at the output of
the AUDIO OSCILLATOR to 8 kHz. Set the MULTIPLIER to DC position.
Q.1 What do the signals at point X and point Y of the MULTIPLIER represent?
3- Save and print the signals at X point of the MULTIPLIER and that at its output KXY.
Also, save and print the signal at Y point of the MULTIPLIER (use CH2-B to
monitor the carrier).
Q.2 What does the signal at the output of the MULTIPLIER represent?
Q.3 What is the relation between the phase of output of the MULTIPLIER and the phase of
the carrier when the signal at X point is in the 0 state?
Q.4 What is the relation between the phase of output of the MULTIPLIER and the phase of
the carrier when the signal at X point is in the 1 state?
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Q.5 Measure the bit period ( ) and calculate the bit rate ( ).
Q.6 Measure the carrier frequency. What is the relation between the carrier frequency and the
bit rate?
7.2: Synchronous Detection of BPSK Signal
Fig. 7.5 Synchronous Demodulation of BPSK Connection Diagram
1- Before plugging in the DECISION MAKER:
a) Switch the on-board switch SW2 to ‘INT’.
b) Select the NRZ-L line code with the on-board rotary switch SW1.
2- Before plugging in the PHASE SHIFTER, set the on-board switch SW1 to LO range.
3- Add the connection of the demodulator shown in Fig.7.5 to the modulator shown in
Fig. 7.4.
4- Adjust TUNE and GAIN controls of the TUNEABLE LPF such that the signal at
CH1-B is the best approximation for the envelope of the signal at [Link]
the PHASE SHIFTER control to maximize the output of the LPF.
5- Save and print the signals at CH1-B and CH2-B.
Q.7 Write complete comments about the above two signals.
Q.8 Is the phase of the signal at CH2-B(output of LINE-CODE DECODER) the same as that
at CH1-A(input of LINE-CODE ENCODER)?
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