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Department Chemical Engineering
Year E1
Semester II
Course Name Chemical Process Calculations
Course Code CH1201
Course Credit 3
Name of the Faculty CHINTHAYYANAIDU RUDRAM
Module - 3
Stoichiometry - 2
Objectives
Study of mole fraction,weight fraction
fraction, composition relationships.
Calculation Molality, Normality, Molarity, Density.
Application of various scales of Specific density.
density
Mole fraction is the ratio of moles of one component in mixture to the total moles of the
mixture.
Mole fraction of component A = (Moles of component A/total moles)
Mole % of components A = (Moles of component A/total moles) x 100
Weight fraction is the ratio of weight of one component in mixture to the total weight of
the mixture.
Weight fraction component A = Weight of component A / total weight
Weight % of component A = (Weight of component A / total weight) x 100
Volume fraction is the ratio of volume of one component in mixture to the total volume of
the mixture.
Volume fraction components of A = Volume of component A / total volume
Volume % components of A = (Volume of component A / total volume) x 100
Atomic fraction is the ratio of g atoms of one component in mixture to the total volume of
the mixture.
Atomic fraction component A = g atoms of A/ total g atoms
Atomic % component A = (g atoms of A/ total g atoms) x 100
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Density is ratio of mass of the substance ((or) mixtureto volume of the substance (or)
mixture at constant temperature and pressure.
Density = mass / volume.
It depends on temperature and pressure
Molality is ratio of lb mol (or) gmol of solute to the 1 kg (or) 1000lb of solvent.
Molality = lb mol of solute / 1000lb of solvent
= gmol of solute / 1 kg of solvent
Normality is ratio of gram equivalent to that of volume of solution in litres.
It denotes with letter ‘N’
It is generally expressed as moles per volume of the solution
Normalityy = Number of gram equivalents / volume of solution in litres
Number of gram equivalents = weight of solute / Equivalent weight of solute
Equivalent weight of solute = molecular weight / valence
Molarity is ratio of gmolof
of solute to that of volume of the solution in litres
It is denote letter ‘m’
It is generally expresses as mole per volume of the solution
Molarity = no. of g mol (or) lbmol of solute / volume of solution (litres or ft3)
Average Molecular Weight is calculated from the molar ratios of the components and it is the
weight of one g mole of the mixture.
Apart of the above expressing the concentration of the substance there are few other type
of expressing the concentration of a substance.
Mass of materials
erials per unit volume of system (Ex; gm/lit, [Link]/lit, lbs/U.S Gallon,
[Link]/U.S.G, [Link]/ft3, lb/ft3etc)
Mass of material per unit mass of reference substance (Ex; lb of solute/ lb of solvent,
[Link] of solute / [Link] of solvent, lb of water / lb. of moisture free material, lb of
vapor/lb of vapor free gas)
Specific Gravity of the substance is defined as ratio of density of substance to density of
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the reference substance.
For liquid and solid water is the reference substance.
For Gas air reference substance.
Specific gravity has no units.
It is denotes with letter ‘G’
Generally specific gravity expressed as G[30/40] which means numerator 30 represents
temperature of substance and denominator 40 represents temperature of reference
substance
Gravity Scales:
DEGREES BAUME for liquid lighter than water, 0Be = (140/G) -130,
Where G= [Link] at 600F/600F.
DEGREES BAUME for liquid lighter than water, 0Be = 145 – 140/G,
Where G = [Link] at 600F/600F.
0
API for petroleum products lighter than water, 0API = 141.5/G – 131.5
0
Taddwell for liquids heavier than water, 0TD = 200(G-10).
Stoichiometric principles:
Excess Reactant:: The reactant, which is in excess over the Stoichiometric requirement of a
desired chemical reaction.
Limiting Reactant: The limiting
ng reactant is defined as the reactant present in the smallest
Stoichiometric amount.
% Excess: Percentage ratio of the excess quantity to the quantity that is required by a
Stoichiometric equation.
% EXCESS = (quantity in excess/ theoretical quantity req
required) x 100.
Conversion is defined as the ratio of the reacted amount of a feed to its initial amount
supplied;
% CONVERSION = (quantity reacted/ quantity charged) x 100.
Degrees of Completionof
of a reaction is expressed as the % of the limiting reactant
converted in to the products.
Selectivity can be expressed as % of the total quantity of the limiting reactant that is
converted in to the desired products.
Yield for a single product is the ratio of final product and the weight of the initial reactant
fed
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(Yield = quantity of desired product formed/ quantity of specific reactant consumed) x SF.
SF = Stoichiometric factor: Stoichiometric requirement in moles of the specific reactant per
mole of desired product.
Summary
Discussed the various expressions of concentration like mole fraction, mole percent,
weight fraction, weight percent, density, molality, normality, molarity, specific gravity.
gravity
Discuss about the stoichiometric principles like excess percent, limiting reactant,
conversion, yield, degree of completion etc.
Solved Problems
01 An aqueous solution contains 40 % Na2CO3 by weight. Express the composition in
mole percent.
(Ans) Basis: 100 g of solution
Given the solution contains 40% of sodium carbonate by weight.
Weight of sodium carbonate= 40g
Weight of water=60g
Moles = Weight/Molecular
olecular weight
Molecular weight sodium carbonate = 106.
Molecular weight water = 18
Moles of sodium carbonate =40/106=0.377 g mol
Moles of water=60/18=3.333 g mol
Total number of moles of solution= Moles of sodium carbonate + moles of water
=3.333+0.377
=3.71mol
Mole% = (moles of substance /total number of moles of mixture)x100
Mole% of sodium carbonate=(0.377/3.71)x100
onate=(0.377/3.71)x100
=10.16%
Mole% of water=(3.333/3.71)x100
=89.84%
Chemical Weight % Mole %
Sodium Carbonate 40 10.16
Water 60 89.84
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02 A solution of naphthalene, C10H8 in benzene C6H6, contains 25 mole percent of
naphthalene. Express the composition of the solution in weight percent.
(Ans) Basis:: 100 g mol of solution
Given solution contains 25 % of Naphthalene in the benzene solution
Mole of Naphthalene = 25 gmol
Mole of Benzene = 75 mol
Weight = Mole X Molecular weight
Molecular Weight of Naphthalene = 128
Molecular Weight of Benzene = 78
Weight of Naphthalene = 25 X 128
= 3200 g
Weight of Benzene = 75 X 78
= 5860 g
Total
otal weight = Weight of Naphthalene + weight of Benzene
= 3200 + 5860
= 9060 g
Weight % Naphthalene = (3200/ 9060) X 100
= 35.3 %
Weight % Benzene = (5800/9060) X 100
= 64.7 %
Chemical Mol % Weight %
Naphthalene 25 35.3
Benzene 75 64.7
3 A natural gas has the following composition, all figures being in volumetric percent
Methane : 83.5 %, Ethane: 12.5 %, Nitrogen: 4 %
Calculate:
a. Composition in mole percent
b. Composition in weight percent
c. Average molecular weight
d. Density at standard conditions (lb/ft3).
(Ans) Basis: 100 lb moles of gas
For gaseous mixture (by considering gas mixture obeys ideal gas law)
Then Mol % = Vol %
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Mole % of Methane = 83.5 %
Mole % of Ethane = 12.5 %
Mole % of N2 = 4 %
Chemical Moles Molecular Weight(lb) = Weight % =
(lb mol) Weight Mole X M Wt. (Mass/ Total Mass) X 100
Methane 83.5 16 1339 (1339/1827) x 100 = 73.3
Ethane 12.5 30 376 (376 / 1827) x100 = 20.6
Nitrogen 4 28 112 (112 / 1827) x 100 = 6.1
Total 1827 100 %
4 A solution of sodium chloride in water contains 23 % NaCl by weight. Express the
concentration of this solution in the following terms
a. Mole fraction of NaCl
b. g mol of NaCl per liter of solution at 30oC.
c. lbs of NaCl per US gallon of solution at 40oC
(Ans) Density of solution at 300C is 1.170 g/cc
Density of solution at 400C is 1.164 g/cc
Basis:100grams
:100grams of solution
Weight percent of NaCl is 23%
𝐰𝐞𝐢𝐠𝐡𝐭𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐨𝐟𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥
𝐩𝐞𝐫𝐜𝐞𝐧𝐭𝐨𝐟𝐍𝐚𝐂𝐥
Weight of NaCl = X Total weight of solutions
𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟑
= X100
𝟏𝟎𝟎
=23 g
Weight of H2O=Total weight-
weight weight of NaCl
=100
=100-23
=77 g
a)moles of NaCl=0.39 gram
gram-mole
77 grams of H2O ---------
--------->0.39 gram-mole of NaCl
1000 grams of H2O------>?
O
=1000x0.39/77
moles of NaCl=5.06 gram-mole
gram
Molality=
Molality=5.06
𝟕𝟕
b)moles of H2O= =4.278
𝟏𝟖
𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔𝒐𝒇𝑵𝒂𝑪𝒍
mole fraction of NaCl =
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
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=0.393/0.393+4.278
=0.084
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
c)volume=𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
=100/1.170
1 litre=1000cc
1.170g/cc = 1170gram/litre
Volume=100/1170=0.085litres
0.393 Moles of NaCl-------
------->0.085 litre of solution
?? <------ 1 litre of solution
=0.39/0.85
Moles of NaCl =4.58g
4.58g mol
𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔
d) volume=
𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚
=100/1164
=0.086litres
0.086litres = 0.022 U.S gallon
Weight of NaCl=23 grams=0.023Kg
=0.051lb
0.051 lb of NaCl ------->0.022
>0.022 U.S gallon of NaCl
?? <--------
--------1 U.S gallon of NaCl
pounds of NaCl=0.051/0.022
=2.3lbs
5 a. A solution has a gravity of 100oTwaddell. Calculate its specific gravity and
its gravity in degrees Baume.
Baume
b. An oil has a specific gravity at 60o/60oF of 0.790. Calculate its gravity in
degree API and degree Baume
Baume.
(Ans) a. Specific gravity of solution = 100 Twadell
Two = 200(G - 1)
80 = 200 (G - 1)
G = 1.4 ( heavier than water)
O
Be = 145 - (145/G)
= 145 - 103.57
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= 41.43 oBe.
b. Given specific gravity of oil = 0.651
O
API = (141.5/G) - 131.5
= (141.5/0.651) - 131.5
o
= 85.8 API
And in Baume degree
O
Be = (140/G) - 130 (lighter than water)
= (140/0.651) - 130 = 85.05 oBe.
06 98g of H2SO4 dissolved in water to prepare 1 litre of solution. Find the normality
and molarity
Ans Basis: 98 g of H2SO4
Normality : Number of gram equivalents / volume of solution in litres
Number of gram equivalents = weight of solute / Equivalent weight of solute
Equivalent weight of solute = molecular weight / valence
= 98/2
=49
Number of gram equivalents = weight of solute / Equivalent weight of solute
= 98/49
=2
Normality : Number of gram equivalents / volume of solution in litres
: 2/1
=2N
Molarity : no. of g mol (or) lbmol of solute / volume of solution (litres or ft3)
lbmol
Gmol of solute : weight of solute / Molecular weight
: 98/98
1 lbmol
Molarity : 1 / 1
:1M
07 The concentration aqueous CH3COOH is 30 % wt. Calculate the molality?
Ans Basis: 100 g of solution
Weight of CH3COOH: 30g
Molecular Wt. CH3COOH: 60 g
Gmol of solute : 30/60
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: 2 gmol
Molality : gmol of solute / kg of solvent
: 2/(70 X10-3)
: 7.14
08 A solution of NaOH contains 20 % NaOH by wt. The density of the solution 1.196
kg/lit. Find the Normality
Molarity
Molality
Ans Basis: 100 kg of solution
Wt. of NaOH : 20 Kg
Molecular Weight : 40
Given density : 1.196 kg/lit
Volume of solution : wt. / density
: 100/ 1.196
: 83.61 lit
Equivalent weight of solute = molecular weight / valence
= 40/1
=40
Number of gram equivalents = weight of solute / Equivalent weight of solute
= 20/40
= 0.5
Normality : Number of gram equivalents / volume of solution in litres
: 0.5/83.61
= 5.98 N
Molarity : no. of g mol (or) lbmol of solute / volume of solution (litres or ft3)
Gmol of solute : weight of solute / Molecular weight
: 20/40
0.5 lbmol
Molarity : 0.5 / 83.61
: 5.98 M
Molality : gmol of solute / 1 kg of solvent
: 0.5 /(80 X10-3)
: 6.25
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Multiple Choice Questions
01 What is the average molecular weight of a gas containing 20% N2 (molecular wt. = 28)
and 80% SO2 (molecular wt. = 64)?
a) 0.5 and 0.31
b) 1.0 and 0.62
c) 0.5 and 0.69
d) 1.0 and 0.50
Answer (a)
02 A bucket contains 10 kg of water and 10 kg of NaOH. The respective mass fraction of
water and the mole fraction of NaOH are
a) Basis
b) Dimension
c) Unit
d) None of the mentioned
Answer (a)
03 Two statements are given as
(1) When a percentage of fracti
fractions
ons is given for gas, it is assumed that it refers to a
mole fraction
(2) When a percentage of fractions is given for liquid or solid, it is assumed that it
refers to the weight fraction
True statements are
a) 1
b) 2
c) Both 1 and 2
d) Neither 1 nor 2
Answer (c)
04 Two statements are given as
I: Specific density is dimensionless.
II: When salt is added to water, density of the solution will increase.
Number of correct statement is
a) 0
b) 1
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c) 2
d) None of the mentioned
Answer (c)
06 Which of the following is not the unit of concentration?
a) Mole/m3
b) Molar
c) N/m3
d) ppm
Answer (c)
07 What is the concentration of 100 lbs. of solution occupying 25 m3 of volume?
a) 1.8 Kg/m3
b) 2.7 Kg/m3
c) 4 Kg/m3
d) 8 Kg/m3
Answer (a)
08 What is the molarity of a solution with a mass of solute 10 kg mass and 100 liter
volume?
a) 0.1 molar
b) 1 molar
c) 10 molar
d) 100 molar
Answer (a)
09 How much Sodium is there in a solution with 10 Kg of solvent (Density = 5 Kg/m3)
and concentration 4 molar?
a) 23 grams
b) 92 grams
c) 184 grams
d) 276 grams
Answer (c)
10 A 5 molar solution is 27.75% CaCl2 by mass, what is the density of the solution?
a) 1 g/cm3
b) 2 g/cm3
c) 3 g/cm3
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d) 4 g/cm3
Answer (b)
11 What is the molarity of the mixture of two solution, first solution 4 M and 10 liter and
second solution 2 M and 40 liter?
a) 1.2 M
b) 2.4 M
c) 4.8 M
d) 9.2 M
Answer (b)
12 What is the mass flow rate of a liquid flowing through a pipe of which 100 grams of
water was collected in 10 seconds?
a) 0.01 kg/s
b) 0.05 kg/s
c) 0.1 kg/s
d) 0.5 kg/s
Answer (a)
13 A solid of density d is dropped in a liquid of density D, if d>D then,
a) Solid will completely sink
b) Solid will completely float
c) Solid will partially sink
d) None of the mentioned
Answer (a)
14 A cylinder completely filled with water has density = 10 kg/m3 and volume 5 m3 , now
a cube with side 1 m and density 25 kg/m3 is dipped into the cylinder with some water
dropping out, what is the
he final density of cylinder?(neglect the mass of cylinder)
a) 13 kg/m3
b) 15 kg/m3
c) 17 kg/m3
d) 19 kg/m3
Answer (a)
15 An empty vessel has with mass 5 kg with volume 0.1 m3, is now completely filled
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with a liquid of density 100 kg/m3, what is the final density of the cylinder?
a) 50 kg/m3
b) 100 kg/m3
c) 150 kg/m3
d) 200 kg/m3
Answer (c)
Descriptive Questions
01 Discuss about molality, normality and molarity?
02 Discuss about density and specific gravity?
03 Discuss about different scale of specific gravity?
Unsolved Problems
01 A solution of Sodium Chloride
hloride in water contains 230 grams of NaCl per liter at 20°C.
The density of the solution at this temperature is 1.148 gm/cc. Calculate the
following items
The composition in weight per cent.
(6) The volumetric per cent of water.
(c) The composition in mole per cent.
(d) The composition in atomic per cent.
(e) The molality
(/) Pounds NaCl per pound H2O
02 An aqueous solution of sodium chloride contains 28 grams of NaCl per 100 cc of
solution at 20°C. Express the concentration of this solution in the following terms..
(a) Percentage NaCl by weight.
(6) Mole fraction of NaCl.
(c) Pound-moles
moles of NaCl per 1000 pounds of water (molality).
(d) Pound-moles
moles of NaCl per U. S. gallon of solution at 0°C.
03 It is desired to prepare a solution of sodium chloride in water, having a molality of
2.00. Calculate the weight of sodium chloride which should l5e placed in a 1000-cc
1000
volumetric flask in order that the desired concentration will be obtained by
subsequently
ly filling the flask with water, keeping the temperature of the solution at
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30°C.
04 For the operation of a refrigeration plant it is desired to prepare a solution of sodium
chloride containing 20% by weight of the anhydrous salt.
(a) Calculate the weight of sodium chloride which should be added to one gallon of
water at 30°C in order to prepare this solution.
(b) Calculate the volume of solution formed per gallon of water used, keeping the
temperature at 30 °C.
05 In the following table are listed various
various aqueous solutions, with the density at 20°C
and 80°C given, as we as the composition. For one or more of the solutions assigned
from the table, report the composition expressed in the following ways:
(a) Weight per cent.
(6) Mole per cent.
(c) Poimds of solute per pound of solvent.
(d) Pound-moles
moles of solute per pound of solvent
(e) Grams solute per 100 ml of solution at 80°C
(f) Grams solute per 100 ml of solution at 20°C.
(g) Gram-moles
moles solute per liter of solution at 20°C.
(h) Pounds of solute per U. 8. gallon of solution at 68°F (20°C).
(i) Pound-moles
moles of solute per U. S. gallon of solution at 68°F (20°C).
(j) Molality.
(k) Normality.
Given Weight % HCl: 30
Density at 20oC : 1.149g/ml ; Density at 80oC : 1.115g/ml
06 A chemist interest in preparing 500ml of 1N, 1M, 1m solution of H2SO4. Assuming
the density of H2SO4 Solution is to be 1.075g/cm3. Calculate quantities H2SO4 to
taken to prepare the solution?
07 A H2SO4 solution has a molarity of 11.24 and molality of 94. Calculated the density
of the solution?
08 An aqueous solution of K2CO3 is prepared by dissolving 43 kg K2CO3 in 100kg of
H2O. Find the molality, normality and molarity. ((Density of solution 1.3 kg/lit).
kg/li
09 An aqueous solution contains 40 % Na2CO3 by wt. Express the composition by mole
%.
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Video links
01
References
01 O.A Hougen, K.M. Watson, R.A. Ragataz
Ragataz, “Chemical
Chemical Process Principles Part I
Material and Energy Balances”,
Balances Second Edition, CBS Publishers, 2001.