1

CHAPTER 2

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Mr. Kim

[Link] (Hons.), [Link], PhD (Chemistry)

 2

CHAPTER 2
THE GASEOUS STATE AND GAS LAWS
Pressure of the Gas
The force acting on the unit area is known as the gas pressure.

Force
Pressure of gas=
area

Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
(In words)
When the temperature of a given mass of a gas is kept constant, the volume of the gas is inversely
proportional to its pressure.

(In Symbol or mathematically expression)

1
Vα ( mass∧temperature=constant )
P

Where, V = the gas volume, P = the gas pressure

(Equation or Formula)
P1V1 = P2V2
Charles’ Law
(In words)
When the pressure of a given mass of a gas is kept constant, the volume of the gas is directly
proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale.

(In Symbol or mathematically expression)

V α T ( mass∧ pressure=constant )

Where, V = the gas volume, T = the gas temperature

(Equation or Formula)

V1 V2
=
T 1 T2
 3

Absolute Zero Temperature

If the constant contraction rate is continued, the volume of the gas will become zero at – 273 oC.
This temperature is taken as the zero point of a new scale of temperature, (Kelvin temperature
scale) and is known as absolute zero temperature.

Absolute zero temperature = - 273oC or 0 K

TK = TC + 273
Relationship between Temperature and Pressure of Gases
(In words)
When the volume of a given mass of a gas is kept constant, the pressure of the gas is directly
proportional to its temperature on the Kelvin scale.

(In Symbol or mathematically expression)

P α T ( mass∧volume=constant )

Where, P = the gas pressure, T = the gas temperature

(Equation or Formula)

P 1 P2
=
T1 T 2

Combined Gas Law (Combination of Boyle’s Law and Charles’ Law)

1
Boyle’s law, Vα ( mass∧temperature=constant )
P

Charles’ law, V α T ( mass∧ pressure=constant )

After combination,
T
Vα ( mass=constant )
P
T
V =constant x
P
PV
=constant
T
P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2

STP
STP means standard temperature and pressure.

Standard temperature = 0oC or 273K

Standard pressure = 1 atm or 760 mmHg

 4

Molar Volume of Gases

One mole of every gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP.

Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volume of Gases

At the same temperature and pressure, the volume of reacting gases and gaseous products are in
simple ratios of small whole numbers.

hydrogen + nitrogen → ammonia

3 volumes + 1 volume → 2 volumes

Avogadro’s Theory
At the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of
molecules.

V α n (temperature and pressure = constant)

Where, V = the gas volume, n = the number of molecules
Relative Density of Gas
mass of a volume of the gas
Relative density of a gas = mass of an equal volume of hydrogen
¿
¿
Both gases are measured at the same temperature and pressure.
Relative density of a gas = ½ x R M M of the gas
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
(In words)
When the temperature is kept constant, the total pressure of a gas mixture is the sum of the partial
pressures of different gases.

(In mathematically expression)

Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + … (temperature = constant)
Where, Ptotal = total pressure of gas mixture
P1 , P2 , P3 = partial pressures of different gases
Graham’s Law of Gaseous Diffusion

(In words)

At the same temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the
square root of the density of the gas.

(In mathematical expression)

1
rα ( temperature∧ pressure=constant )
√d
 5

Where, r = the rate of diffusion of a gas, d = the density of the gas

1
r = constant x
√d
r √ d=constant

r1 √ d2 r1 √ M 2
r1 √ d 1=r 2 √ d2 or = or =
r 2 √d 1 r2 √ M 1

r = rate of diffusion of gas (cm3 s-1), d = density of gas (g dm-3)

M = molar mass (g mol-1)
Calculation of Gas Laws
Boyle’s Law
1. A volume of certain mass of gas occupies 952 cm 3 at 561 mmHg. What is the volume under 760
mmHg at the same temperature?
Initial state Final state
P1 = 561 mmHg P2 = 760 mmHg
V1 = 952 cm3 V2 = ?
According to Boyle’s law,
P1V1 = P2V2
P1V 1
V2 =
P2
3
561mmHg x 952 cm
V2 =
760 mmHg
V2 = 702.8 cm3
Charles’ Law
1. A certain mass of gas occupies 617 cm 3 at 9oC. What is the volume at 0 oC under the same
pressure?
Initial state Final state
V1 = 617 cm3 V2 = ?
T1 = 9oC + 273T2 = 0oC + 273
= 282 K = 273K
According to Boyle’s law,
V1 V2
=
T 1 T2
 6

V 1T 2
V2 =
T1
3 ❑
617 cm x 273 K
V2 =
282 K
V2 = 597.3 cm3
2. A certain mass of gas occupies 942 cm3 at 22oC. At what temperature in oC will the gas occupy
311 cm3 under the same pressure?
Initial state Final state
V1 = 942 cm3 V2 = 311 cm3
T1 = 22oC + 273 T2 = ?
= 295 K
According to Boyle’s law,
V1 V2
=
T 1 T2

V 2T 1
T2 =
V1
3 ❑
311cm x 295 K
T2 =
942 K
T2 = 97.39 K
T2 = 97.39 K – 273 = -175.61oC
Relationship between Temperature and Pressure of Gases
1. The pressure of a gas at 27oC is 760 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas at 87 oC at constant
volume?
Initial state Final state
P1 = 760 mmHg P2 = ?
T1 = 27oC + 273 T2 = 87oC+ 273
= 300 K = 360 K
P 1 P2
=
T1 T 2

P1T 2
P2 =
T1
❑
760 mmHg x 360 K
P2 =
300 K
P2 = 912 mmHg
 7

Combined Gas Law

1. At 27oC and 750 mmHg a gas occupies 380 cm3. What is the volume of the gas at STP?
Initial state Final state (STP)
P1 = 750 mmHg P2 = 760 mmHg
V1 = 380 cm3 T2 = 273K
T1 = 27oC + 273 V2 = ?
= 300 K
According to combined gas law equation,
P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2

P1V 1 T 2
V2 = x
T1 P2
3 ❑
750 mmHg x 380 cm x 273 K
V2 =
300 K x 760 mmHg
V2 = 341.3 cm3
Molar volume of gases
1. What is the mass of hydrogen gas enclosed in 5.6 dm3 at STP? (H = 1)

22.4 dm3 of the gas at STP = 1 mol

3
5.6 dm
5.6 dm3 …………………. = 3 −1
22.4 dm mol

= 0.25 mol
1 mol of hydrogen =2g
0.25 mol ……………...... = 2 x 0.25 g
= 0.5 g

Dalton’s law of partial pressures

1. The pressure of hydrogen collected over water at 27oC is 776.7 mmHg. The vapour pressure of
water at 27oC is 26.7 mmHg. What is the pressure of dry hydrogen?

Ptotal = P H + P H
2 2 O

P H =Ptotal−P H O
2 2

= 776.7 mmHg – 26.7 mmHg

= 750 mmHg
2. A gas occupies 500 cm3 at 17oC and 785 mmHg when it is collected over water. The vapour
pressure of water at this temperature is 15 mmHg. What is the pressure of the dry gas at 17oC?

Ptotal = Pdry gas + P H 2 O

 8

Pdry gas =Ptotal −P H O 2

= 785 mmHg – 15 mmHg

= 770 mmHg
3. Total pressure of oxygen and acetylene gas storage tank is 7520 mmHg. The partial pressure of
oxygen is 3400 mmHg. What is the pressure of acetylene?

Ptotal = PO + PC
2 2 H2

PC H =P total−PO
2 2 2

= 7520 mmHg – 3400 mmHg

= 4120 mmHg

Limiting Substances

1. What will be the volume of hydrogen chloride gas when 100 cm 3 of hydrogen and 50 cm3 of
chlorine were mixed? (All gases are measured at the same condition.)

H2(g) + Cl2(g) → 2HCl(g)

1 vol. + 1 vol. → 2 vol
100 cm3 + 50 cm3 → 100 cm3
Cl2(g) is limiting substance.
Dalton’s law, Combined gas law, molar volume and Molecular mass
1. The volume of a certain mass of gas collected over water is 227 cm3 at 12oC and 762 mmHg.
Vapour pressure of water at 12oC is 10.5 mmHg. What would be the volume of dry gas at 15 oC and
757 mmHg?

Ptotal = Pdry gas + P H 2 O

Pdry gas =Ptotal −P H O 2

= 762 mmHg – 10.5 mmHg

= 751.5 mmHg
Initial state Final state
P1 = 751.5 mmHg P2 = 757 mmHg
V1 = 227 cm3 T2 = 15oC + 273 = 288K
T1 = 12oC + 273 = 285K V2 = ?
According to combined gas law equation,
 9

P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2

P1V 1 T 2
V2 = x
T1 P2
3 ❑
751mmHg x 227 cm x 288 K
V2 =
285 K x 757 mmHg
V2 = 227.7 cm3#
2. 0.21 g of a gas occupies a volume of 186 cm3 measured over water at 766 mmHg and 23oC.
Vapour pressure of water at 23oC is 21.1 mmHg. What is the approximate molecular mass of the
gas?

Ptotal = Pdry gas + P H 2 O

Pdry gas =Ptotal −P H O

2

= 766 mmHg – 21.1 mmHg

= 744.9 mmHg
Initial state Final state (STP)
P1 = 744.9 mmHg P2 = 760 mmHg
V1 = 186 cm3 T2 = 273K
T1 = 23oC + 273 V2 = ?
= 296 K
According to combined gas law equation,
P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2

P1V 1 T 2
V2 = x
T1 P2
3 ❑
744.9 mmHg x 186 cm x 273 K
V2 = = 168.1 cm3 or 0.1681 dm3
296 K x 760 mmHg
0.1681 dm3 of the gas at STP = 0.21g
3 ❑
22.4 dm x 0.21 g
3
22.4 dm ………………….. = 3 = 27.98 g
0.1681 dm
∴1 mol of a gas = 27.98 g
∴ Molar mass of the gas = 27.98 g mol-1
∴ Molecular mass of the gas = 27.98 amu #

Graham’s law of gaseous diffusion

 10

1. What is the relative molecular mass of the gas that diffuses 4 times as fast as oxygen? What is
the molar mass of that gas? (O = 16)

rx √MO
= 2

rO √ M x 2

4=
32
MX
32
√
16 =
MX
32
Mx =
16
Mx = 2
Molar mass = 2 g mol-1

2. What is the relative rate of diffusion of hydrogen and oxygen? (H = 1, O = 16)

rH 2
=
√MO 2

rO 2 √M H 2

√
rH 32
=
2

rO 2
2❑
rH
=4 2

rO 2

Hydrogen diffuses 4 times as fast as oxygen.

3. Helium gas diffuses 4 times as fast as an unknown gas. What is the relative molecular mass of
the gas? (He = 4)

r He √ M x
=
r x √ M He

4=
√
Mx
Mx
4
16 =
4
Mx = 64 #

4. 100 cm3 of CO2 diffuses through a porous pot in 1 minute. How long will it take for the same
volume of propane gas, C3H8 to diffuse through the same pot under the same conditions? (C
= 12, O = 16, H = 1)
M CO = 12 + 16 x 2 = 44
2

M C H = 12 x 3 + 1 x 8 = 44
3 8
3
100 cm
t CO = 1 min = 60 s, r CO =
2
t CO 2

2
3
100 cm
t C H = ?, rC H =
3 8
tC H 3 8

3 8

r CO 2
=
√MC H 3 8

rC H 3 8 √ M CO 2
 11

3
100 cm

√
t CO 44
2

3 =
100 cm 44❑
tC H
3 8

tC H 3
=1 8

60 s
t C H = 60 s #
3 8

5. Which one diffuses faster in each of the following pairs under comparable conditions? (He =
4, Ne = 10, C = 12, N = 14, O = 16)
(i) He and Ne (ii) CO2 and NO2

(i) M He = 4
M Ne = 10
MNe > MHe , ∴ rNe < rHe

(ii) M CO2 = 12 + 16 x 2 = 44
M SO2 = 32 + 16 x 2 = 64
M SO2 > M CO2 ,∴ r SO2 < r CO2

5. Which law represents each of the following statements?

(i) A volume of gas expands when it is heated.
Ans., Charles’ law
(ii) When the volume of a gas is compressed at the same temperature, the pressure of the gas
will increase.
Ans., Boyle’s law
(iii) The same volume of different gases at the constant temperature and pressure contains
the same number of molecules.
Ans., Avogadro’s law
(iv) A lighter gas diffuses faster than the heavier one.
Ans., Graham’s law of gaseous diffusion

Chemical Calculations Involving Gas Laws and Theories

Notes: (i) mol = mass / molar mass (g/ g mol-1)
(ii) 1 mol = 22.4 dm3 at STP
(iii) 1 mol = 6.02x1023 molecules
(iv) 1 mol = R.M.M in grams
(v) 1 molecule = R.M.M. in amu
(vi) Relative density = ½ x R.M.M

1. You are provided with 11.2dm3 of hydrogen gas at STP. Find the amount of hydrogen in (i)
moles (ii) molecules (iii) grams (iv) amu. (H=1)

(i) 22.4 dm3 at STP = 1 mol of H2

3
11.2 dm
11.2 dm3 = 3 −1 = 0.5 mol of H2
22.4 dm mol
(ii) 1 mol of H2 = 6.02x1023 molecules
0.5 mol = 6.02x1023 molecules mol-1 x 0.5 mol
= 3.01x1023 molecules #

(iii) 1 mol of H2 =2g

 12

0.5 mol = 2 g mol-1 x 0.5 mol

= 1g #

(iv) 1 molecule of H2 = 2 amu

3.01x1023 molecules = 2 amu molecule-1 x 3.01x1023 molecules
= 6.02x1023 molecules #

2. 8 g of oxygen gas is given. Calculate the following:

(i) moles (ii) molecules (iii) volume in dm 3 at STP (iv) density of oxygen gas at STP (v)
relative density of oxygen. (O = 16)

(i) R.M.M. of O2 = 16 x 2 = 32
∴ 32 g of O2 = 1 mol
8 g x 1 mol
8 g ………… = = 0.5 mol of O2 #
32 g

(ii) 1 mol of O2 = 6.02 x 1023 molecules

23
0.5 mol x 6.02 x 10 molecules
0.5 mol …… = =¿ 3.01 x 1023 molecules #
1 mol

(iii) 1 mol of O2 = 22.4 dm3 at STP

3
0.5 mol x 22.4 dm
0.5 mol … = = 11.2 dm3 of O2 at STP #
1 mol

mass 8g
(iv) Density = = 3
=¿0.714 g dm3 #
volume 11.2dm

(v) Relative density of O2 = ½ x R.M.M

= ½ x 32
= 16 #

EXERCISES (Sample Questions)

Question No. 1
Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.
1. A volume of gas contracts when cooled.
2. A volume of gas expands when it is heated.
3. The pressure of the gas in a closed container will decrease when it is heated.
4. When the volume of a gas is compressed at the same temperature, the pressure of the gas will
increase.
5. STP means standard temperature and pressure.
6. One mole of every gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP.
7. Relative density of a gas is equivalent of twice the relative molecular mass of the gas.
8. The force acting on the unit area is gas pressure.
9. One mole of hydrogen weighs 2amu.
10. At low temperature, the particles of a gas are moving with a high speed.
11. The volume of the gas increases with increase of temperature.
12. 18 g of liquid water occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP. (H=1, O=16)
13. 18 g of water vapour occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP. (H=1, O=16)
14. A lighter gas diffuses faster than the heavier one.
Question No. 2
 13

Fill in the blanks.

1. A heavier gas diffuses ……… than a lighter one.

2. One gram of hydrogen gas occupies ……… at STP. (H=1)
3. 100oC is equivalent to ……… K.
4. At the same temperature and pressure, the rate of diffusion of a gas is ……… to the square root
of its density.
5. The rate of diffusion of a gas …… proportional to the square root of the density of the gas.
6. STP means ……….. . The standard conditions chosen are ……… and ……… .
7. One molecule of hydrogen gas weighs ……… . (H = 1)
8. The combined gas equation is ……… .
9. The symbol of combined gas law is ……… .
10. One mole of any gas occupies ……… at ……… .
11. The relative density of the gas is ……… proportional to its relative molecular mass.
Question No. 3
Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc given in the brackets.

1. Boyle’s law can be expressed as (V = 1/P, PV = constant, P/V = constant).

2. A volume of gas (expands, contracts, remains constant) when heated.
3. The particles of (solid, liquid, gas) are free to move in any direction.
4. A (mass, pressure, volume) of gas expands when heated.
5. Charles’ law can be expressed as (V = 1/T, V/T = constant, TV = constant).
6. Dalton’s law can be expressed as (PV = constant, Ptotal = P1+P2, PV/ T = constant).
7. Dalton’s law of partial pressures can be used to the gas mixture of (Cl 2 and H2, He and Ne, NH3
and HCl).
8. One molecule of hydrogen gas weighs (1g, 2g, 2 amu).
9. One molecule of NO weighs (30g, 3g, 30amu). (N=14, O=16)
10. 7g of nitrogen gas occupies (5.6, 11.2, 22.4) dm3 at STP.
11. 2.24 dm3 of nitrogen oxide at STP weighs (30g, 3g, 30 amu).

Question No. 4
Matching with Answers

(a) gas pressure force per unit area

(b) one mole of gas 22.4 dm3 at STP
(c) Avogadro’s number 6.02 x 1023
(d) Avogadro’s theory V α n (T, P=constant)
Question No. 5 (Definitions)
Gas pressure, Absolute zero temperature, Boyle’s law, Charles’ law, Avogadro’s theory,
Avogadro’s number, Molar volume of gases, Gay-Lussac’s law of combing volume of gases,
Dalton’s law of partial pressure, Relative density gas
Question No.6

1. Which law represents each of the following statements?

(a) (i) The pressure of a gas will increase when it is heated.
(ii) The pressure of the mixture of gases is due to the sum of the partial pressures of the
individual gases.
 14

(b) (i) When the volume of a gas is increased, its pressure decreases under constant
temperature.
(ii) The volumes of reacting gases and gaseous products are in simple ratios of small whole
numbers.
(c) (i) The same volume of different gases at constant temperature and pressure contains the
same number of molecules.
(ii) A lighter gas diffuses faster than a heavier one.
(d) (i) A volume of gas expands when it is heated.
(ii) The same volume of different gases at constant temperature and pressure contains the
same number of molecules.
2. Which one diffuses faster in each of the following pairs under comparable conditions?
(a) (i) CO2 and NO2 (ii) SO2 and H2S
(H=1, C=12, O=16, N=14, S=32)
(b) (i) He and Ne (ii) CO and N2
(He=4, Ne=20, C=12, O=16, N=14)
(c) 235UF6 and 238UF6 (ii) N2 and CO
(N=14, C=12, O=16)
(d) Which one diffuses faster SO2 or H2S under comparable conditions?
(e) Which one diffuses faster in each of the following pair under comparable conditions?
CO and NO, H2S and SO2 (C=12, O=16, N=14, S=32, H=1)
3. State Boyle’s law in both words and mathematical expression.
4. Which one diffuses faster in each of the following pairs under comparable conditions? (i) He
and Ne; (ii) CO2 and NH3.
5. 4.0g of oxygen gas is given. Calculate the amount of oxygen in moles, molecules, volume in
dm3 at STP and density of oxygen at STP.
6. What is the mass of SO2 enclosed in 5.6dm3 at STP? (S=32, O=16)
7. What is the mass of hydrogen gas enclosed in 2.8dm3 at STP? (H=1)
8. How many molecules are there in 11.2dm3 of carbon dioxide at STP? (Avogadro’s number =
6.02 x 1023)
9. How many molecules are there in 16 g of sulphur? (S=32, Avogadro’s number = 6.02 x 1023)
10. Hydrogen diffuses 6 times as fast as unknown gas. What is the relative molecular mass of the
unknown gas? (H=1)
11. Helium gas diffuses twice as fast as gas X. Calculate the molar mass and relative density of the
gas.
12. Define Graham’s law of gaseous diffusion in both words and mathematical expression.

Question No.7

1. Helium gas diffuses 5 times as fast as an unknown gas. What is relative molecular mass of the
gas? (He=4)
2. What is the relative rate of diffusion of helium and hydrogen sulphide? (He=4, H=1, S=32)
3. (i) Define “Charles’ law” both in words and mathematical expression.
(ii) What is the relative molecular mass of the gas that diffuses 8 times as fast as oxygen?
(O=16)
4. If it takes 1 minute for 50 cm 3 of oxygen to diffuse through a pin hole, how long will it take for
the same volume of hydrogen to diffuse through the same pin hole? (O = 16, H = 1)
5. A gas with the relative density of 32 is given.
(i) Find the relative molecular mass of the gas.
(ii) What is the mass of two moles of the gas in grams?
(iii) What volume at STP would the gas occupy by 32g of the gas?
6. At 27oC and 750 mmHg, a gas occupies 380 cm3. What is the volume of the gas at STP?
7. A certain mass of gas occupies 617cm 3 at 9oC. What is the volume at 0 oC under the same
pressure?
 15

8. 0.2g of a gas occupies a volume of 185cm 3 measured over at 756 mmHg and 22 oC. Vapour
pressure of water at 22oC is 21.3 mmHg. What is the approximate molecular mass of the gas?
9. One mole of a gas occupies 25litres and its density is 1.82gL -1 at a particular temperature and
pressure. What is its molecular weight? What is the density of the gas at STP?
10. The volume of a certain mass of gas collected over water is 227cm 3 at 12oC and 762 mmHg.
Vapour pressure of water at 12 oC is 10.5 mmHg. What would be the volume of dry gas at 15 oC
and 757 mmHg?

***********************