1

CHAPTER 3

q&m &JU trSm

wynfYwdkU
tcef;u (1)rSwfwefar;cGef;trSwfpOf (1) rS (5) tjyif?
Stoichiometry
(2)rSwfwef ar;cGef;trSwfpOf(6) ESifY (4)rSwfwef ar;cGef;trSwfpOf(7)
wdkYrSm ar;avY&SdwJY tcef;yJjzpfw,f/ txl;ojzifY wuúodkvf0ifwef;pmar;yGJ
(8)rSwfwef ar;cGef;trSwfpOf(8) rSm ESpfpOfwpfyk'far;aewJYtwGuf
rjzpfraea&G;cs,fajzqdkoifYwJY tcef;wpfcef;yJ jzpfw,f/

'Dtcef;rSm t"dutaeESifY Stoichiometry? Limiting substance? Titration? Standard

solution? Standardization? Primary standard? Molarity? Molar solution? Equivalence point? End
point pwmawGudk wpfckcsif;odxm;&rSm jzpfw,f/'gYtjyif Molarity, mole, volume,
Relative molecular mass, molar mass awG&JU
wpfckESifYwpfckqufEG,fyHk? ,lepftoHk;tEIH;awGESifYtwl
"mwfjyKnDrQjcif;udk qufpyfjyD; ykpämwGufenf;awGyg
em;vnf&rSmjzpfw,f/ Titration ykpämwGuf&mrSm vG,fulapbdkU
qufoG,fcsuftcsdKUESifY tvG,frSwfenf;awGudkaz:jy ay;xm;w,f/
tqifUrausmfzdkUESifY ,lepf&SdvQif az:jyay;zdkY rarYygESifY/
ar;avY&SdwJY ar;cGef;awGudkvnf; erlemajzjyay;xm;ygw,f/ 'Dtcef;uvnf;
wynfYwdkY trSwfvG,fvG,f&edKifwJY tcef;yJjzpfw,f/

Titration qdkwm vufawGUESifYqufpyfjyD;rS rdrdod&dSvdkwmudk

wGuf,l&wmjzpfvdkY Titration apparatus (burette, pipette, conical flask), awGESifY Chemicals
(metal chloride, metal carbonate, acids, indicators) awG&JU taMumif;udkyg
odxm;&rSmjzpfw,f/ Acid-Base Titration tjyif Redox Titration rSmvnf; ta&;BuD;wJY
standard permanganate solution udk t"duxm; &Sif;jy ay;xm;w,f/
wynfYwdkYvG,fvG,fulul avYvmedKifatmif? ta&;MuD;wJYykpämtcsdKYudk
erlemwGufjy xm;ovdk? avYvmoifYwJYar;cGef;awGudkvnf; az:jyay;xm;w,f/
avUusifUMunfYyg/

Mr. Kim

[Link] (Hons.), [Link], PhD (Chemistry)

 2

CHAPTER 3
STOICHIOMETRY
Stoichiometry
That part of chemistry which deals with the quantities of substances taking part in chemical
reactions is called stoichiometry.

Stoichiometry is based on the laws and principles of chemistry;

- Conservation of mass
- Relative masses of atoms
- The concept of the mole.

Law of Conservation of Mass

The total mass of the products formed must be equal to the total mass of the reactants.
The mole and the millimole
1 mole of the substance = Relative molecular mass expressed in grams
mass of substance ∈grams
The quantity of substance in moles =
relative molecular mass

mass (g)
(or) mol =
molar mass(g mol−1)

e.g., How many moles of hydrogen gas are there in 27.0g of hydrogen? ( H = 1)
mass ( g)
mol =
molar mass(g mol−1)

27
= 2 =13.5 mol ♯

Chemical Equations in Stoichiometry

e.g., 4 g of a mixture of calcium carbonate and sand is treated with an excess of dilute
hydrochloric acid, and 0.880 g of carbon dioxide is produced. What is the percentage of calcium
carbonate in the original mixture?

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

 3

1 mol 1 mol
R.M.M of CaCO3 = 40 + 12 + 16 x 3 = 100
R.M.M of CO2 = 12 + 16 x 2 = 44
0.88
mol of CO2 = = 0.02 mol
44
1 mol of CO2 → 1 mol of CaCO3
0.02 mol of CO2 → 0.02 mol of CaCO3
∴Mass of CaCO3 = 0.02 mol x 100 g mol-1 = 2 g
2g
∴ % by mass of CaCO3 = x 100= 50% #
4g

Limiting Substance

One of the reactants in lesser quantity is required by the equation, the reaction will simply
stop when the reactant in lesser quantity is exhausted. The quantities of products formed will then
be determined by the reactant present in lesser quantity.

Molarity (M)

The molarity of a solution is the quantity in moles of the solutes dissolved in one cubic
decimeter of the solution.

Molar solution

The molar solution of a compound is one which contains one mole of the compound in one
cubic decimeter of the solution.

Dilution of a solution

When a given aqueous solution is diluted with water;

- the quantity or mole of the solute does not change.

- but the concentration or molarity does change (decreases).

M1V1 = M2V2

Where, M1 = molarity of solution before dilution

V1 = volume of solution before dilution

M2 = molarity of solution after dilution

V2 = volume of solution after dilution

e.g., How many cubic centimeters of a 0.1 M solution must be diluted with water to make 2.0 dm 3
of 0.025 M solution?
Before dilution After dilution
M1 = 0.1 M M2 = 0.025 M
 4

V1 = ? V2 = 2.0 dm3
M1V1 = M2V2
M2 V 2
V1 =
M1
3
0.025 M x 2.0 dm
V1 = = 0.5 dm3 or 500 cm3 #
0.1 M
Titration

Titration is the procedure in which a solution of a standard reagent is added to a specific volume of
a solution of unknown molarity.

Titrations are possible if the following conditions are fulfilled.

- The standard reagent must react completely with the unknown solution.
- The reaction must be reasonably fast.
- The point at which the two reactants have just completely reacted, i.e., the equivalence point
must be easily detectable.
- The equation for the chemical reaction must be exactly known for easy determination of the
stoichiometric proportions in which the reactants react.

Standard solution

The reagent of exactly known concentration is called a standard solution.

Primary standard

The accuracy of a volumetric analysis depends upon the primary standard used to establish the
concentration of the standard solution.

Important requirements for a substance to serve as a good primary standard include the following;

(i) Highest purity

(ii) Stability
(iii) Absence of hydrate water
(iv) Ready availability at reasonable cost
(v) Reasonably high molecular mass

Some Examples of primary standard

- Anhydrous sodium carbonate

- Mohr’s salt (ammonium iron(II) sulphate)

The following substances cannot be used as primary standard.

- Sodium hydroxide
- Potassium hydroxide
- Concentrated sulphuric acid

Standardization
 5

The process by which the concentration of a standard solution is determined by the use of a primary
standard is called standardization.

Equivalence point

Equivalence point is a theoretical concept. In actual fact, its position can be estimated only by
observing physical changes associated with the equivalence point. These changes occur at the end
of the titration.

End point

By the use of an indicator, it is the point used to indicate a change in colour as a result of
concentration changes near the equivalence point.

Burette (usually for acids), Pipette (usually for bases)

Figure 3.1 Apparatus used in titration

ykpämwGuf&ef ta&;BuD;aom atmufygtcsufrsm;ESifY

tqifYrsm;udktxl;rSwfom;&ef-

Note;

mass(g)
(i) mol = or mol = M x V
molar mass(g mol ¿¿−1)¿
mol mmol
(ii) M= 3
∨ 3 3
3 (1mol = 1000 mmol, 1dm = 1000 cm )
dm cm
mol∨mmol
(iii) Volume =
M
(iv) aysmf&nfjyif;tm;azsmf&ef a&a&mjcif; (odkY) "mwfjyK mol yrme wl
"mwfjyKypönf;ESpfcktwGuf
 6

M1V1 = M2V2 qufoG,fcsufudk toHk;jyKyg/

Titration (Acid-Base or Metal-Acid) ykpämwGuf&ef tajccH tqifYrsm;

(i) Chemical equation udkcsa&;yg/

(ii) Reactant wpfck\ mol udk&Sm/
(iii) usef Reactant wpfck\ mol ajymif;/
(iv) molarity qufoG,fcsufukd oHk;jyD; ar;onfudk&Sm/

Types of Calculation

(2rSwfwefykpä
mrsm;)

1. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 4 moles of solute in sufficient solvent
to make 2 dm3 of solution.

Solute(mol )
Molarity =
Volume(dm¿¿ 3)¿

4 mol
= 3
=2 M #
2 dm

2. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by adding 100 g of pure sodium carbonate to
sufficient water to make 1.5 dm3 of solution. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16)

R.M.M of Na2CO3 = 23x2 + 12 + 16x3 = 106

100
mol of Na2CO3 = = 0.9433 mol
106
0.9433 mol
M of Na2CO3 = 3 = 0.6288 M #
1.5 dm

(4rSwfwefykpämrsm;
)
3. What volume of 2M sulphuric acid is required to react with 5g of zinc? (Zn = 65.4)
Zn + H2SO4 → ZnSO4 + H2
1 mol 1mol
5
mol of Zn = = 0.0765 mol
65.4
 7

By the equation, 1 mol of Zn reacts with 1 mol of H2SO4.

∴mol of H2SO4 = 0.0765 mol
0.0765 mol
∴volume of H2SO4 = 3 3
−3 = 0.03825 dm or 38.25 cm #
2 mol dm
4. 1.0 dm3 of sulphuric acid solution required 4.0 dm 3 of 0.1M potassium hydroxide to neutralize it.
Calculate the molarity of sulphuric acid.
H2SO4 (aq) + 2KOH (aq) → K2SO4 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
1 mol 2 mol
H2SO4 KOH
a = 1 mol b = 2 mol
M1 = ? M2 = 0.1M
V1 = 1.0 dm3 V2 = 4.0 dm3
b M1V1 = a M2V2
a M 2V 2
M1=
bV1
3
1mol x 0.1 M x 4.0 dm
M1= 3
=¿ 0.2 M #
2 mol x 1.0 dm
5. If 20 cm3 of 1M sulphuric acid and 60 cm3 of 0.2M sulphuric acid are mixed, what will be the
molarity of the final solution?

mmol of 1M H2SO4 = 1M x 20 cm3 = 20 mmol

mmol of 0.2M H2SO4 = 0.2M x 60 cm3 = 12 mmol
Total mmol of final solution = 20 mmol + 12 mmol = 32 mmol
Total volume of final solution = 20 cm3 + 60 cm3 = 80 cm3
32mmol
Molarity of final solution = = 3 = 0.4 M #
80 cm

Titration (Acid-Base) ykpämrsm;

(8rSwfwefykpämrsm;)

6. Vinegar contains the organic acid, acetic acid (ethanoic acid), HC 2H3O2. When 6g of vinegar was
titrated with 0.10M sodium hydroxide, 40.00cm3 of this base had to be added to reachd the
equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid in this sample of vinegar? (Na =
23, C = 12, O = 16)

HC2H3O2 (aq) + NaOH (aq) → NaC2H3O2 (aq) + H2O (l)

1 mmol 1 mmol

mmol of NaOH reacted = 0.10 mmol cm-3 x 40.00 cm3

 8

= 4.00 mmol of NaOH

1 mmol of NaOH reacts with 1 mmol of HC2H3O2.

∴ mmol of HC2H3O2 (aq) = 4.00 mmol

R.M.M of HC2H3O2 = 1 + 12x2 + 1x3 + 16x2 = 60

∴ mass of HC2H3O2 = 4.00 mmol x 60 mg mmol-1

= 240 mg or 0.24 g

0.24 g
∴ % by mass of HC2H3O2 = x 100
6g

= 4 % HC2H3O2 #

7. 25 cm3 of 0.1 M sodium carbonate solution required 24 cm 3 of sulphuric acid to neutralize it.
(a) Calculate the molar concentration of sulphuric acid. (b) What volume of water should be
added to 24 cm3 of sulphuric acid so that the concentration becomes exactly 0.1 M?

(a) Na2CO3 (aq) + H2SO4 (aq) → Na2SO4 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)

1 mmol 1 mmol

mmol of Na2CO3 = 0.1 mmol cm-3 x 25 cm3 = 2.5 mmol

1 mmol of Na2CO3 reacts with 1 mmol of H2SO4.

∴ mmol of H2SO4 = 2.5 mmol

2.5 mmol
∴ Molar concentration of H2SO4 = 3 = 0.1042 M #
24 cm

(b) Before dilution After dilution

M1 = 0.1042 M M2 = 0.1 M

V1 = 24 cm3 V2 = ? cm3

M1V1 = M2V2

M1 V 1
V2 =
M2
3
0.1042 M x 24 cm
V2 = = 25 cm3
0.1 M

∴ Volume of water added = 25 cm3 – 24 cm3 = 1 cm3 #

8. 25 cm3 of a sodium carbonate solution required 23.5 cm3 of 0.5 M hydrochloric acid solution
to neutralize it. Calculate the molarity of sodium carbonate solution and convert the
concentration into g dm-3. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16)

Na2CO3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → Na2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
 9

1 mmol 2 mmol
mmol of HCl = 0.5 mmol cm-3 x 23.5 cm3
= 11.75 mmol

2 mmol of HCl reacts with 1 mmol of Na2CO3.

∴ 11.75 mmol of HCl ……….= ½ x 11.75 mmol

= 5.875 mmol Na2CO3

5.875 mmol
∴ Molarity of Na2CO3 = 3 = 0.235 M #
25 cm

R.M.M of Na2CO3 = 23x2 + 12 + 16x3 = 106

∴ The concentration of Na2CO3 in g dm-3 = 0.235 mol dm-3 x 106 g mol-1

= 24.91 g dm-3 #

9. 3 g of a mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were made up to 250 cm 3 of

solution. 25 cm3 of this solution required 21 cm 3 of 0.1050 M hydrochloric acid for
neutralization. Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the mixture. (Na = 23, C
= 12, O = 16)

Na2CO3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → Na2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
1 mmol 2 mmol
mmol of HCl = 0.1050 mmol cm-3 x 21 cm3
= 2.205 mmol

2 mmol of HCl reacts with 1 mmol of Na2CO3.

∴ 2.205 mmol of HCl ……….= ½ x 2.205 mmol

= 1.1025 mmol Na2CO3

25 cm3 of solution = 1.1025 mmol Na2CO3

3
3 250 cm x 1.1025 mmol
250 cm of solution = 3 = 11.025 mmol Na2CO3
25 cm

(or) 11.025 x 10-3 mol Na2CO3

R.M.M of Na2CO3 = 23x2 + 12 + 16x3 = 106

Mass of Na2CO3 = 11.025 x 10-3 mol x 106 g mol-1 = 1.1686 g

1.1686 g
∴ Percentage by mass of Na2CO3 = x 100 = 38.95 %
3g

∴ Percentage by mass of NaCl = (100 -38.95 )% = 61.05% #

 10

10. 0.48 g of magnesium was dissolved in 50 cm 3 of 1 M hydrochloric acid. How many cubic
centimeters of 0.1 M potassium hydroxide solution will be necessary to neutralize the excess
acid? (Mg = 24, K = 39, O = 16, H = 1, Cl = 35.5)

Mg (s) + 2HCl (aq) → MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

1 mmol 2 mmol
0.48
mol of Mg (s) = mol = 0.02 mol (or) 20 mmol Mg
24

1 mmol of Mg react with 2 mmol of HCl.

20 mmol x 2 mmol
∴ 20 mmol of Mg ……… = = 40 mmol HCl
1mmol
Total mmol of HCl = 1 mmol cm-3 x 50 cm3
= 50 mmol
∴ Excess mmol of HCl = (50 – 40) mmol = 10 mmol

KOH (aq) + HCl (aq) → KCl (aq) + H2O(l)

1 mmol 1 mmol (excess)
∴ mmol of KOH reacted with HCl = 10 mmol
10 mmol
∴ Volume of KOH = 3
−3 = 100 cm KOH #
0.1 mmolcm
11. 100 cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid were dilute to 1 dm 3 with distilled water. 26.8 cm3
of this diluted acid were needed to neutralize 25 cm 3 of 0.5 M sodium carbonate solution.
What is the concentration in g dm-3 of the original acid? (H = 1, Cl = 35.5)
Na2CO3 (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → Na2CO3 (aq) + H2O (l) + CO2 (g)
1 mmol 2 mmol
mmol of Na2CO3 (aq) = 0.5 mmol cm-3 x 25 cm3 = 12.5 mmol
1 mmol of Na2CO3 reacts with 2 mmol of HCl.

∴ 12.5 mmol of Na2CO3 ……….= 2 x 12.5 mmol = 25 mmol HCl

25 mmol
∴ Molarity of Na2CO3 = 3 = 0.9328 M #
26.8 cm

Before dilution After dilution

M1 = ? M2 = 0.9328 M

V1 = 100 cm3 V2 = 1000 cm3

M1V1 = M2V2

M2 V 2
M1 =
V1
 11

3
0.9328 M x 1000 cm
V1 = 3 = 9.328 M
100 cm

R.M.M of HCl = 1 + 35.5 = 36.5

∴ Concentration of HCl in g dm-3 = 9.328 mol dm-3 x 36.5 g mol-1

= 340.47 g dm-3 #

Volumetric Analysis involving Oxidation-Reduction Reaction

Oxidation-Reduction Titration (Redox Titration)
Redox titrations are based upon the reaction between the oxidizing agent and reducing agent. The
oxidizing agent must have the single oxidation state of higher value and the reducing agent at the
lower oxidation state of entirely all substances.
Application of standard permanganate solution
5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
Potassium permanganate is widely used in redox titration. It has the intense colour. Titration with
potassium permanganate does not require the indicator. The standard solutions usually used are
sodium salt of ethanedioic acid or ammonium iron (II) sulphate solutions (Mohr’s salt) in acid
condition.
Application of standard dichromate solution
6Fe2+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) + 14H+(aq) 6Fe3+(aq) + 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l)
Pure K2Cr2O7 (primary standard grade) can be used as a primary standard. It is usually used to
titrate Fe2+ solution.
1. An approximately 0.02 M potassium permanganate solution was standardized against exactly
0.1 M iron (II) sulphate solution. 25 cm 3 of the solution of the iron (II) salt were oxidized by
24.6 cm3 of the permanganate solution. What is the molarity of the permanganate solution?

5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

5 mmol 1 mmol
mmol of Fe2+ solution = 0.1 mmol cm-3 x 25 cm3 = 2.5 mmol Fe2+
5 mmol of Fe2+ solution reacts with 1 mmol of MnO4- solution.
2.5 mmol x 1 mmol
2.5 mmol of Fe2+ solution ……… = = 0.5 mmol of MnO4-
5 mmol
0.5 mmol
∴ Molarity of MnO4- solution = 3 = 0.0203 M #
24.6 cm
2. 9.85 g of pure ammonium iron (II) sulphate, FeSO 4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O were made up to 250
cm3 of the solution in sulphuric acid. 25 cm 3 of the solution reacted completely with 24.75 cm 3
of a potassium permanganate solution. Calculate

(i) the molarity of the solution,

 12

(ii) its concentration in g dm-3,

(iii) the volume of water needed to convert 1.8 dm 3 of such a solution to exactly 0.02 M
concentration. (Fe = 56, K = 39, S = 32, O = 16, N = 14, H = 1)

5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

5 mmol 1 mmol
(i) R.M.M of FeSO4.(NH4)2SO4.6H2O
= 56+32+16x4+2(14+1x4)+32+16x4+6(1x2+16) = 392
9.85
mol of Fe2+ solution = mol = 0.025127 mol (or) 25.127 mmol
392

250 cm3 of solution contains 25.127 mmol of Fe2+

3
3 25 cm x 25.127 mmol
25 cm of solution ………… = 3 = 2.5127 mmol Fe2+
250 cm
5 mmol of Fe2+ reacts with 1 mmol of MnO4-.
2.5127 mmol x 1 mmol
2.5127 mmol of Fe2+ …… = = 0.50254 mmol MnO4-
5 mmol
0.50254 mmol
∴ Molarity of MnO4- solution = 3 = 0.0203 M #
24.75 cm
(ii) R.M.M of KMnO4 = 39 + 55 + 16 x 4 = 158
∴ Concentration in g dm-3 = 0.0203 mol dm-3 x 158 g mol-1 = 3.207 g dm-3 #

(iii) Before dilution After dilution

M1 = 0.0203 M M2 = 0.02 M
V1 = 1.8 dm3 (or) 1800 cm3 V2 = ?
M1V1 = M2V2
M1 V 1
V2 =
M2
3
0.0203 M x 1800 cm
V2 = = 1827 cm3
0.02 M
∴ The volume of water needed = (1827 – 1800) cm3 = 27 cm3 #

3. Calculate the percentage of iron in a sample of iron wire from the following data: 1.4 g of the
wire were dissolved in excess of oxygen free dilute sulphuric acid and the solution made up to
250 cm3. 25 cm3 of this solution needed 25.37 cm 3 of 0.0196 M potassium permanganate for
oxidation. (Fe = 56)

5Fe2+(aq) + MnO4-(aq) + 8H+(aq) 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)

5 mmol 1 mmol
mmol of MnO4- solution = 0.0196 mmol cm-3 x 25.37 cm3
 13

= 0.49725 mmol MnO4-

25 cm3 of solution contains 0.49725 mmol of MnO4-.

3
3 250 cm x 0.49725 mmol
250 cm of solution ………. = 3 = 4.9725 mmol MnO4-
25 cm

1 mmol of MnO4- reacts with 5 mmol of Fe2+.

4.9725 mmol x 5 mmol

4.9725 mmol of MnO4- … = = 24.86 mmol Fe2+
1 mmol

(or) 24.86 x 10-3mol Fe2+

Mass of Fe (II) = 24.86 x 10-3 mol x 56 g mol-1 = 1.392 g

1.392 g
∴ Percentage of Fe in the sample = x 100 = 99.43 % #
1.4 g

4. 5 g of a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulphate and sodium sulphate decahydrate on heating to

constant mass produces 3.2 g of anhydrous salt. What percentages of anhydrous and hydrated
salt are present in the mixture? (Na = 23, S = 16, O = 16, H = 1)

Loss of water = 5 g – 3.2 g = 1.8 g

R.M.M of H2O = 1 x2 + 16 = 18

18 g of H2O = 1 mol

1.8 g x 1mol
1.8 g …….. = = 0.1 mol H2O
18 g

0.1
∴ Mass of Na2SO4 in Na2SO4.10H2O = = 0.01 mol
10

R.M.M of Na2SO4.10H2O = 23 x 2 + 32 + 16 x 4 + 10 (1 x 2 + 16) = 322

∴ Mass of Na2SO4.10H2O = 0.01 mol x 322 g mol-1 = 3.22 g

3.22 g
∴ % by mass of Na2SO4.10H2O = x 100 = 64.4% (Hydrated salt) #
5g

∴ % by mass of Na2SO4 = (100 -64.4) % = 35.6 % (Anhydrous salt) #

EXERCISES (Sample / Old Questions)

Question No. 1 (1rSwfwefar;cGef;)

Write TRUE or FALSE for each of the following statements.

1. Total mass of the products formed may be equal to the total mass of the reactants.
2. Molarity means mol cm-3.
3. A molar solution has one mole of solute dissolved in 1cm3 of the solution.
 14

4. The amount of solvent does not change due to dilution.

5. Molarity does not change due to dilution.
6. A standard solution is the reagent of exactly known concentration.
7. A hydroscopic compound is preferred to use as a primary standard.
8. Sodium hydroxide may be used as a primary standard.
9. A highly purified chemical compound is called a primary standard.
10. Accuracy of a volumetric analysis depends upon a primary standard.
11. The end point of a titration is theoretical concept.
12. Indicators are required in all types of titrations.
13. A conical flask is used to measure the amount of solvent.
14. Equivalent point and end point are identical in all types of titration.
15. KMnO4 is the most widely used of all standard oxidizing agents.
16. Molar mass is mass in grams per mole of a substance.
17. An indicator is required in the redox titration using potassium permanganate.

Question No. 2 (1rSwfwefar;cGef;)

Fill in the blanks.

1. A molar solution dissolves ……… of solute in 1 dm3 of the solution.

2. The amount of ……… does not change due to dilution.
3. A molar solution dissolves 1 mole of solute in ……… of the solution.
4. The process of determining the accurate volume of a solution that is exactly reacted with the
other is called ……… .
5. A proper indicator indicates the ……… of the titration system.
6. One of the reactants in a reacting system that has the lesser quantities than is required by
chemical equation is the ……… substance.
7. One cubic centimeter of a molar solution contains ………. of solute.

Question No. 3 (1rSwfwefar;cGef;)

Select the correct word(s), notation(s), term(s), unit(s), etc given in the brackets.

1. Molarity means (mol dm-3, mmol dm-3, g dm-3).

2. Molarity of solution that contains 4g of NaOH in 1 dm3 is (1M, 0.1M, 0.01M).
3. A molar solution of sulphuric acid contains 98g of pure acid in (1, 10, 100) dm 3 of solution.
(H=1, S=32, O=16)
4. The (amount of solute, amount of solvent, molarity) decreases on dilution.
5. Concentrated sulphuric acid can absorb (water, oxygen, carbon dioxide).
6. A primary standard should be (hygroscopic, low molecular mass, stable).
7. (KMnO4, Na2CO3, NaOH) may be used as primary standard.
8. The compound with (hydrate water, low molecular mass, high purity) is preferable to use as a
primary standard.
9. Phenolphthalein is (colourless, red, orange) with acids.
10. A (burette, conical flask, pipette) is used to measure the amount of a solution.
 15

11. 0.1M H2SO4 contains (98 g, 9.8 g, 0.98 g).

12. An indicator indicates the (equivalent point, end point, stoichiometric amount of reactants).

Question No. 4 (1rSwfwefar;cGef;)

Matching with Answers

(a) pipette to withdraw a known volume

(b) giant structure formula mass
(c) molarity of solution mol dm-3
(d) standardization finding the concentration of solution
(e) indicator to indicate the end point

Question No. 5 (1rSwfwefar;cGef;)

Definitions

Molarity, Molar solution, Standardization, A standard solution, Titration, The law of conservation
of mass, Equivalence point, End point, Stoichiometry, Molar mass

Question No.6 (2rSwfwefar;cGef;)

1. How many cubic centimeters of a 0.2M solution must be diluted with water to make 4.0dm 3 of
0.025M?
2. How many cubic centimeters of water must be added to 150cm 3 of a 0.1M solution to make
0.05M?
3. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 4.0moles of solute in sufficient
solvent to make 2.0dm3 of solution.
4. 8.0g of sodium hydroxide pellets are dissolved in sufficient water to make 2.0dm 3 of solution.
Calculate the molarity of the resulting solution.
5. Calculate the percent of calcium in calciumcarbonate, CaCO3. (Ca=40, O=16, C=12)
6. What is the mass of NaOH in 1dm3 of the aqueous solution of 0.1M sodium hydroxide?
(Na=23, O=16, H=1)
7. Calculate the molecular mass or formula mass of each of the following compounds.
(a) sulphuric acid (g) ammonium chloride
(b) nitric acid (h) caustic soda
(c) potassium nitrate (i) sodium thiosulphate
(d) sulphurous acid (j) sodium sulphate
(e) hydrochloric acid (k) silver nitrate
(f) sodium nitrate (l) sodium hydroxide

Question No.7 (4rSwfwefar;cGef;)

1. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by adding 10.6g of pure sodium carbonate to
sufficient water to make 0.2dm3 of solution.
2. Oxidation of 2.01g of mercury yields 2.17g of oxide of mercury. What is the empirical formula
of this oxide? (Hg=201, O=16)
3. If 20cm3 of 0.5M sulphuric acid and 60cm 3 of 0.1M sulphuric acid are mixed what will be the
molarity of the final solution?
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Question No.8 (8 rSwfwefar;cGef;)

1. An organic acid, acetic acid (ethanoic acid) HC 2H3O2 is the main constituent of vinegar
solution. When 8g of vinegar was titrated with 0.10M sodiumhydroxide, 60cm 3 of this base had
to be added to reach the equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid in this
sample of vinegar solution? (H=1, C=12, O=16)
2. 5g of a mixture of potassium carbonate and potassium chloride were made up to 300cm 3 of
solution. 30cm3 of this solution required 25cm 3 of 0.12M hydrochloric acid for neutralization.
Calculate the percentage by mass of potassium chloride in the mixture. (C=12, O=16, K=39,
Cl=35.5)
3. 6g of a mixture of sodium chloride and anhydrous sodium carbonate were made up to 500cm 3
of aqueous solution. 25cm3 of this solution required 20cm3 of 0.1M sulphuric acid for
neutralization. Calculate the mass of sodium chloride in this solution. (Na=23, C=12, O=16)
4. 5g of a mixture of calcium carbonate and sand is treated with an excess of dilute hydrochloric
acid, and 0.88g of carbondioxide is produced. What are the percentage of calcium carbonate
and sand in the original mixture? (Ca=40, C=12, O=16)
5. 100cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid were diluted to 1dm 3 with distilled water. 29cm3 of
this diluted acid were needed to neutralize 25cm 3 of 0.5M sodium carbonate solution. What is
the concentration in g dm-3 of the original acid? (H=1, Cl=35.5)
6. How many grams of sulphur would be precipitated on mixing 5dm 3 of sulphur dioxide with
15dm3 of hydrogen sulphide if both gases were originally at 25oC and 750 mmHg pressure?
(S=32)
7. 7g of a mixture of anhydrous sodium sulphate and sodium sulphate decahydrate on heating to
constant mass produces 4.5g of anhydrous salt. What percentages of anhydrous and hydrated
salt are present in the mixture? (H=1, O=16, Na=23, S=32)

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