1506, National Highway, Dila, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna

LEARNING MODULE

BASIC CALCULUS

Learning Module No. 1

 WEEK 1
TOPIC/LESSON NAME The Limit and Continuity
The learners demonstrate an understanding of the basic concepts of limit
CONTENT STANDARD
and continuity of a function
PERFORMANCE The learners shall be able to formulate and solve accurately real-life
STANDARDS problems involving continuity of functions
LEARNING The learners illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and
COMPENTENCIES the graph of the function
At the end of this lesson, the learners will be able to:
SPECIFIC LEARNING 1. Illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values;
OUTCCOMES 2. Identify and define the different Limit Theorems;
3. Manifest the value of self-acceptance and self-awareness.
OUTLINE
1. Introduction: Limits of a function; Theorem and Examples
2. Motivation
3. Lesson proper
4. Evaluation
1. INTRODUCTION
The teacher will discuss the introduction of limits of a function, theorems and examples.
2. MOTIVATION

The teacher will ask students about their strengths and weaknesses including their limitations.

[Link] PROPER
The teacher will discuss the lesson provided some examples.
[Link]
1. The students will answer the learning Activity.
REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READINGS
Computer Programming Volume I (REX book Store)
PREPARED BY: Ms. Angelica M. Saez, Lpt

DEPARTMENT ICT

CONTACT DETAILS 09466055732

LEARNING MODULE REVISION NUMBER 0

SEMESTER & YEAR 2nd Semester 2020-2021

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 1506, National Highway, Dila, City of Santa Rosa, Laguna

LEARNING MODULE

BASIC CALCULUS

Learning Module No. 1

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 WEEK 1
LESSON PROPER
Limits are the backbone of calculus, and calculus is called the Mathematics of Change. The study of
limits is necessary in studying change in great detail. The evaluation of a particular limit is what underlies
the formulation of the derivative and the integral of a function.
For starters, imagine that you are going to watch a basketball game. When you choose seats, you would
want to be as close to the action as possible. You would want to be as close to the players as possible and
have the best view of the game, as if you were in the basketball court yourself. Take note that you cannot
actually be in the court and join the players, but you will be close enough to describe clearly what is
happening in the game.
This is how it is with limits of functions. We will consider functions of a single variable and study the
behavior of the function as its variable approaches a particular value (a constant). The variable can only
take values very, very close to the constant, but it cannot equal the constant itself. However, the limit will
be able to describe clearly what is happening to the function near that constant.

Consider a function f of a single variable x. Consider a constant c which the variable x will approach
(c may or may not be in the domain of f). The limit, to be denoted by L, is the unique real value that f(x)
will approach as x approaches c. In symbols, we write this process as
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝑳
𝒙→𝒄
This is read, ‘‘The limit of f(x) as x approaches c is L.”

INVESTIGATE THE FOLLOWING LIMITS USING TABLE OF VALUES

Example:
a. lim (1 + 3𝑥)
𝑥→2

Here, 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 + 3𝑥 and the constant c, which x will approach, is 2. To evaluate the given
limit, we will make use of a table to help us keep track of the effect that the approach of x
toward 2 will have on f(x). Of course, on the number line, x may approach 2 in two ways:
through values on its left and through values on its right.
 We first consider approaching 2 from its left or through values less than 2. Remember that the
values to be chosen should be close to 2.
X F(x)
1 4
1.8 6.4
1.9 6.7
1.99 6.97
1.999 6.997
1.999999 6.999997
 Now we consider approaching 2 from its right or through values greater than but close to 2.

X F(x)
3 10
2.5 8.5
2.1 7.3
2.01 7.03
2.001 7.003
2.00000001 7.00000003

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 Observe that as the values of x get closer and closer to 2, the values of f(x) get closer and closer to 7.
This behavior can be shown no matter what set of values, or what direction, is taken in approaching 2. In
symbols,
𝒍𝒊𝒎(𝟏 + 𝟑𝒙) = 𝟕
𝒙→𝟐

b. lim (𝑥 2 + 1) By constructing tables of values. Here, 𝑐 = −1 and𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥² + 1.

𝑥→−1
 We start again by approaching -1 from the left.
x F(x)
-1.5 3.25
-1.2 2.44
-1.01 2.0201
-1.0001 2.00020001
 Now approach -1 from the right.

x F(x)
-0.5 1.25
-0.8 1.64
-0.99 1.9801
-0.9999 1.99980001
The tables show that as x approaches 1, f(x) approaches 2. In symbols,

𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) = 𝟐.
𝒙→−𝟏

c. lim ǀ𝑥ǀ
𝑥→0
Approaching 0 from the left and from the right, we get the following tables:

x ǀxǀ x ǀxǀ
-0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
-0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01
-0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001
-0.000001 0.000001 0.000001 0.000001
Hence,
𝐥𝐢𝐦 ǀ𝒙ǀ = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎

𝑥 2−5𝑥+4
d. lim 𝑥−1
𝑥→1
𝑥 2−5𝑥+4
By constructing tables of values. Here, 𝑐 = 1 and𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥−1 . Take note that 1 is not in the
domain of f, but this is not a problem. In evaluating a limit, remember that we only need to go very
close to 1; we will not go to 1 itself.

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 We now approach 1 from the left. We now approach 1 from the right.
x F(x) x F(x)
0.5 -3.5 1.5 -2.5
0.88 -3.12 1.17 -2.83
0.996 -3.004 1.003 -2.997
0.9999 -3.0001 1.0001 -2.9999
The tables show that as x approaches 1, f(x) approaches -3. In symbols,

𝒙𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒
𝐥𝐢𝐦 = −𝟑
𝒙→𝟏 𝒙−𝟏

MAIN LIMIT THEOREMS

In the definition of each theorem, let c be any constant, n as any positive integer, and f and g as the
given functions, which have limits at k.
The limit of a constant theorem
The limit of a constant as x approaches to any constant is equal to the given constant.

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒌 = 𝒌
𝒙→𝒄
Examples:
1. lim −7 = −𝟕
𝑥→5

2. lim 𝜋 = 𝝅
𝑥→2.5
2 𝟐
3. lim1 =
𝑥→2 5 𝟓

4. lim 16 = 𝟏𝟔
𝑥→−1
3 𝟑
5. lim1 − = −
𝑥→4 7 𝟕

The limit of a Function x

The limit of a function x as x approaches to any constant is always equal to the constant.

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 = 𝒌
𝒙→𝒌
Examples:
1. lim 𝑥 = 𝟏
𝑥→1
2. lim 𝑥 = 𝟏. 𝟔
𝑥→1.6
3. lim 𝑥 = 𝝅
𝑥→𝜋
4. lim 𝑥 = −𝟓
𝑥→−5
5. lim 𝑥 = 𝟎. 𝟓
𝑥→0.5
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 The limit of a Constant and a Function f(x)
In evaluating the Limit of a Constant and a Function, the following steps can be followed:
1. Express the limit as a product of a constant and the limit of a function x.
2. Find the limit of the function x based on the given value for x.
3. Simplify the resulting numbers.

𝐥𝐢𝐦𝒄 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒄 • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)

𝒙→𝒌 𝒙→𝒌

Examples:
1. lim 5𝑥 = 5 • lim 𝑥
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1
= 5 • −1
= −𝟓

2. lim −8𝑥 = − 8 • lim 𝑥

𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= −8 • 2
= −𝟏𝟔
3. lim1 4𝑥 = 4 • lim1 𝑥
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
1
=4 •
2
=𝟐
4. lim −9𝑥 = − 9 • lim 𝑥
𝑥→−3 𝑥→−3
= −9 • −3
= 𝟐𝟕

The limit of Sum and Difference of Function

In evaluating the Limit of Sum/Difference of Functions, the following steps can be followed:
1. Express the limit as sum or difference of functions depending on the number of terms.
2. Apply the previously discussed limit theorems in finding the limit of each term.
3. Simplify.
𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒌 𝒙→𝒌 𝒙→𝒌

Examples:
1. lim 𝑥 + 10 = lim 𝑥 + lim 10
𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1 𝑥→−1

= −1 + 10
=𝟗
2. lim −5𝑥 − 4 = −5 • lim 𝑥 − lim 4
𝑥→2 𝑥→2 𝑥→2

= ( −5 • 2 ) − 4

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 = −𝟏𝟒
The limit of Product of Function
In evaluating the limit of Products of Functions, the following steps can be followed:
1. Express the limit in expanded form by applying the Limit of Products Theorem.
2. Evaluate the limit of each function by applying the previously discussed limit Theorems.
3. Simplify.
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒇(𝒙) • 𝒈(𝒙)) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) • 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒌 𝒙→𝒌 𝒙→𝒌

Examples:
1. lim (5𝑥)(3) = lim 5𝑥 • lim 3
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

= 5 lim 𝑥 • lim 3
𝑥→1 𝑥→1

= 5(1) • 3
= 𝟏𝟓
2. lim (2𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 4) = lim (2𝑥 − 3) • lim (𝑥 + 4)
𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2

= [ lim 2𝑥 − lim 3 ] • [ lim 𝑥 + lim 4]

𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2

= [2 lim 𝑥 − lim 3 ] • [ lim 𝑥 + lim 4]

𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2 𝑥→−2

= [𝟐(−𝟐) − 𝟑] • [−𝟐 + 𝟒]

= [−𝟕] • [2]

= −𝟏𝟒

The limit of Quotient of Functions

In evaluating the Limit of Quotient of Functions, the following steps can be followed:
1. Express the limit in expanded form by applying the Limit of Quotient Theorem.
2. Evaluate the limit of each function by applying the previously discussed limit theorems.
3. Simplify.

𝒇(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)

𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝒙→𝒌
where 𝒈(𝒙) ≠ 𝟎
𝒙→𝒌 𝒈(𝒙) 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙)
𝒙→𝒌

Examples:
4𝑥 lim 4𝑥
1. lim = 𝑥→3
𝑥→3 3 lim 3
𝑥→3

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 4 lim 𝑥
𝑥→3
=
lim 3
𝑥→3

4(3)
=
3

=𝟒

𝒙+𝟓 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒙 + 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟓

𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐
2. 𝐥𝐢𝐦 =
𝒙→𝟐 𝟑𝒙−𝟐 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟑𝒙 − 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝟐
𝒙→𝟐 𝒙→𝟐

lim 𝑥 + lim 5
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
=
3 lim 𝑥 − lim 2
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
2+5
=
3(2)−2
7
=
6−2
𝟕
=
𝟒

The limit of Power of Functions

This theorem states that the limit of an integer power n of a function is just that power of the limit
of the function.
𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙)]ⁿ = [𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙)]ⁿ
𝒙→𝒌 𝒙→𝒌

Examples:
1. lim 𝑥 5 = [lim 𝑥]⁵
𝑥→2 𝑥→2
= 2⁵
=32
2. lim 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4 = lim 𝑥 2 + lim 4𝑥 + lim 4
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
= [lim 𝑥]2 + 4 lim 𝑥 + lim 4
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1
= 12 + 4(1) + 4
=𝟗
EVALUATION
I. Solve the following limits.
1. Complete the following tables of values to investigate 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒).
𝒙→𝟏
𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)
0.9
0.99
0.995
0.9995
0.99995
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 𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)
1.5
1.04
1.003
1.0002
1.00001
𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒) = _______
𝒙→𝟏
𝒙−𝟏
2. Complete the following tables of values to investigate 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙+𝟏).
𝒙→𝟎
𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)
-0.5
-0.04
-0.003
-0.0002
-0.00001

𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)
0.5
0.04
0.003
0.0002
0.00001
𝒙−𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 (𝒙+𝟏)= _________
𝒙→𝟎
II. Solve the limit by applying the appropriate limit theorems. Show your solutions.
1. lim 𝑥 + 7
𝑥→−2

2. lim1 9𝑥 − 10
𝑥→3

(𝑥+3)
3. lim1
𝑥→−2 3𝑥²

3𝑥
4. lim
𝑥→4 3

5. lim1 9𝑥 − 10
𝑥→3

6. lim (2𝑥)(3𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→1

7. lim 5(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→2

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 8. lim (2𝑥)(2𝑥)
𝑥→−1

9. lim (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→0
(𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4)
10. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2

REFERENCES AND ADDITIONAL READINGS

Commission on Higher Education, Basic Calculus pdf, 2016
PREPARED BY: Ms. Angelica M. Saez, Lpt

DEPARTMENT Information and Communication Technology

CONTACT DETAILS 09466055732

LEARNING MODULE REVISION NUMBER 0

SEMESTER & YEAR 2nd Sem 2020-2021

Tel.: (049) 302-0477 / Mobile: 0925 868 5058 0927 446 5983
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 Asia Technological School of Science and Arts
1506, Entrance of Golden City of Sta. Rosa, Laguna

BASIC CALCULUS
(Module 1)
Name:______________________________ Date: ____________
Subject Teacher: _____________________ Section: __________
ANSWER SHEET.
I. Solve the following limits. (You may use calculator.)
1. Complete the following tables of values to investigate 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒).
𝒙→𝟏
𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)
0.9
0.99
0.995
0.9995
0.99995
𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)
1.5
1.04
1.003
1.0002
1.00001

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟒) = _______
𝒙→𝟏
𝒙−𝟏
2. Complete the following tables of values to investigate 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒙+𝟏).
𝒙→𝟎

𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)
-0.5
-0.04
-0.003
-0.0002
-0.00001
𝑥 𝐹(𝑥)
0.5
0.04
0.003
0.0002
0.00001

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 II. Solve the limit by applying the appropriate limit theorems. Show your solutions. (You
may write your solutions on your yellow sheet of paper.)
1. lim 𝑥 + 7
𝑥→−2

2. lim1 9𝑥 − 10
𝑥→
3

(𝑥+3)
3. lim1
𝑥→−2 3𝑥²

3𝑥
4. lim
𝑥→4 3

5. lim1 9𝑥 − 10
𝑥→3

6. lim (2𝑥)(3𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→1

7. lim 5(𝑥 − 1)
𝑥→2

8. lim (2𝑥)(2𝑥)
𝑥→−1

9. lim (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3)
𝑥→0

(𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4)
10. lim
𝑥→−2 𝑥+2

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