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Unit 1 EEE Reference Notes

The document provides an overview of magnetic circuits, including fundamental concepts such as magnetic flux, flux density, and key laws of magnetism. It explains important terms related to magnetic circuits, such as magnetomotive force, reluctance, and permeability, along with their mathematical expressions. Additionally, it discusses the properties of magnetic lines of force and the analogy between magnetic and electrical circuits.

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7 views21 pages

Unit 1 EEE Reference Notes

The document provides an overview of magnetic circuits, including fundamental concepts such as magnetic flux, flux density, and key laws of magnetism. It explains important terms related to magnetic circuits, such as magnetomotive force, reluctance, and permeability, along with their mathematical expressions. Additionally, it discusses the properties of magnetic lines of force and the analogy between magnetic and electrical circuits.

Uploaded by

giteshnehete29
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
“UNIT -1) Magnetic Circuits 4. Magnetic flux, flux density, ae Magnet fx, Hox deny, magnet mate fee ‘strength, permeability, Reluctance, eae 2, Best and magneto circus 4 Saris and paral magnet ecu a. Eeradeys laws of eeeromagretc nuton, Femings hand rule, Lenz's lew. = Dynamically and. stately duced emf, sett and mutual Introduction tis a piece of solid body which possestes ProPs attracting iron and some other metal Plses «Every magnet has two poles N and 5. The imaginary line joining these poles is called Axis ofthe magnet 4s When such magnet tums and always # South of the earth The pole which adjusts itself in (he direction Nach secking or North (N) pole, while he pole which points The direction of South is called South seoking or South (8) Pole Like poles of the two magnets ‘when brought neat cach Oe wna the unlike poles attract each other. Repulsion + Magnet ty of cof North is called repel each other the sore test of magnetism as ordinary Piece o¢ \ s ys shows attraction towards both the poles Ma ntinues to show magnetism though, They retain magnetism for some a * NE ag force is power of retaining magnetism affer the magnet removed is called retentivity. «The fundamental laws of magnetism are, Law 1: It states that ike magnetic poles repel ang poles attract each other. my, Law 2: Istates thatthe force (F) exerted by one pole gp other poe is, & 8) Diely proportional to the product ofthe pole strengy ') Inversely proportional to the square of the isting ©) Nature of medium surrounding the poles, 1.2 | Important Terms Related to a Magnetic Circuit ‘Before analysing the magnetic circui is necessary understand the meaning of the important terms related to 1 magnetic circuit Magnetic Field and Magnetic Lines of Force “Maret has its influence onthe surrounding medium ‘+The region around : @ magnet within which the influence of te s es : ‘“xperienced is called magnetic field. istence of such field can Soe - i experienced with the help & agrt nv oa pn of MMS oF by bringing arabe Magnetic Lines of Force +The magnetic field of TOU it Which are or se*t 1S Fepresented by imaginary It ‘called magnetic tines of force. oe Tt ‘Elements of Electrical Engineering 1-3 ‘Note that these lines have no physical imaginary and were introduced by Mi visualization of distribution of such lines of Faraday to get the +A line of force can be defined as, consider the isolated N pole moves is called line of force. Its direction always from N-pole towards S-pole The lines of force for @ bar magnet and U-shaped magnet are shown in the Fig. 1.21. nes a NES (@) Bar magnet (b) U-shaped magnet Fig. 1.24 Properties of Magnatc Lines of Force ‘Lines of force are always originating on a N-pole and terminating on a S-pole, external to the magnet si tine of force ms a dosed loop. Each magne pole continues upto S-ple extemal tthe roamed to continue fom Spe © Np closed lop. 2) Each line emerging magn internal to the magnet completing 2 3) Lines of force never intersect each other a ™’ my, tines of force, are lke stretched rubberbands ang contract int Iength. which are parallel and travel vach other. ling The uy to se lines of f0T®, same direction repel et Nreentc nes of force always Prefer a Path of ag feng 4 position. [ra] magnetic Fux () +The total number of lines of force existing in a nagnetic field is called magnetic flux Patton The flux is denoted by symbol (9) and its unit is wep, et denoted as Wb. 1 weber = 10° lines of force oe ee radiate or accept certain number ‘magnetic lines of force ie, magneti : nes netic flux which is called i + Unit of pole strength is weber. + A unit pole is defined ide lefined as that pole which wi eri ae ane ta oles 1 metre in free spa: 1 weber. [424] magnetic Fux Density (8) * Nap ax desis dfne oe eB nei tothe A Te cone of grt ehematialy itis gi 4, the flux per unit area (2) in flux density ens Sens shown in the Fig. 122 hy : Bremen of Elecicel Engirrng_1-$ ° p= 2 antite eames By To cross Plane sscral non Wage Fig. 4.22 Concept of magnetic flux density [is] meant ita svenat 0 Bel orcs peste by toe Nepcle = Nope wih We of ole strength ) when placed at ary poi in 2 magnets fel own as magnetic field strength at that point Tiras denote by Hand its unit a mevrtona per weber as NS) for amperes per metre (A/mm) or ampere furs ‘othe mathematical expression for calculaing ™ strength is, H [ia] ueanotonate ‘The force behind the flow of fx regmetic circuit called magnetomative force (amt) ait is given by the product of the smumber of tums of the magnetizing coil and the current Passing ‘through it ly it can be expressed a5, ‘per metre (ATI), agnetic field Ampere te NI gr Tenath Force (MMF. of F) cor production of fux in 2 mom.f= NI ampere tums ——— s of magnetising coj] = Number of turn: s ‘I ie ough coil temé where l= Current thr eres (A). «Its unit is ampere tums (AT) of amp' Reluctance . Iti defined as the resistance offered by the material to 2 elt is Sf it i is denoted by ‘S'. fly of magnetic flux through it. It is eres per weber (A/Wb) or ampere-tu, , ? e eltis measured in amp’ weber (AT/WD). « Mathematicallty it is given by, ks pa Wor @ where | is the length of the magnetic circuit, a is the cross-sections] area and 1 is the permeability. Permeance + The permeance of the magnetic circuit is defined as the reciprocal of the reluctance. «It is defined as the property of the magnetic circuit due to whid it allows flow of the magnetic flux through it. «It is measured in weber per amperes (Wb/A). Pas ki 5 elnstead of using circular core also case the resulting solet “Toro is shown in the Fig. 142 em 1 Wnt sei can be used to wound the condy, oid is called Toroid. a i toroid ? — 1.5 | Permeability ‘The flow of flux produced by the magnet no t only depy ‘the magnetic field strength but also related to Ge : oa which magnet is placed. The force exerted by one m; eins on other depends on the medium in which magnets ae re Pl Key Point: The + The permeability is defined as ' the ability org. ae with which the ma e- magnetic material fo through a given medium. ees the magnetic fy ‘For any magnetic mater 4) Absolute permeability (n) 41.5.1 | Absolute Permes th (H) decides the flux densi produced by th Src cb ae mand ae tatio of magnetic flux (other than vacuum or or ai Producing ig that flux ‘medium. flux densit there are two perme: it) Relative permeabil @) wh < in a given medium. fens i ay A in a particular medium fi 2 the magnetic fla sere # alled absolute permeability of ‘ Ttis denoted byw and mathematically can be 3 y expressed as, unB Hote Bey a straight core to wound . the cong. elemenssof Electrical Engineering "Nop the magnet is placed in a free spe ‘Magnetic Circuits Nee Uggne pemesblty measured in uns hanes per mete dened ‘as Him. pormeabllity of Free Space or Vacuum ( ito ) ace ot vacuum of in air then flux density B and magnetic field strength H is called free space or Vacuum or air. the ratio Permeability o ‘itis denoted as jo and measured in Him. M igh which the magnetic fux permeates the or air. ‘itis experimentally found that this #o Macon remains constant every where in the v value is 4010-7 Him B = Bin vacuum It denotes the ease free space or vacuum ie. ratio of B and H in facuumn and its Ho = 407 Him getic material, the absolute permesiiy ‘pecause’B and H beats a nonlinear relation If magnetic field strength flux density B but not exactly tio B to H is constant Key Point: For a ma in case increased, there is change in proportional to the increase in Hh The © ‘only for free space, [rsa | Relative Permeability (H+) Generally the permesbity of diferent magnet materials cere save tothe permenility of ee space (Ho) is defined as the ratio of ux densi? 1) to the Sx dens vacuum or air « «The relative permeability produced in a medium (other than free SPA produced in free space, under the influence of same magnets field strength and under identical conditions ‘ [ae] Magnetic Circuit TIT «The magnetic circuit can be defined as, the closed path traced by the magnetic lines of force ive. flux. Such a magnetic circuit is associated with different magnetic quantities as mim£, flux reluctance, permeability etc coe: «Consi¢er simple magnetic circuit shown in the Fig. 1.6.1 (a). This circuit consists of an iron core with cross-sectional area of ‘a’ m” with a mean length of ‘I’ m. (This is mean length of the magnetic path which flux is going to trace.) II dn coe ze i (Tt ea Le 1 [|| Area offs on (a) Magnetic circuit (b) Electrical equivalent Fig. 1.6.1 +A coil of N turns is wound on one of the sides of the square core which is excited by a supply. This supply drives a current I through the coil. «This current carrying coil produces the flux (9) which completes its path through the core as shown in the Fig. 1.6.1 (a). + This is analogous to simple electric circuit in which a supply ie. em. of E volts drives a current I which completes its path through a closed conductor having resistance R. This analogous electrical circuit is shown in the Fig. 1.6.1 (b). Relationship between m.m.f., Flux and Reluctance I = Current flowing through the coil, N = Number of turns, © = Flux in webers, B = Flux density in the core, lt = Absolute permeability of the magnetic material Re the i ainve permeability ofthe MABNCHC mat wird sengih nse te solenoid i given No Ath Hey 1 Hote NI ; Now flux density is, B -4H 7 Whim 4 gard \ row as area of crosesection is ‘am total fi in cop, 4 M_, mmf. oT" Feluctance where NI= Magnan, Tes | ae force mmé 1 s ana” Reluctance offered by the magnetic pa i «This expression of the flux is very much similar to expressions crrent in electric circuit. Key Pe isanalogous to the flux, e.m4. is analogs to the mmf, and resistance is analogous to the luctance. BEL6L A coll of 2000 tums is wound uniformly ome + J ronmagr magnate wine of mea circumference of 80 om and cos fret of 06 spem. Ifthe current through the col is 24 Magnetising force ii) Retu ! di) Fux dnt i) Reluctance Total fit Sol: a= 06 emt~ Te 2A we etm Ie soem, N= 2000 )) Magnetising force, yy. NI__ 20002 TO par ~ 8000 ATI pees aE bas Magnetic Creat 4i) Reluctance, $= i és ia 10! AT/ Wo wr, 4 ET EE -oar ue acd, Babs SIE. Wi [i] ons Law fr oti ret mm ‘athe expression Flus(® = sehzctance ey een Nome Toes : 5 +180 AT mmf, , 180 - ggg ATID g = Reluctance = 9 " 03 asxio? ae 1 9, = Tap, xe ee Wone® otuce @ fs of 800 UND in yy ity of mild steel as 360. hy Hy = 380, ae Sol vacsemy fs cm Ne 1 440x107 nae a) S* goa Fed B00KEX104 3108 At, rit a one = 8002107 1.6753% 108 1.6753%108 200 1+ 670A ith mean circumference of 80 area 10 om? ae 10 cm? is uniformly wound with 500 turns ire. Determine the current required to set up a flux densitty of * ig. Assume i, = 1000 for iron. ‘ = 636,619 10 AT Wb = Bean12<10x104 mmf_ NI o> Bat N yas 12x10 wo te 2xt0% = —_S001 636.619 ia current of 11 Amp. “Assume pi, = 1400. gol. 1 = 80cm, N= 550, 111A, He NI_ 50x11 = 75625 Alm T 30x10 1400 He B = HotteH= droc10-7 1400475625 ~ 1.33 Wb) m? Je: An iron ring with menn length of 60 em is uniform! Ex. 16: ‘wound fe the value of flux den fz current of 2A flows through the wire “Assume i, = 500 for iron. gol: = 60 em, N= 250, 1=2A, Br = 500 = NE. B02, - 953333 Alm T* oxi0* f= drei? x 500835333 = 05236 WE/ mn? B = Hols review Questions Define magnetic rei, Draw simple sees WESTON 2. State and explain Ohm's lo for magi cof various materials and of diferent a al Elements of Elecrical ENE Neene —— [iz] snes Maarten Ar cn through ait, an air gap can be a part of a cuit with an air gap is shown in the crosses areas > Element of BE ict ss we connected one ar the Other th oy FE 2 é flux can as shen 0 ee elt 1 0S an apneic ica. cad eres mA res magnetic CUCU Compogeg 4, sees MMB OE The Fig. 17-1 sho serials which are connected in series & «such a serie’ diferent magnetic ™a Fig 172 +A magi ee (Length of magnetic material 3) Fig. 1.7 A sorles magnetic circult +The current I produces the flux which is same through all te three magnetic materials, ircuit is the addition of the individu ‘eluctances of all the materials connected in series, ‘+ For a series magnetic circuit we can remember, 4) The magnetic fx through all the parts is same 2) The equivalent relucta diferent parts 3) The resultant mami individual par, ince is sum of the reluctances of Recessary is sum of the [Link] in each en etic circuit with an air gap 15 2 5 terial and ait BaP. ie mat ae netic circlt with an alt BBP: « For a magne! 2 A ng with an ar 98P ries magnetic dca of Fig. 17. 1, = Length of iron path = of air gap I, = Length pak 5, = Reluctance of iron path = Toure 3 sg = Reluctance of ait 8P ~[Link] [Note that ws = 1 for ait 82P = 5,45, Sq = Total reluctance = Si*Sg mm Total NI= Sr *? oS St jon + mane. for a BP ‘Total mam, = mem for in ¥ DS oe +550 24h Fig. 173 yee, = 30410-1110 = 0289 m path : = Circumference-Iy For iron, ey 63610 yap las ES ererectareer ceva Ra s+ 2000 AT Foul ap i P mat Nie oars = = Be = 0.3548 a i) £5 aSeegien 85 : =) eee, St 6x104 é sx | B= ©~ Fux density = 0.3548 Wb/m? oq = 5,81 Roc = But + EGLI2: A mild steel ring of 30 cm no : F ¢ © e106 -1.326%10 sectinal ares of 6 er? and winding of $00 gop isd, 9656x108. gazpx0 ra uy = 19758 1mm in magnetic inet. A Of 1 Test in ir gop, Find (9 Total ampere turns (G) Retaie permet of tet Sol. B= 17 1W/mn? Gates current of 4 A. produces a flux dws me = 16104 9. 2 8 ‘ 2 conden ura oe There ot t measured in cdectric cou ampere. ‘The fw of electrons decides the current in conductor, Resistance oppose the flow of the carent. Unit is ohm. R= pd, Directly proportional | inversely proportional to Depends on nature of uteri The current Conductivity the resistivity Conductance = 1 R 's reciprocal of in ~e site : The number of magne | of force decides fg circuit measure, Reluctance i oppo iy magnetic path to Unit is ampere nage | a an Towa Directy | Proportional to I, Iny Vg Blectric lines of flux are not “Magnetic lines of fax are proportional tow Bitte! | closed, Tey star 0m osed ne Thy Sow sm wersel ns fe sd. [Link] and end on pole to 5 poe exterally pibasedieic el egative care Wile 5 pole tN Pee oe) Intexaly. ‘The flux g= —™-mf_ 6 ‘There is continuous ‘Energy is required to crea Tice | Ther cron cecrcal the magnetic Sux and rot ene maintain it The flux density B= 2 yoie ~ ney: ——— i ae SS Permeance is reci 1h Compare electric and magnetic circuits. ae reciprocal 8 | ps gr List out any 4 similarities beoeen electri and magnetic crc Kirchhof?s m4 law ant lux law is applicable to . ess 1. Bela the reakage fix ad Im: a, ef wil fe I fx and fringing. tie hp of diagram seh fx, lecage hy effect with the help hin i «The phenomenon by which em, is obtained from flux # bq cleciromagnetic induction. EME. can be induced in a coil by moving a coil in the magnetic field ot keeping the coil fixed in a moving ; field, by creating relative motion between flux and ee “If there is change of flux lines with respect to conducer there is cating of the ig of the flux lines by the conduc induced in that conductor. Z ductor then emf p |+This phenomenon of « get the ine ae of flux lines by the conduct! electromagnetic rece the conductor or SS, 1, What is ele : a tic induction ? ete eNow as Per snking with ac (eed in that coi o erat ‘The magnitude of the induced em. is direc to the rate of change of flux linkages. The fox pages mean (Sixx ums of diection maton at Fig. 4.13.5 Lonz’s law “This shows that the induced emf. opposes the cause producng it, which is Lenz's law. of length 0.5 m moves at right angles 10 @ fc density 15, Wont wth eb of nda nthe enact. Ao fd te trie of induced emf. when the conductor moves at 205 lirection of field Presse Wintel Malt) Sol.:1=0.5m, B=15We/m?, v= 40 misec Bx. 113:A conductor uniform magnetic field 40 misec. Calculate the em i) 6 = 90°, right angle =30V e = Blvsind = 15x0.5x40xsin9” = Blvsin@ = 15x0.5x - PX 40x sin gps - 5, ee x 132 :A conctor of 15 m length moves a, oe a of fox density 12 Tithe cela “gdh an induced em in 2 coll which i induced ios auc op iced efit the conductor. I he oo a ea : spf 0° th the direction of eld Calevie a . snduced ems. there must be cu pve an ince em. there mus be change in fx assoc hy ga iN ieee Sock 4 cane in fs nb ered i ny sol:1=15m, B=12T v= 100 m/sec a ore cry and Seng eo Pyeng the x ey with ie i) @ = 90%, right angle i ye ol oo em oy thax be an alternating one ally induced = Blvsin9 = 1.2x1.5x € = Blvsin =1215%100xsingpea yy, «Such stermating enh mene it changes its magnitade ii e= 90° V periodically with time rere produces the fx which i also alratng ie, hanging wih € = Blvsin@ = 12%1.5x100xsin39°= 99, af this alternating | 1 List the two types of induced e-m fs. electromagnet. according to Faraday lat thi responsi producing 2" | item a EGS inh oT ald sty rrr Se is aed in nfm a oP coils. induced emt is further dassifed flux comes in contact with another col, there ted with the coil placed in the vicinity of an as: i) Self | 4 Desrite CSI «te ste! | ‘hele for finding di eet ae ny Mutually induced em | & Site ein’ ot ate [al canpaaon Dyna nt Se ned A EMF.s. [444] staticay induced GuNo. Dynamically induced em statcaly indeed +The change in fx tin a g Anemf induced duno * spent nnoeti® without physical money ih TPE to coll can be os re 2 an the col or the magnet eee Bither conductor is 2 ting OF is magnitude is given by the relation, e= Bivsin® 4 Tris used in the devices like = ——— 1. Define = i) Static _ tially induced emf. 1) Dynami samicall ite te names of equipment We eof pment i hich tae to types 2 Ce Fey a ly induced emf. and dynamical [athe self ly ind em _ Sao ( Any four points ) 1.45 | Self Induced EM, * Consider 4 coll having 1 ‘switch ‘¢ ving ‘N' oe ia eres can Curent magni resi fe can esas connected in be varied with the help of athe hr ne series with battery, oa snpeee FY, coill and sit tig HY i 0 7 oll be Ng With the coil itself, Tae tums. Wy indy * Mik ved with it i called self Indu Fig. 1.454, pysically moving coll OF tux there is induced emf. in the coll saomenon is called self induction. ‘The phe Pee Teone induced 18 col de tthe change of its own flux ced emf. Fegan si OU ego ce tained Timo Te decton of sch edued emt Pe | by Lena's aw «The self induced emf is ‘observed in various elect indo Gk In the urecnt ub, ler coke rectrical machines-and transformer application: sectifiers, Self Inductance (sa) aw the dco o = According to Lenz's li fo as to oppose the cause producing 1 Fence the self induced el. wil 59 5 sh opposite direction to that of CHTen! zl ‘hen carzent is neressed, self indul OE tries to Keep it to its original vale

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