Environment

Environment has become a very popular topic in recent decades. The overall factors around
us can be called environment. All the natural or natural elements around us can be
collectively called environment. Environment can be defined as the overall factors
influencing the development and growth of an organism. All the natural factors around us like
air, water, light, soil, temperature, atmosphere, humidity, ground water, water sources etc.
are the factors that influence living things. Also the environment is not static. But is
ever-changing. This transition is sometimes slow and sometimes rapid.

- The word environment comes from the French word environor which means to surround or
surround. This environment is the area where organisms, communities of organisms are
adapted to their external natural factors.

Types of Environment

Environment is a broad concept that includes not only natural factors but also man-made
factors. Due to these reasons environment is mainly divided into two types.

(1) Natural environment

(2) Man-made environment

(1) Natural Environment

Natural environment consists of all living and non-living or physical objects in nature. This
natural environment can be divided into two types according to the components it contains.
They are

(a) Physical Environment

(A) Biological Environment

(a) Physical Environment : Physical environment is the environment consisting of natural

physical objects or non-living objects. It is also known as abiotic environment. The
aggregates of physical elements in the environment are geological elements, land, water,
temperature, atmospheric gases, light etc.

(b) Biological Environment: Biological Environment is the environment consisting of all

living elements or biological elements that are naturally constructed. It includes all kinds of
organisms in the environment ie plants, animals, birds, microorganisms. These include many
species groups. The environment can be identified as a complement to the lifestyles of these
organisms. A number of physical factors have unique effects on the biological environment.
Also biological and physical environments are interdependent to exist. Due to this, balance
can be seen in the environment.

(2) Man Made Environment

The environment created artificially by man for his life is called man-made environment or
artificial environment. Man changes the natural environment by his activities and builds it
anew according to his needs and life style. It can also be identified as the built environment.
The natural environment is transformed into a new environment by human intervention. They
are the growth of cities, agricultural land conversion, construction of dams, construction of
cities, transport links etc. are important aspects of man-made environment.

Man-made environment can be divided into two types according to human development and
life style.

(A) Social Environment

(B) (Economical Environment).

(a) Social environment: Man is a social being and has built his own social sphere around
him. This field can be defined as social environment. This social environment is unique and
influences other environments. Ethical ideas, manners, many types of social rules,
educational system, scientific attitudes, modern life style, religious, art, literature, law etc.
areas in the society influence the human social environment in their own way. In a society,
the environment around him plays a major role in shaping the personality of a person. On a
person's character, manners

His social environment can be determined. The social environment surrounding a person is
an important factor in shaping the overall value-based personality.

(a) Economic environment: Economic environment is the economic sphere corresponding

to the human life style
includes Human economic conditions are a complementary factor to the prosperity of the
wider society. The economic progress of a country depends on the economic condition of the
people of that country. That is, the activities related to the economic sector like production,
exchange, distribution etc. can be called economic environment. In this one can understand
the differences in the lifestyles of different levels of human beings. That means tribal lifestyle,
rural life style and modern urban life

Differences in styles are visible.

Components of Environment

Environment is naturally made up of living and non-living elements which are interdependent
on each other. Accordingly, there are two main types of entities found in the environment.
They are:

(1) Biotic Components

(2) Abiotic Components

All natural groups of living elements are considered as biological entities and non-living or
physical groups are considered as inorganic entities.
For example:

Inorganic components

Geographical factors

Earth's surface

“Water

soil

Atmosphere/Climate

the light

Biological entities

animal species

vegetation

Mankind

Microorganisms

winds/wind

Structure of an Environment

The composition of Earth's environment depends on its natural composition. Accordingly the
environment

Mainly divided into four spheres. They are : (1) Atmosphere

(2) ಜಲಗೋಳ (Hydrosphere)

(3) Lithosphere

(4) Biosphere

1. Atmosphere

The atmosphere is a thin transparent layer that surrounds the Earth. It is the most precious
treasure of our environment. This is why Earth is a habitable planet. Important factors found
in this area include temperature, pressure, winds, moisture or humidity. Also important gases
can be found in the atmosphere.
They are
Nitrogen 78

2. Oxygen 21

3. Carbon Dioxide 0.0325

5. Mixture of other gases 0.04

(plus dust, moisture, pollen)

Structure of Atmosphere or

Layers of Atmosphere

The atmosphere is about 1600 km above the earth. Extends up to the height. It is divided
into five layers according to changes in altitude and temperature:

(1) “Troposphere .

(2) Stratosphere

(3) Mesosphere

(4), Thermosphere

(5) Exosphere

1. Troposphere

It is the lower layer closest to the earth. About 17 km from Earth's equator. (56,000 ft)
distance and 7 km at the poles. (23,000 ft) wide. Due to the high level of oxygen in this layer
and because of the harsh climate, all living things are found in this layer. The part between
the troposphere and the tropopause is called the tropopause. It is the boundary between the
troposphere and the troposphere. As all weather conditions and changes occur in this
mandala, it is called 'climate producing mandala'. For example, cloud formation, lightning,
thunder, rain, hail, air traffic etc. are seen in transition zone.

2, Stratosphere

This layer is the second layer of the atmosphere. It is about 50 to 55 km from land. (1,67,000
feet) in height. This layer is free from dust particles, vapors and clouds making it the most
suitable layer for airplanes to fly. Another special feature of this layer is the presence of the
Oron (O) layer, which is located at the bottom of the equator i.e. 15-35 km. Its thickness
varies from time to time and geographically. It absorbs the dangerous ultraviolet rays of the
sun and is responsible for the survival of life on earth. About 90% of the atmosphere is in the
Orion troposphere. The part between the isothermal zone and the intermediate zone is
called the stratopause.

3. Mesosphere

It is the third layer of the atmosphere about 80-85 8.e. above the earth. (2,62,000 to
2,79,000 feet) in altitude. The temperature here is very low i.e. -90°C. For this reason, this
mandala is called the coldest mandala of the atmosphere or cold zone. This is because the
air here is so thin that it cannot absorb the sun's rays. A temperature inversion occurs at this
height. As the altitude increases, the temperature rises again. Meteorites burn up in this
layer as they enter the atmosphere. The boundary between the mesoscale and the
thermosphere is called Mesopause.

4 Thermosphere

This layer is about 350–800 km. (22,50,000 - 26,20,000 feet) altitude. The International
Space Station is within this layer and the satellites orbiting the Earth. The highest
temperature here is 1200C. In this zone the ions dissociate

Sustainable Development

'Sustainable development is the ability to meet the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'.

Humans in society depend on natural resources and ecosystem services for their economic
and social development. But it is this dependence that has imbalanced the stability of the
natural situation. It means that man uses natural resources to fulfill his needs and improve
his living conditions. But he has failed in its preservation and maintenance. Due to this, the
quality of the environment has been deteriorating in recent decades. And natural resources
are almost depleting. For this reason, the concept of sustainable development became
popular in terms of management and conservation of environment and natural resources.
Sustainable development is the development of human beings without harming the
environment and harming the natural resources in the name of development.

The goal of sustainable development is to manage natural and human resources without
endangering natural biological systems. The origin of the concept of sustainable
development was the publication of Rachel Carson's book 'Silent Spin' in 1962, in which
D.D.T. Environmental damage caused by pesticides is described. Thus, how the
environment is damaged by the use of chemicals in the name of scientific development. This
book drew the attention of many ecologists around the world to the relationship between
human development and environmental destruction. Then the modern concept of
sustainable development was introduced by Brandland in 1983

Retrieved from the report. Sustainable forest management is mainly concerned in this report.
Then Economic Development: Along with social development more emphasis was placed on
environmental protection.
In the D (United Nations Conference on Environment and Development - UNCED) held in
Rio de Janeiro in 1992, the ideas of sustainable development were further expanded and the
idea of ​integrated development, environmental protection, etc. were thought about. During
the 2000s, the concept of sustainable development took firm root and became a topic of
discussion in all United Nations affiliates.

Sustainable development is an action plan and a guideline for development. Environmental

protection along with social and economic development is its essence. This development is
helpful for man to fully meet his needs through adequate utilization of natural resources.
Sustainable development has environmental protection, social development and economic
development as its main features.

Sustainable development
Social development
Economic Development
Environmental protection

Sustainable Development Goals

The NGO identified 17 development commitments under sustainable development to be

implemented during 2015-2013. These goals are a part of the United Nations General
Assembly's 2030 Agenda resolution. Those goals are:

1. Eradication of Poverty
2. Eradication of hunger
3. Good health and well-being
4. Quality education
5. Gender equality
6. Clean water and sanitation chavaler & earritation.
7. Affordable and Clean Energy Supply
8. Decent Employment and Economic Growth
9. Enterprise, Innovation and Infrastructure
10. Reducing inequality within countries and between countries.
11. Sustainable cities and communities
12. Guarantee of sustainable consumption and production J'espondiale nerd
13. Fight against climate change and its effects - ratio
14. Adequate utilization of ocean and marine resources Life of nieter,
15. Protection of living system on Earth
16. Building peaceful, just institutions,
17. Contribution to the implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals.