Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
Ch 14 Growth and development
14.1 Concepts of growth and development (Book 2, p. 14-2)
A Growth (Book 2, p. 14-2)
Growth (生長) is an irreversible increase in the (1) _______________ and
(2) _______________ _______________ of an organism. It is brought about by the following
processes:
1 Cell division
When a cell undergoes (3) _______________ cell division, it divides and forms two daughter
cells. This leads to an increase in the (4) _______________ of cells.
Mitotic cell division results in an increase
in the number of cells
2 Cell enlargement
Cells assimilate food substances and synthesize new materials in the cytoplasm. This leads to
an increase in the (5) _______________ of cells.
In plants, cell enlargement is aided by taking in water into the cell through osmosis.
water water
A plant cell enlarges by taking in water through osmosis
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
B Development (Book 2, p. 14-3)
Development (發育) is an irreversible change in the (6) _______________ of an organism and
an increase in its (7) _______________. It is brought about by the (8) _______________ (分化)
of cells.
Differentiation is the process in which a cell becomes (9) _______________ to perform a
particular function. (10) _______________ (Different / Similar) types of specialized cells
group together to form tissues, organs and systems.
undifferentiated cell
differentiation
other cells
muscle epithelial nerve
cell cell cell
similar cells
work together
muscle epithelial nervous other
tissue tissue tissue tissues
different tissues
work together
increase in
stomach other
complexity of
(organ) organs
the body
different organs organization
work together
digestive other
system systems
different systems
work together
human
(organism)
An example in humans showing that cells become specialized in differentiation and the
specialized cells work together at different levels of organization
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
14.2 Measurement of growth (Book 2, p. 14-5)
Growth parameter Advantage Disadvantage
Size The organism remains Growth in all dimensions
(length, height, (1) _______________, (4) ______________
surface area or volume) so its growth can be (may / may not) be taken
measured into account as size is often
(2) _______________ measured in one dimension
Easy and only
(3) _______________
Fresh mass (鮮質量) / Affected by the
fresh weight (鮮重) (5) ______________
(mass including water content which varies with
content) different environmental
conditions and the activities
of the organism
Dry mass (乾質量) / An accurate method to The organism is
dry weight (乾重) measure the amount of (7) _____________, so
(mass with all water (6) _______________ continuous measurement
removed) matter in an organism of the growth of the same
(i.e. biomass 生物量) individual is impossible
A large
(8) ______________
_______________ of
specimens is needed
Not suitable for large
organisms
Time-consuming
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
14.3 Seed germination (Book 2, p. 14-10)
(1) _______________ (萌發) is the process by which a seed grows and develops into a seedling.
A Structure of a seed (Book 2, p. 14-10)
External structure
(2) _______________
_______________ ( 種皮 ) (3) _______________ ( 珠孔 )
protects the embryo from a small hole for the entry of
damage and attack by (4) _______________ during
microorganisms seed germination
(5) _______________ ( 種臍 )
the scar left from where the
seed was attached to the fruit
wall
Internal structure
hypocotyl ( 下胚軸 )
region directly above the radicle; it lifts the cotyledons
above the soil surface during germination
embryo
(6) _______________ ( 胚芽 )
develops into the shoot
(7) _______________ ( 胚根 )
develops into the root seed coat
(8) _______________ ( 子葉 )
contain food reserves for the
growth of the plumule and the
radicle during germination
Cut open longitudinally
Structure of a kidney bean (a dicotyledonous plant)
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
B Conditions necessary for seed germination (Book 2, p. 14-11)
The following conditions are necessary for seed germination to take place:
Condition Reason
Water It (9) _______________ the seed coat and makes the cotyledons
(10) _______________. This breaks the seed coat so that the radicle can
emerge.
It activates the (11) _______________ in the seed. The enzymes
catalyse the conversion of insoluble stored food into (12) ____________
food substances:
Starch is hydrolyzed into sugar by amylase. Sugar can be used to
provide energy for germination.
make cellulose in (13) _______________ _______________
of new cells.
Proteins are hydrolyzed into amino acids by protease. Amino acids
can be used to
provide raw materials for making structural components of
new cells.
Lipids are hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol by lipase. Fatty
acids and glycerol can be used to
provide energy for germination.
make (14) _______________ _______________ of new cells.
It acts as a (15) _______________ in the hydrolysis of stored food.
It acts as a medium for (16) _______________ the soluble food to the
growing regions of the embryo.
Warmth It allows the (17) _______________ in the seed to work efficiently.
Oxygen It is needed for the seed to carry out (18) _______________ which
provides energy for the growth of the embryo.
Practical 14.1 Investigation of the need for oxygen in seed germination
(Book 2, p. 14-12; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 14-1)
Practical 14.2 Design an investigation of other conditions necessary for seed germination
(Book 2, p. 14-12; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 14-4)
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
C Process of seed germination (Book 2, p. 14-14)
leaves sprout
hypocotyl lifts cotyledons
the cotyledons fall off later
up
seed coat seed coat plumule tip
softens breaks protected by
cotyledons
radicle soil
emerges
Germination of a kidney bean
The seed absorbs (19) _______________ and swells up. (20) _______________ in the seed are
activated. The seed coat (21) _______________.
The seed coat (22) _______________. The (23) _______________ emerges and grows down
into the soil to form the root.
The (24) _______________ grows up to form the shoot. The hypocotyl lifts the
(25) _______________ up above the soil. The cotyledons protect the delicate plumule tip on
their way out.
The shoot straightens after emergence from soil. The first leaves sprout and begin making food
by (26) _______________.
The roots and shoot continue to grow and develop. The (27) _______________ will fall off
later.
Interpreting a graph of changes in mass of a seedling during germination (Book 2, p. 14-17)
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
14.4 Growth and development in plants (Book 2, p. 14-19)
A Primary growth and secondary growth (Book 2, p. 14-19)
In plants, growth starts to occur in (1) _______________ (分生組織), which is a tissue containing
(2) _______________ cells. These cells can divide by (3) _______________ cell division
throughout the plant’s life.
There are two main types of meristems, (4) _______________ _______________
(頂端分生組織) and (5) _______________ _______________ (側生分生組織):
Apical meristems Lateral meristems
Where they At the (6) _______________ of roots At the (7) _______________ of stems
are found and shoots and roots
Effect of their Increases the (8) _______________ of Increases the (10) _______________
growth the plant, i.e. (9) _______________ of the plant, i.e. (11) _______________
growth (初生生長) growth (次生生長)
1 Primary growth at root tip and shoot tip
Primary growth takes place in three regions in the root tip and shoot tip: the region of
(12) _______________ _______________ (細胞分裂區), the region of (13) _______________
(延長區) and the region of (14) _______________ (分化區).
young
leaf
A
root hair
apical
C meristem
vascular
tissues
B
B
xylem
apical C
A
meristem
phloem
root cap
Regions of growth and development at the root tip (left) and shoot tip (right)
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
Region Growth and development Appearance of cells
A Region of cell The cells of the apical meristem
thin cell wall
division multiply by (15) _______________ cell
nucleus
division.
dense cytoplasm
(no vacuole)
B Region of The cells take in water by osmosis to
elongation form many small (16) ______________
and their cell walls are
(17) ______________.
small
Elongation of the cells pushes the apical vacuoles
meristem in the root
(18) _______________ and that in the
shoot (19) _______________.
C Region of Small vacuoles in the cells fuse to form
differentiation a (20) _______________
_______________.
More cellulose fibres are added to the
large
cell walls, therefore the cell walls vacuole
become (21) _______________ and
more (22) _______________. thick
cell wall
The cells (23) _______________ into
different types of specialized cells to
perform particular functions.
Practical 14.3 Investigation of the growth of the main roots of young seedlings
(Book 2, p. 14-21; Practical Workbook for SBA 2, p. 14-9)
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
2 Secondary growth at stems and roots
Secondary growth in woody plants and some herbaceous dicotyledonous plants is mainly
brought about by the activity of the (24) _______________ _______________ (維管形成層).
New cells produced in this tissue differentiate to form secondary xylem (次生木質部) towards the
(25) _______________ (inside / outside) and secondary phloem (次生韌皮部) towards the
(26) _______________ (inside / outside). This causes an increase in the (27) ______________
of the stems and roots.
The secondary xylem later becomes strengthened with lignin (木質素) and cellulose to form
(28) _______________, which provides further mechanical support to the plant.
First year Second year
primary phloem
primary phloem
secondary phloem
primary xylem cambium ring
cambium
primary xylem
secondary xylem
Cells of the vascular Cells of the cambium ring divide and
cambium divide to differentiate to form secondary
form a ring. xylem and secondary phloem.
Secondary growth at the stem of a dicotyledonous plant
Annual rings
The growth rates of plants may be different in different seasons:
Spring and summer Autumn and winter
Size of xylem cells (29) _______________ (30) _______________
produced (Smaller / Larger) (Smaller / Larger)
Thickness of cell walls of (31) _______________ (32) _______________
xylem cells produced (Thinner / Thicker) (Thinner / Thicker)
Colour of xylem cells (33) _______________ (34) _______________
produced (Lighter / Darker) (Lighter / Darker)
The contrast in the colour of the xylem cells gives rise to growth rings or
(35) _______________ _______________ (年輪) in the stem. By counting the number of annual
rings, we can estimate the (36) _______________ of the plant.
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
B Stages of growth in annual plants (Book 2, p. 14-25)
(37) _______________ plants (一年生植物) live for one year only. They germinate, flower, produce
seeds and die in one growing season.
The growth curve (生長曲線) of an annual plant is (38) _______________-shaped. It shows three
stages of growth:
stage
death
50
40
30
dry mass (g)
20
10
0 time (week)
5 10 15 20 25
Growth curve of an annual plant
Dry mass (39) _______________ (increases / decreases) at the early stage of seed
germination because the (40) _______________ stored in the seed is broken down to
provide energy for growth.
Dry mass (41) _______________ (increases / decreases) when (42) _______________
_______________ have developed to make food by photosynthesis. Since the rate of
photosynthesis is higher than the rate of respiration, there is a net
(43) _______________ (gain / loss) in the amount of (44) _______________
_______________.
Dry mass (45) _______________ (increases / decreases) due to the dispersal of
(46) _______________ and (47) _______________.
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
14.5 Growth and development in humans (Book 2, p. 14-28)
A Stages of growth in humans (Book 2, p. 14-28)
Growth curve of humans:
foetal
growth infancy childhood adolescence adulthood old stage
death
height
first second
growth growth spurt
spurt
birth
age (year)
0 3 13 18 65
In the first three years after birth (infancy 嬰兒期), growth occurs (1) _______________
(slowly / rapidly) (the first growth spurt 速長期).
Growth slows down in (2) _______________ (兒童期).
Growth becomes (3) _______________ (slow / rapid) again in adolescence (青年期)
(the second growth spurt).
When a person reaches the maximum size in (4) _______________ (成年期), there is no net
growth but cell division still occurs to replace worn-out and damaged cells.
Growth becomes (5) _______________ during the old stage (衰老期).
B Growth rates of different body parts (Book 2, p. 14-29)
Different body parts may grow at different time and (6) _______________:
100
head, brain
size of organ or body
relative to final size
80
60 whole body
(%)
reproductive organs
40
20
0 age (year)
5 10 15 20
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
The relative sizes of different body parts change with age:
The relative size of the head (7) _____________ (increases / decreases) with age because
it grows rapidly at the early stage and then it grows more slowly than the rest of the body.
The relative size of the limbs (8) _______________ (increases / decreases) with age
because they grow slowly at the early stage and then they grow more rapidly than the rest
of the body.
The relative size of the trunk (軀幹) remains (9) _________________________ because it
grows at a rate proportional to that of the whole body.
100
percentage of height
75
(%)
50
25
0
9 weeks newborn 2 years 5 years 13 years 22 years
(foetus)
Changes in body proportions of a human from foetal stage to adulthood
(all stages are drawn to the same height for easy comparison)
C Growth rates of different sexes (Book 2, p. 14-30)
The growth patterns of boys and girls are different in adolescence as girls enter puberty
(10) _______________ (earlier / later) than boys.
Around the age of 8 to 12, the growth rate of girls is faster than that of boys. After the age of
12, the opposite occurs.
24
22
20
yearly growth in height
18
(cm per year)
16
14
12
10
boys
8
girls
6
4
2
age (year)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Growth curves of boys and girls
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
Answers
Ch 14 Growth and development
14.1
1 size 2 dry mass 3 mitotic 4 number
5 size 6 form 7 complexity 8 differentiation
9 specialized 10 Similar
14.2
1 alive 2 continuously 3 convenient 4 may not
5 water 6 organic 7 killed 8 sample size
14.3
1 Germination 2 seed coat 3 micropyle 4 water
5 hilum 6 plumule 7 radicle 8 cotyledons
9 softens 10 swell 11 enzymes 12 soluble
13 cell walls 14 cell membranes 15 reactant 16 transporting
17 enzymes 18 respiration 19 water 20 Enzymes
21 softens 22 breaks 23 radicle 24 plumule
25 cotyledons 26 photosynthesis 27 cotyledons
14.4
1 meristems 2 undifferentiated 3 mitotic 4 apical meristems
5 lateral meristems 6 tips 7 periphery 8 length
9 primary 10 thickness 11 secondary 12 cell division
13 elongation 14 differentiation 15 mitotic 16 vacuoles
17 stretched 18 downwards 19 upwards 20 large vacuole
21 thicker 22 rigid 23 differentiate 24 vascular cambium
25 inside 26 outside 27 thickness 28 wood
29 Larger 30 Smaller 31 Thinner 32 Thicker
33 Lighter 34 Darker 35 annual rings 36 age
37 Annual 38 S 39 decreases 40 food
41 increases 42 green leaves 43 gain 44 organic matter
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Lesson worksheet Book 2, Ch 14
45 decreases 46 fruits / seeds 47 seeds / fruits
14.5
1 rapidly 2 childhood 3 rapid 4 adulthood
5 negative 6 rates 7 decreases 8 increases
9 nearly the same 10 earlier
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