CONTENTS
3 METHOD OF CHARACTERISTICS 44
3.1 Introduction 44
3.2 Characteristic Equations 44
3.3 Boundary Conditions 50
V
Constant-Head Reservoir at Upstream End 51
vii Constant-Head Reservoir at Downstream End 52
Dead End at Downstream End 53
1 Valve at Downstream End 54
Orifice at Lower End 55
Emergency 1 96
Series Junction 55
Catastrophic 2 96
Branching Junction 57
4.9 Verification
HYDRAULIC of Mathematical
TRANSIENTS 7IN Model
HYDROELECTRIC 96
POWER PLANTS
Plant Data 11 Centrifugal Pump at Upstream End 58
109
97
Francis Turbine at Downstream End 58
Tests and Instrumentation16 97
5.1 Mathematical
Introduction Model 18 3.4 Stability and Convergence Conditions
109 58
97
5.2 Schematic3.5 of aSelection of
HydroelectricTime Increment
Power Plant for a Complex Piping System
109 59
Comparison of Computed19and Measured Results 98
5.3 Change
4.10
ocity Upstream
Case 21 3.6
Study and Downstream ConduitsCombined Implicit-Characteristic Method
110 61
99
5.4 Simulation of
eline Water-Supply SystemTurbine 22 3.7 Analysis of a Piping System
111 63
100
5.5 Analysis 22
Hydraulic Turbine Governors 3.8 Case Study
118 65
100
Actuator
Results 3.9 Summary
122 70
102
Discussion
Dashpot Problems
122 70
103
Permanent Drop 27 References
122 71
4.11 Summary 104
Additional References
Distributing Valve
Problems 27 122 73
104
Gate Servomotor
References 27 123
106
5.6 Computational4Procedure
TRANSIENTS CAUSED BY CENTRIFUGAL 124
PUMPS
Additional References 30 107 74
5.7 Causes of Transients 33 124
OSED5.8 Verification of Mathematical
33 Model 4.1 Introduction
126 74
4.2 Transient Conditions Caused by Various Pump Operations
Prototype Tests 126 74
Prototype Data 34 4.3 Mathematical Representation of a Pump 127 75
Comparison of Computed 39 and Measured Results
4.4 Boundary Conditions for Pump Failure 129 77
5.9 Design Criteria for Penstocks
40 Equations of Conditions Imposed by Pump 130 79
Normal 39 Differential Equation of Rotating 130 81
Masses
ations
Emergency Characteristic Equation for Discharge 133 82
Pipe
ations
Catastrophic 41 Continuity 133 83
Equation
5.10 Generator Inertia 43 Solution of Governing Equations 133 83
4.5 Boundary Conditions for Special Cases 86
Parallel Pumps 86
Series Pumps 88
4.6 Example 4.1 92
4.7 Pump Start-Up 94
4.8 Design Criteria for Pipelines 95
Normal 95
5.11 Governing Stability 135
General Remarks 135
Differential Equations of the System 137
Criteria for Stability 139
Example 5.1 140
Transient Speed Curve 142
Optimum Values of Governor Parameters 145
Example 5.2 145
5.12 Case Study 147
5.13 Summary 153
Problems 153
References 155
Additional References 156
6 HYDRAULIC TRANSIENTS IN NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS 158
6.1 Introduction 158
6.2 Terminology 158
General 158
Types of Reactors 159
Emergency Core Cooling Systems 160
6.3 Causes of Transients 161
6.4 Methods of Analysis 162
General Remarks 162
Formulation of Mathematical Models 163
Numerical Solution 163
6.5 Boundary Conditions 165
Condenser 165
Entrapped Air 168
Pipe Rupture and Failure of Rupture Discs 169
6.6 Loss-of-Coolant Accident 169
6.7 Implicit Finite-Difference Methodfor Analyzing Two-Phase
Transient Flows 170
General 170
Governing Equations 170
Conversion of Governing Equationsinto Characteristic Form 172
Formulation of Algebraic Equations 174
Computational Procedure 177
Verification 177
6.8 Case Study 178
Configuration of Feedwater Line 178
Description of Incident 179
Possible Causes of Shock 182
6.9 Summary 186
Problems 186
References 187
Additional References 189
TRANSIENTS IN LONG OIL PIPELINES 190
7.1 Introduction 190
7.2 Definitions 191
7.3 Causes of Transients 194
7.4 Method of Analysis 195
7.5 Design Considerations 197
General Remarks 197
Control and Surge Protective Devices 198
7.6 Summary 199
Problems 199
References 199
Additional References
200
RESONANCE IN PRESSURIZED PIPING SYSTEMS
201
8.1 Introduction 201
8.2 Development of Resonating Conditions 201
8.3 Forced and Self-Excited Oscillations 206
Forcing Functions 206
Self-Excited Oscillations 206
8.4 Methods of Analysis 208
Analysis in Time Domain—Method of Characteristics 209
Analysis in Frequency Domain 209
8.5 Terminology 210
Steady-Oscillatory Flow 210
Instantaneous and Mean Discharge and Pressure Head 211
Theoretical Period 211
Resonant Frequency 212
State Vectors and Transfer Matrices 212
8.6 Block Diagrams 215
8.7 Derivation of Transfer Matrices 216
Field Matrices 216
Point Matrices 226
8.8 Frequency Response 235
Fluctuating Pressure Head 237
Fluctuating Discharge 238
Oscillating Valve 240
Procedure for Determining the Frequency Response 241
8.9 Pressure and Discharge Variation along a Pipeline 246
8.10 Location of Pressure Nodes and Antinodes 248
Series System 249
8.11 Determination of Resonant Frequencies 250
8.12 Verification of Transfer Matrix Method 256
Experimental Results 257
Method of Characteristics 257
Impedance Method 260
Energy Concepts 264
8.13 Studies on Pipelines with Variable Characteristics 267
8.14 Summary 269
Problems 269
References 271
Additional References 272
TRANSIENT CAVITATION AND COLUMN SEPARATION 274
9.1 Introduction 274
9.2 General Remarks 274
9.3 Causes of Reduction of Pressure to Vapor Pressure 276
9.4 Energy Dissipation in Cavitating Flows 278
9.5 Wave Velocity in a Gas-Liquid Mixture 279
9.6 Analysis of Cavitating Flows with Column Separation 281
9.7 Derivation of Equations 283
Assumptions 284
Continuity Equation 284
Momentum Equation 285
Cavitating Flow 285
Column Separation 286
9.8 Numerical Solution 287
Wave Equations 287
Column Separation 290
Gas Release 291
Results 292
9.9 Design Considerations 292
9.10 Case Study 293
Project Details 293
Field Tests 294
Mathematical Model 295
Comparison of Computed and Measured Results 296
9.11 Summary 298
Problems 298
References 299
Additional References 301
METHODS FOR CONTROLLING TRANSIENTS 302
10.1 Introduction 302
10.2 Available Devices and Methods for Controlling Transients 303
10.3 Surge Tanks 303
Description 303
Boundary Conditions 304
10.4 Air Chambers 306
Description 306
Boundary Conditions 308
10.5 Valves 312
Description 312
Boundary Conditions 317
10.6 Optimal Control of Transient Flows 323
10.7 Case Study 324
Design 324
Mathematical Model 325
Results 326
10.8 Summary 328
Problems 328
References 329
Additional References 330
SURGE TANKS 332
11.1 Introduction 332
11.2 Types of Surge Tanks 333
11.3 Derivation of Equations 334
Dynamic Equation 335
Continuity Equation 337
11.4 Available Methods for Solving Dynamic and Continuity
Equations 337
11.5 Period and Amplitude of Oscillations of a Frictionless System 338
11.6 Stability 340
11.7 Normalization of Equations 342
11.8 Phase-Plane Method 342
11.9 Analysis of Different Cases of Flow Demand 344
Constant-Flow 344
Constant-Gate Opening 348
Constant Power 352
Constant Power Combined with Constant-Gate Opening 356
Conclusions 360
11.10 Orifice Tank 360
Description 360
Derivation of Dynamic Equation 361
11.11 Differential Surge Tank 362
Description 362
Derivation of Equations 363
11.12 Multiple Surge Tanks 3 64
11.13 Design Considerations 365
Necessity of a Tank 365
Location 365
Size 365
11.14 Case Study 368
Project Details 368
Preliminary Investigations 369
Selection of Method of Analysis 370
Program of Investigations 370
Selection of Range of Various Variables 371
Derivation of Equations 372
Analog Simulation 372
Results 373
Selection of Tank Size 375
11.15 Summary 376
Problems 376
References 379
12 TRANSIENT FLOWS IN OPEN CHANNELS 382
12.1 Introduction 382
12.2 Definitions 382
12.3 Causes of Transients 384
12.4 Wave Height and Celerity 384
Rectangular Channel 387
12.5 Derivation of Equations 389
Continuity Equation 390
Dynamic Equation 392
12.6 Methods of Solution 394
12.7 Method of Characteristics 395
12.8 Explicit Finite-Difference Method 397
12.9 Diffusive Scheme 398
Formulation of Algebraic Equations 398
Boundary Conditions 399
Stability Conditions 404
Computational Procedure 404
12.10 Initial Conditions 405
12.11 Verification of Explicit Finite-Difference Method-
Diffusive Scheme 408
Mathematical Model 408
Prototype Tests 408
Comparison of Computed and Measured Results 411
12.12 Implicit Finite-Difference Method 414
Description 414
Available Implicit Schemes 415
Strelkoff’s Implicit Scheme 415
Systems Having Branch and Parallel Channels 420
Stability Conditions 422
12.13 Comparison of Explicit and Implicit Finite-Difference Methods 422
12.14 Special Topics 423
Dam-break 423
Tidal Oscillations 424
Secondary Oscillations or Favre’s Waves 425
Free-Surface-Pressurized Flows 426
Landslide-Generated Waves 431
12.15 Case Study 433
Project Details 433
Mathematical Model 433
Results 440
Operating Guidelines 440
12.16 Summary 442
Problems 442
References 444
APPENDICES
Appendix A: Formulas and Design Charts for Preliminary Analysis 449
Appendix B: Computer Program for Analyzing Transients Caused by
Opening or Closing a Valve 469
Content
s
Appendix C: Computer Program for Analyzing
Transients Caused by
Power Failure to Centrifugal Pumps 474
Appendix D: Computer Program for Determining Frequency
Response of a Series System 481
Appendix E: Pump Characteristic Data 484
Appendix F: SI and English Units and Conversion Factors 487
AUTHOR INDEX 489
SUBJECT INDEX 493