Q.1 Will there be any fluid acceleration in a steady flow of a liquid through the nozzle shown?
If yes,
obtain an expression for it in terms of the volumetric flow rate Q if the area of cross-section is given by
A(x) = A0 (1 + e-x) Assume 1-D flow. Note that the value of Q is independent of x.
Solution
Yes, there will be fluid acceleration even if the flow is steady. The equation for material acceleration is:
dv̅ ∂v̅ ∂v̅ ∂v̅ ∂v̅
a̅ = = +u +v +w
dt ∂t ∂x ∂y ∂z
We know,
Q Q
V= =
A A0 (1 + e−x )
̅
∂v
As flow is 1-D and steady, v=w=0; =0,
∂t
∂v̅ Q d
= (1 + e−x )−1
∂x A0 dx
∂v̅ Q −x
= e (1 + e−x )−2
∂x A0
Q 2 −x
a̅ = ( ) e (1 + e−x )−3
A0
Q.2 Water flows over the crest of a dam with speed V as shown in Figure. Determine the speed if the
magnitude of the normal acceleration at point (1) is to equal the acceleration of gravity, g.
Solution
V2
an
R
V an R 32.2* 2 8.02 ft / s
1
Q. 3 A fluid flows past a sphere with an upstream velocity of V0 = 40 m/s as shown in Figure. From a
more advanced theory it is found that the speed of the fluid along the front part of the sphere is V = 3/2
V0Sinθ. Determine the streamwise and normal components of acceleration at point A if the radius of
the sphere is a = 0.20 m.
Solution
3
V V0 sin 1.5* 40*sin
2
V 2 (1.5* 40*sin 40) 2
an 7440m / s 2
R 0.2
V V
as V 60sin
s s
V V
s s
V
60cos
As , S a 0.2
1
Where θ is in rad, so that , Thus, for θ=400
s 0.2
1
as 60sin 40*60cos 40* 8860m / s 2
0.2
Q.4 The velocity components for steady flow through the nozzle shown in Figure are u = -V0x/l and v =
V0[1+(y/l)], where V0 and l are constants. Determine the ratio of the magnitude of the acceleration at
point (1) to that at point (2).
2
Solution
3
Q. 5) A company produces a perishable product in a factory located at x=0 and sells the
product along the distribution route x > 0. The selling price of the product, P, is a function
of the length of time after it was produced, t, and the location at which it is sold, x. That is, P
= P(x,t). At a given location the price of the product decreases in time (it is perishable)
according to P t = -8 dollars/hr. In addition, because of shipping costs the price increases
with distance from the factory according to P x 0.2 dollars/mi. If the manufacturer
wishes to sell the product for the same 100-dollar price anywhere along the distribution
route, determine how fast he must travel along the route.
Solution
DP P P
u as P = P(x,t)
Dt t x
If the price is to remain constant as the product moves along the distribution route, then
DP
0
Dt
P P
u =0
t x
Therefore -8 + u*(0.2) = 0. So u = 40 mi/hr.
Q. 6) The temperature distribution in a fluid is given by T = 10x + 5y where x and y are the
horizontal and vertical coordinates in meters and T is in degrees centigrade. Determine the
time rate of change of temperature of a fluid particle traveling (a) horizontally with u = 20
m/s, v = 0 or (b) vertically with u = 0, v = 20 m/s
Solution
DT T T T T
u v , where 0
Dt t x y t
DT T
Thus if u = 20 m/s and v = 0, then u = 20*10 = 200 0C/s
Dt x
DT T
and if u = 0 and v = 20 m/s , then v = 20*5 = 100 0C/s
Dt y
4
7. The tank on a trailer is filled completely with gasoline, which has a specific weight of 6.60
KN/m3. The truck is decelerating at a rate of 3.05 m/s2. Find:
(a). If the tank on the trailer is 6.1 m long and if the pressure at the top rear end of the tank is
atmospheric, what is the pressure at the top front?
(b). If the tank is 1.83 m high, what is the maximum pressure in the tank?
Sol:
Assumptions:
1. Deceleration is constant (2). Gasoline is incompressible.
(a). Pressure at top front:
𝜕𝑝
Euler equation along the top of tank, = −𝜌𝑎𝑙
𝜕𝑙
Integration from back of the tank to front
𝛾
𝑝2 − 𝑝1 = −𝜌𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑙 = − 𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑙
𝑔
Evaluation of p2 with p1 = 0
𝐾𝑁
6.60 3 𝑚
𝑝2 = − ( 𝑚
𝑚 ) ∗ (−3.05 𝑠2 ) ∗ 6.1 𝑚 𝒑𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟓 𝑲𝑷𝒂 (𝑮𝒂𝒈𝒆)
9.81 2
𝑠
5
(b). maximum pressure in the tank:
Maximum pressure will be at front bottom. Applying Euler equation from top to bottom of tank.
𝑝2 + 𝛾𝑧2 = 𝑝3 + 𝛾𝑧3
𝑝3 = 𝑝2 + 𝛾(𝑧2 − 𝑧1 )
𝐾𝑁 𝐾𝑁
𝑝3 = 12.5 ( 2
) + (6.6 ( 3 ) ∗ 1.83 (𝑚))
𝑚 𝑚
𝒑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟔 𝑲𝑷𝒂 (𝑮𝒂𝒈𝒆)
8. Piezometric tubes are tapped into a venture section as shown in the figure. The liquid is
incompressible. The upstream piezometric head is 1 m, and the piezometric head at the throat is
0.5 m. The velocity in the throat section is twice as large as in the approach section. Find the
velocity in approach section.
Sol:
General form of Bernoulli’s Equation
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝛾 2𝑔 𝛾 2𝑔
Piezometric head is combination of pressure and datum head (as measured at that particular
locations)
𝑉12 𝑉22
ℎ1 + = ℎ2 +
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉1 = 0.5 ∗ 𝑉2
0.5𝑉22 𝑉22
1+ = 0.5 +
2𝑔 2𝑔
0.75𝑉22
0.5 =
2𝑔
2∗9.81∗0.5
𝑉2 = √ V2 = 3.62 m/s.
0.75