Q1.
For the system shown
a. What is the flow direction?
b. What kind of machine is at A?
c. Do you think both pipes, AB and CA, are the same diameter?
d. Sketch in the EGL for the system.
e. Is there a vacuum at any point or region of the pipes? If so, identify the location.
Solution:
a) flow is from right to left
b) machine is a pump
c) pipe CA is smaller because of steeper H.G.L
e) No vacuum
Q2. The HGL and the EGL for a pipeline are shown in the figure
a) Indicate which is the HGL and which is the EGL?
b) Are all pipes the same size? If not, which is the smallest?
c) Is there any region in the pipes where the pressure is below atmospheric pressure? If
so,where?
d) Where is the point of maximum pressure in the system?
e) Where is the point of minimum pressure in the system?
f) What do you think is located at the end of the pipe at point E?
g) Is the pressure in the air in the tank above or below atmospheric pressure?
h) What do you think is located at point B?
Solution:
a) Solid line is EGL, dashed line is HGL.
b) No; AB is smallest.
c) From B to C.
d) Pmax is at the bottom of the tank.
e) Pmin is at the bend C.
f) Nozzle is located at point E
g) Above atmospheric pressure.
h) Abrupt expansion.
Q3. Drag tests show that the drag of a square plate placed normal to the free-stream
velocity is a function of the velocity V, the density 𝜌, the plate dimensions B, the viscosity 𝜇,
the free stream turbulence root mean square velocity urms, and the turbulence length scale
Lx. Here urms and Lx are in ft/s and ft, respectively. By dimensional analysis, develop the -
groups that could be used to correlate the experimental results. Express your answer in the
functional form
No. of variables, n = 7
No. of dimensions, m = 3
Therefore, no. of 𝜋terms = n-m = 4
………………………………………………………………………..(1)
The dimensions of each variable are:
FD=MLT-2, V=LT-1, 𝜌=ML-3, B=L, 𝜇= ML-1T-1, urms=LT-1, Lx=L
Choosing V, B and 𝜌as the repeating variables, the 4 𝜋terms are obtained as:
Substituting dimensions on both sides and solving,
First 𝜋term,
Second 𝜋term,
Third 𝜋term,
Fourth 𝜋term,
Substituting the values of 𝜋 terms in Eq. (1),
or,
Q4. A large venturi-meter is calibrated by means of a 1: 10 scale model using the prototype
liquid. What is the discharge ratio for dynamic similarity? If a pressure difference of 400
kPa is measured across ports in the model for a given discharge, what pressure difference
will occur between similar ports in the prototype for dynamically similar conditions?
By Reynold’s Law of Dynamic Similarity,
i) Discharge Ratio,
(Both Model and Prototype liquid were same.)
ii) Pressure difference in the prototype ports,
Q5. The moment acting on a submarine rudder is studied by a 1: 50 scale model. If the test
is made in a water tunnel and if the moment measured on the model is 2 N-m when the
fresh-water speed in the tunnel is 10 m/ s, what are the corresponding moment and speed
for the prototype? Assume the prototype operates in sea water. Assume T = 10°C for both
the fresh water and the sea water.
Applying Reynold’s Law,
i) Speed of the Prototype,
ii) Moment of Prototype,
Q6. Water at 10°C flowing through a rough pipe 10 cm in diameter is to be simulated by
air (20°C) flowing through the same pipe. If the velocity of the water is 1.5 m/s, what will
the air velocity have to be to achieve dynamic similarity? Assume the absolute air pressure
in the pipe to be 150 kPa. If the pressure difference between two sections of the pipe during
air flow was measured as 780 Pa, what pressure difference occurs between these two
sections when water is flowing under dynamically similar
conditions?
Solution
Therefore
Solving the above we get
Q7. A 1:25 scale model of a spillway is tested. The discharge in the model is 0.1 cumecs. To
what prototype discharge does this correspond? If it takes 1 min for a particle to float from
one point to another in the model, how long would it take a similar particle to traverse the
corresponding path in the prototype?
Applying Froud’s Law,
i) Prototype Discharge,
ii) Time taken for a particle to float from one point to another in the Prototype,
Q.8 A ship model of scale 1:60 is towed through seawater at a speed of 0.5m/s. A force of
1.5 N is required to tow the model. Determine the ship speed and propulsive force on the
ship, if prototype is subjected to wave resistance only
Solution
Dynamic similarity based on Froude number