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NPTEL

The document discusses dynamic soil properties, particularly focusing on liquefaction, which occurs when the strength and stiffness of saturated, cohesionless soil are reduced due to rapid loading like earthquakes. It outlines factors influencing liquefaction susceptibility, preliminary screening methods, and simplified procedures for assessing liquefaction potential using cyclic resistance and stress ratios. Additionally, it covers the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and its corrections for accurate liquefaction analysis.

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Renjith S Anand
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11 views33 pages

NPTEL

The document discusses dynamic soil properties, particularly focusing on liquefaction, which occurs when the strength and stiffness of saturated, cohesionless soil are reduced due to rapid loading like earthquakes. It outlines factors influencing liquefaction susceptibility, preliminary screening methods, and simplified procedures for assessing liquefaction potential using cyclic resistance and stress ratios. Additionally, it covers the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) and its corrections for accurate liquefaction analysis.

Uploaded by

Renjith S Anand
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
SOIL DYNAMICS Pe eee at Marr Coste oe 22 ee MODULE - 4 Dynamic Soil Properties ee ee eee iquefaction e Strength and stiffness of a loose, saturated, cohesionless soil is reduced by earthquake shaking (or other rapid loading) e Increase in pore water pressure during undrained shearing causes a reduction in effective stress which in turn reduces the shear strength © Pore pressure is often released through sand or water boils e The soil behaves more like a viscous fluid; heavy structures sink and light structures loat fee eae een eee Liquefaction (contd.) « Increase in pore water pressure during undrained shearing causes a reduction in effective stress which in turn reduces the shear strength * Strength of a cohesionless soil is a function of overburden pressure and the angle of internal friction, only s=o,, tang fee ae ee Liquefaction (contd.) From Terzaghi’s principle of effective stress, if the pore water pressure (u) increases, the effective stress will decrease Fy) =Oyo —U “Full liquefaction” is defined as excess pore water pressure ratio (r,) equal to 1.0 fee ena meen ues Factors Influencing Liquefaction Susceptibi Earthquake intensity and duration Soil type Soil relative density Particle size distribution Presence or absence of plastic fines Groundwater table location (saturation) Hydraulic conductivity Placement conditions or depositional environment Aging and cementation Overburden pressure Structure load Historical liquefaction eee cere reece fee ae ee ee) Preliminary Screening for Liquefaction (1) Screening investigation (2) Quantitative evaluation Screening: review of relevant topographic, geologic, soils engineering maps and reports, aerial photographs, groundwater contour maps, water well logs, agricultural soil survey maps, history of liquefaction in the area, other relevant published and unpublished sources eee ane Preliminary Screening for Liquefaction e Is the soil saturated? If the estimated maximum-past, current and maximum-future-ground-water-levels (i.e. highest ground water level sbpuerble for liquefaction analyses) are determined to be deeper than 50 feet below the existing ground urface or proposed finished grade (whichever is ge=Fet) liquefaction assessments are not required. (Martin and Lew, 1' « Is the site underlain by bedrock? Bedrock or similar lithified formational material underlies site. ee ee Preliminary Screening for Liquefaction e Is the corrected SPT N, 6) value greater than 30 blows per foot in all'Samples fora sufficient number of tests? If so, liquefaction tests are not required. Similarly, if corrected CPT tip resistance, qa, iS greater than or equal to 160 in all soundings in sandy materials, liquefaction assessment is not required, * Issite underlain by clayey materials? If the soil throughout the site clearly classifies as clay per the Chinese Criteria, Andrews and martin (2000) and Seed et al. (2003), additional quantitative liquefaction assessments are not required, eee ae en eer Simplified Procedure for Liquefaction — Most basic procedure used in engineering practice for assessment of liquefaction potential is the anpiiied Procedure” originally by Seed and Idriss (1971), subsequently u dated and refined (see Youd and Idriss, 1997, Youd et al. 2001 and Seed et al. 2003) — Compares a cyclic resistance ratio with the earthquake-induced cyclic stress ratio at a given depth for a specified design earthquake. CRR: cyclic resistance ratio of the soil layer; cyclic stress ratio required to induce liquefaction for a cohesionless soil stratum of given properties at a given depth. fee ae ee ee) Simplified Procedure for Liquefaction CSR: seismic demand on a soil layer; based on a peak ground surface acceleration and an associated moment magnitude. — Allows a factor of safety against liquefaction, FS, , to be calculated for a soil stratum at a given depth. fea Liquefaction (contd.) Zone of liquefaction Cyclic shear stress required to cause liquefaction 1 Equivalent cyclic shear stress induced by earthquake Process by which zone of liquefaction is identified. fee Liquefaction (contd.) Shear strain amplitude ‘one of liquefaction yelic shear strain required Depth [Link] liquefaction in N cycles Equivalent cyclic shear strain induced by earthquake for Neycles Process by which the zone of liquefaction is identified in the cyclic strain approach fee eae een eee Acceptable Factor of Safety > 1.3 is recommended, but depends on severity of hazard, importance and vulnerability of structure, tolerable settlements or level of risk acceptable to owner or regulating body, confidence and certainty in underlying data and assumptions >Lower factor of safety (1.1) may be acceptable for single family dwellings, for example, where potential for lateral spreading is low and differential settlement is hazard of concern, where post-tensioned floor slabs are specified. fee ae ee ee) com fae 23 San —SOILDYNAMICS MODULE - 4 Dynamic Soil Properties ee ee eee Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR) > Seismic demand on a soil layer Equation formulated by Seed and Idriss (1971) @max = peak horizontal acceleration at the ground surface generated by the earthquake = acceleration due to gravity yo = total vertical overburden stress oly = effective vertical overburden stress rg = stress reduction co-efficient (flexibility of the soil) fee eae Liquefaction (contd.) Stress Reduction factor to estimate —the variation of cyclic shear stress with depth below level or gently sloping ground surfaces. ~ (after Seed and Idriss, ©) | 1971.) »| ‘Sree redo ator fee ae Liquefaction (contd.) Stress Reduction Coefficient, ry —For routine practice for noncritical projects, use Liao and Whitman (1986) equations, ta = 1.0 - 0.00765z for z < 9.15m tg = 1.174 - 0.02672 for 9.15m

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