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Food microbiological analysis involves testing food for microbial quality, safety, and shelf-life stability, ensuring compliance with FSSAI standards. Key tests include Total Plate Count, Coliform testing, and pathogen detection, which help assess hygiene and food safety. The document outlines important microbiological limits for various food products and emphasizes the role of HACCP and sanitation practices in food production.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views14 pages

Notes 4

Food microbiological analysis involves testing food for microbial quality, safety, and shelf-life stability, ensuring compliance with FSSAI standards. Key tests include Total Plate Count, Coliform testing, and pathogen detection, which help assess hygiene and food safety. The document outlines important microbiological limits for various food products and emphasizes the role of HACCP and sanitation practices in food production.

Uploaded by

Saptadip Miatur
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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1.

INTRODUCTION TO FOOD MICROBIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

Definition

Food microbiological analysis refers to testing food products for:

• Microbial quality

• Food safety

• Shelf-life stability

• Hygienic processing conditions

It helps determine:

• Presence of pathogens

• Spoilage organisms

• Sanitation efficiency

• Compliance with FSSAI standards

Importance of Microbiological Testing

Importance Purpose

Food safety Detect pathogens

Shelf-life assessment Estimate spoilage

Quality control Ensure consistency

Regulatory compliance Meet FSSAI standards

Process validation Verify sanitation

Types of Microorganisms in Foods


Type Example Importance

Beneficial Lactobacillus Fermentation

Spoilage Pseudomonas Off-flavor

Pathogenic Salmonella Food poisoning

2. IMPORTANT MICROBIOLOGICAL TESTS

A. TOTAL PLATE COUNT (TPC)

Also Known As

• Standard Plate Count (SPC)

• Aerobic Plate Count (APC)

Definition

Measures total viable aerobic microorganisms in food.

Principle

Microorganisms grow on nutrient agar forming visible colonies.

Unit

CFU/g or CFU/ml

(CFU = Colony Forming Unit)

Applications

Food Purpose

Milk Hygienic quality

Meat Freshness

Water Potability
Interpretation

Count Quality

Low TPC Good quality

High TPC Poor hygiene/spoilage

B. COLIFORM TEST

Definition

Detects coliform bacteria indicating fecal contamination.

Important Organism

Escherichia coli (E. coli) (Strain: O157:H7)

Indicator of:

• Poor sanitation

• Fecal contamination

Applications

Industry Application

Dairy Pasteurization check

Water Potability

Beverage Hygiene monitoring

Important CFTRI Point

Presence of coliforms after pasteurization indicates:


• Post-processing contamination

• Improper sanitation

C. YEAST & MOLD COUNT

Importance

Used for:

• Bakery products

• Fruit juices

• Pickles

• Dried foods

Problems Caused

Organism Defect

Yeast Fermentation/swelling

Mold Visible growth/mycotoxins

D. PATHOGEN TESTING

Major Foodborne Pathogens

Pathogen Disease

Salmonella Salmonellosis

Listeria monocytogenes Listeriosis

Staphylococcus aureus Food intoxication

Clostridium botulinum Botulism

Bacillus cereus Food poisoning


E. MPN TEST

Full Form

Most Probable Number

Principle

Statistical estimation of bacterial population.

Applications

• Water testing

• Milk analysis

• Coliform detection

F. PSYCHROPHILIC COUNT

Definition

Measures cold-loving microorganisms.

Important in

• Refrigerated foods

• Frozen foods

• Dairy products

G. THERMOPHILIC COUNT

Measures heat-loving bacteria.

Important in:

• Canned foods

• Heat-processed products

H. ANAEROBIC COUNT
Measures microorganisms growing without oxygen.

Important in:

• Canned foods

• Vacuum-packed foods

3. FSSAI MICROBIOLOGICAL LIMITS (VERY IMPORTANT)

A. MILK & DAIRY PRODUCTS

Product Parameter FSSAI Limit

Pasteurized milk SPC ≤30,000 CFU/ml

Pasteurized milk Coliform Absent/ml

Ice cream Coliform ≤100/g

Ice cream Yeast & mold ≤50/g

B. WATER

Parameter Limit

Total coliform Absent/100 ml

E. coli Absent/100 ml

Salmonella Absent

C. READY-TO-EAT FOODS

Organism Limit

Salmonella Absent/25 g

Listeria monocytogenes Absent


S. aureus <100 CFU/g

D. MEAT PRODUCTS

Parameter Limit

Salmonella Absent/25 g

E. coli Very low/absent

TPC Product-specific

E. BAKERY PRODUCTS

Parameter Limit

Yeast & mold Low count acceptable

Pathogens Absent

F. FRUIT JUICES

Parameter Limit

Coliform Absent/ml

Yeast & mold Low count

4. IMPORTANT MICROBIOLOGICAL MEDIA

Media Application

Nutrient agar Total count

MacConkey agar Coliforms


Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) Yeast & mold

XLD agar Salmonella

EMB agar E. coli

5. FOODBORNE PATHOGENS & IMPORTANT VALUES

A. SALMONELLA

Feature Details

Gram reaction Gram-negative

Disease Salmonellosis

Source Poultry, eggs

FSSAI Limit

Absent in 25 g.

B. STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS

Feature Details

Produces Heat-stable toxin

Source Human handling

C. CLOSTRIDIUM BOTULINUM

Feature Details

Type Anaerobic spore former

Important in Canned foods


D. LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES

Feature Details

Psychrotrophic Grows at refrigeration temp

Important in Ready-to-eat foods

6. MICROBIAL SPOILAGE OF FOODS

Food Major Organism

Milk Lactobacillus

Bread Rhizopus

Meat Pseudomonas

Fruits Yeasts & molds

Signs of Spoilage

Defect Cause

Sourness Acid production

Slime Bacterial growth

Gas formation Fermentation

Discoloration Mold growth

7. FOOD SAFETY INDICATORS

Indicator Organisms

Used to assess:
• Hygiene

• Fecal contamination

• Process efficiency

Indicator Indicates

Coliforms Sanitation

E. coli Fecal contamination

Enterococci Water quality

8. IMPORTANT PRESERVATION CONDITIONS

Temperature Danger Zone

5-60oC

Refrigeration Temperature

0-5oC

Freezing Temperature

-18oC

Water Activity Limits

aw Organism

>0.95 Bacteria

0.88 Yeasts

0.65 Molds

<0.60 No microbial growth


9. HYGIENE & SANITATION TESTS

Swab Test

Checks:

• Surface sanitation

• Equipment cleanliness

ATP Bioluminescence Test

Measures:

• Biological residues

• Cleaning efficiency

Applications

Area Use

Dairy plant CIP validation

Meat industry Equipment hygiene

10. HACCP & MICROBIOLOGY

CCP Examples

Product CCP

Milk Pasteurization

Canned food Sterilization

Frozen food Storage temperature

Critical Limits Example


72oC for 15 sec

11. IMPORTANT CFTRI MICROBIOLOGY SHORT FORMS

Short Form Full Form

TPC Total Plate Count

SPC Standard Plate Count

APC Aerobic Plate Count

MPN Most Probable Number

CFU Colony Forming Unit

PDA Potato Dextrose Agar

HACCP Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point

GMP Good Manufacturing Practices

GHP Good Hygiene Practices

CIP Clean-In-Place

12. IMPORTANT CFTRI QUICK REVISION TABLES

Important Organisms & Foods

Organism Food

Salmonella Poultry

Listeria RTE foods

Clostridium botulinum Canned foods

Yeast Juices
Important Microbiological Limits

Product Important Limit

Pasteurized milk Coliform absent

Water E. coli absent

RTE foods Salmonella absent

Important Media

Media Organism

PDA Yeast/mold

MacConkey Coliform

EMB E. coli

13. MOST IMPORTANT CFTRI EXAM CONCEPTS

Topic Important Point

TPC Hygienic quality

Coliform Fecal contamination

Salmonella Absent in 25 g

Listeria Psychrotrophic

aw Controls microbial growth

HACCP CCP

FATTOM Microbial growth factors


14. CONCLUSION

Microbiological analysis is essential for:

• Food safety

• Shelf-life evaluation

• Regulatory compliance

• Hygienic quality assurance

Food industries use:

• TPC

• Coliform tests

• Pathogen detection

• Hygiene monitoring

along with:

• HACCP

• GMP

• GHP

• FSSAI standards

to ensure safe and high-quality food production.

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