COLLEGE OF GENERAL EDUCATION
MATH2010
Unit 1
U-Substitution
1.1 U-Substitution .............................................................................................................................................. 3
1.2 Exponential Functions .................................................................................................................................. 6
1.3 Natural Logarithms .................................................................................................................................... 10
1.4 Trigonometric Functions ............................................................................................................................ 14
Page 2 of 19
1.1 U-Substitution
Look at the following integrals:
4 x3
∫ 3x ( x + 1) dx
4
∫ 2 x x + 1 dx ∫
2 3 2
dx
( x 4 + 1)
3
Notice anything? Each expression is a function and it’s derivative.
d
f ( g ( x)) = f ' ( g ( x ) ) g ' ( x ) ∫ f '( g ( x))=
g '( x)dx f ( g ( x )) + C
dx
If the
integrand we will
is a know the
derivative integral.
If we see this pattern, we can use U-substitution to find the integral .
∫ 3x ( x + 1) dx we need to rewrite it to see the parts of the derivative
2 3 4
To integrate
Check:
PROCEDURE FOR U-SUBSTITUTION
1. Carefully define a new function, u , (it will be the inside function).
2. Find its differential, du .
3. Rewrite the original function in terms of u and du .
Page 3 of 19
E1 Find the indefinite integral ∫ 2x x 2 + 1 dx .
4 x3 dx
E2 Find the indefinite integral ∫ .
(x + 2)
4 3
Check:
Page 4 of 19
Often we will need to use a constant multiple to make the substitution work. GET GOOD AT THIS
∫x
2
( x 3 + 1) 4 dx
E3 Find the indefinite integral, confirm your result by taking the derivative
a) ∫ 10 x 2 x3 + 1 dx .
x3
b) ∫2 dx .
( x4 + 2)
3
Page 5 of 19
1.2 Exponential Functions
Natural Exponential Rule
x
For the function e , So, going backwards, we know
d x
(e ) = ∫e
x
dx =
dx
If the
we will
integrand
know the
is a
integral.
derivative
f ( x)
From the chain rule for e So:
de f ( x )
= ∫e
f ( x)
f '( x) dx =
dx
If the
integrand we will
is a know the
derivative integral.
We can use U Substitution to make the process easier.
NATURAL EXPONENTIAL RULE
We integrate functions with a natural base of e using this rule.
∫e
f ( x)
)dx e f ( x ) + C
f '( x=
Page 6 of 19
E1 Find the integral of the following functions and check your answers by differentiation.
ex 1
(a) f ( x ) = 4e x (b) f ( x ) = (c) f (t ) = et
5 3
E2 Find the integral of the following functions and check your answers by differentiation.
3
e2 x
a) f ( x ) = 4e 3x
b) f ( x ) = x2
𝑒𝑒 2
E3 Find the particular solution of the function f(x) when its curve passes through the point �1, 30�.
1
f(x) = ∫ xe5 x −3 dx
2
Page 7 of 19
General Exponential Rule – Base of Any Constant, 𝒂𝒂
x
For the function a So, we know:
da x
∫a
x
= ln(a )dx =
dx
If the
we will
integrand
know the
is a
integral.
derivative
f ( x)
From the chain rule for a So:
da f ( x )
∫a
f ( x)
= ln(a ) f '( x) dx =
dx
If the
we will
integrand
know the
is a
integral.
derivative
GENERAL EXPONENTIAL RULE
We integrate functions whose base is any constant, a using this rule.
∫a
f ( x)
)dx a f ( x ) + C
ln a f '( x=
Page 8 of 19
E3 Find the integral of the following functions.
a) ∫ 5 x ln(5)dx b) f ( x ) = 12 x
d) f ( x ) = 7 x ln(7) 2 x
2
∫x
3
2
e) ⋅ 3x dx
f) ∫ 5 x
2
+x
(4 x + 2)dx
Page 9 of 19
1.3 Natural Logarithms
d 1
We know the derivative of the natural logarithmic function, ln x =
dx x
For the antiderivative however, we need to consider the functions
1
f ( x) = f ( x) = ln x
x
SO
1
∫ x dx =
Now, for the function ln( f ( x)) So, we know:
d 1
dx
ln( f ( x)) = ∫ f ( x) f '( x)dx =
If the we will
integrand know the
is a integral.
derivative
If we see this pattern, we have a Ln function as the antiderivative .
U-substitution is still used for logarithms.
For a function that is a quotient:
6x + 6
f ( x) = 2
3x + 6 x
“Ln” RULE
If a quotient can be manipulated with u-substitution to be a function in the denominator with its
derivative in the numerator then: 1
∫ f ( x) f=
'( x)dx ln f ( x) + C
Remember: that you need to add the absolute value symbols to your integral
Page 10 of 19
E1 Find the integral of the following functions.
4 1 1
∫ x dx ∫ 11 t
−1
a) b) dt c) ∫ 3( x − 5) dx
Remember: you may need a constant multiple to make the rule work.
E2 Find the integral of the following using U substitution
2t + 1 x4
a) ∫ 2 dt b) ∫ 5 dx
3t + 3t 2x + 2
1
E3 Find the particular solution of y = ∫ dx , when x=0 and y= 2.
2x +1
Page 11 of 19
When you see a quotient, check and see if it is logarithmic!
Things to look for:
3x3 + 3x
x 4 + 3x 2 + 2 x
The quotient could use 2e 2 x + 1
other rules as well: e2 x + x
Be careful if you see a log in the denominator! We solve these a little differently. Usually, u = ln x
1
∫ x(ln x)2 dx
Page 12 of 19
E3 Simplify the following integrals if necessary and solve
x( x − 1) 2x − 2
a) ∫ 2x3
− 3x 2
dx b) ∫ ( x − 1) 2
dx
e2 x
c) ∫ x x dx
e (e + 1)
1
d) ∫ x ln( x ) dx
2
Page 13 of 19
1.4 Trigonometric Functions
We know the derivatives of the basic trigonometric functions:
d d
sin x = csc x =
dx dx
d d
cos x = sec x =
dx dx
d d
tan x = cot x =
dx dx
Working backwards from these will lead us to integrals of the most basic trigonometric functions.
BASIC TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
∫ sin x dx = ∫ csc x cot x dx =
∫ cos x dx = ∫ sec x tan x dx =
∫ sec ∫ csc
2 2
x dx = x dx =
Page 14 of 19
E1 Find the indefinite integral of each of the following.
a) ∫ 4sin ( x ) dx b) ∫ 3cos (θ ) dθ
4 sec 2 ( x) 1
∫ 5 sec( x) tan( x) + x dx
2
c) d) ∫ 3 + cos2 ( x) dx
e) ∫ sec ( 2 x ) tan ( 2 x ) dx
f) ∫ − cos (θ ) sin(θ ) dθ g) ∫ 4sec 2 ( x ) tan( x) dx
Page 15 of 19
There are other trigonometric functions whose integrals are not so obvious.
∫ tan ( x ) dx =
OTHER TRIGONOMETRIC INTEGRALS
∫ tan( x) dx = ∫ cot( x) dx =
= =
∫ sec( x) dx= ln sec( x) + tan( x) + C ∫ csc( x) dx= ln csc( x) − cot( x) + C
Note that ∫ tan(𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 and ∫ 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐( 𝑥𝑥)𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 have two
forms. Choose the one that works best for you!
Page 16 of 19
E2 Prove cot ( x ) dx
∫= ln sin ( x) + C
− ln csc ( x) + C
=
E3 Use the rules to find the following integrals
a) ∫ 4 tan ( x ) dx b) ∫ ( −3cot ( x ) − x ) dx
3
c) ∫ 3 x 2 sec ( x 3 )dx d) ∫ 9 x csc ( 3 x 2 ) dx
Page 17 of 19
For integrands we do not recognize as derivatives, some simplification, identities, or applying the
substitution method will help.
Basic Identities: You must know these
1 1 sin( x) 1
csc( x) = sec( x) = = =
cos( x)
Try rewriting with identities:
cos(θ )
∫ sin 2 (θ )dθ
Try U-Substitution:
cos(θ )
∫ sin 2 (θ )dθ
Page 18 of 19
E4 Use identities, then find the integral
cos ( 5 x )
a) ∫ cos −2 ( x ) sin ( x ) dx c) ∫ sin ( 5 x ) dx
4
E5 Use u substitution to find the particular solution of 𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) = ∫ cos 2 ( x) sin( x)dx , given that 𝑔𝑔(𝜋𝜋) = 3
Page 19 of 19