2025 April 17

NEMO AND
ROUTING MANET
( Mobile Adhoc Networks )

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WHAT IS NEMO?
🔹 NEMO: Network Mobility
NEMO refers to the movement of a whole network, not just individual nodes.
Developed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force), the main goal is to provide
continuous internet access to mobile networks. NEMO is the support for mobility of an entire
network that changes its point of attachment to the Internet. It is used to ensure that mobile
nodes inside a network (like in a bus or train) maintain continuous connectivity while the
entire network moves.

🔹 Example Scenario: Imagine a bus with Wi-Fi

all passengers are connected to the internet. As the bus moves, it changes IP address,
but the passengers should stay connected without interruption. That’s what NEMO handles.
ARCHITECTURE OF NEMO:
The NEMO architecture enables entire mobile networks to
maintain uninterrupted internet access while moving across
different networks.
It mainly consists of a Mobile Router (MR), Home Agent (HA),
and Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs).
The MR manages mobility and connects the internal mobile
network to external networks. It gets a Care-of Address (CoA) in
the visited network.
The HA resides in the home network and maintains a binding
table with the MR's current CoA.
A bidirectional tunnel is established between the HA and MR to
forward data packets.
The MNNs (laptops, sensors, etc.) behind the MR remain
unaware of the mobility—they use the MR as their gateway.
The system ensures session continuity and stable IP addressing
for MNNs even while the MR changes its point of attachment.
COMPONENTS OF NEMO
Home Agent (HA):
Forwards packets to the MR using a bidirectional tunnel.
Ensures MNNs can still be reached with their home IPs.
Mobile Router (MR):
Installed in the moving network (e.g., bus, plane).
Manages the mobility of the entire mobile network.
Obtains a CoA when connected to a new network.
Creates a tunnel to HA and routes data to/from MNNs.
Mobile Network Nodes (MNNs):
Rely on MR for internet access.
Unaware of network movement—experience stable connectivity.

Sequence of Operation:
MR gets CoA from visited network.
MR registers CoA with HA.
HA forwards traffic to MR.
MNNs communicate seamlessly as if they are stationary. 4
 Characteristics: Applications:
Network-level mobility Mobile offices and labs
Transparent to end nodes (MNNs) Vehicular communication systems
Uses tunneling via HA Disaster recovery teams
Maintains session continuity On-board internet in public transport
Based on Mobile IP concepts Remote field monitoring

Advantages:
Disadvantages:
Seamless communication for mobile
Tunneling introduces delay and overhead
networks
Sub-optimal routing via HA
No change in IP address for MNNs
Complexity in managing multiple mobile
Suitable for vehicles and mobile platforms
networks
Easy integration with existing IP
Security and authentication concerns
infrastructure
MANET Routing

In Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET), nodes do not

know the topology of their network, instead they
have to discover it by their own as the topology in
the ad-hoc network is dynamic topology. The
basic rules is that a new node whenever enters
into an ad-hoc network, must announce its arrival
and presence and should also listen to similar
announcement broadcasts made by other mobile
nodes.
 1. Pro-active routing protocols:
These are also known as table-driven routing protocols. Each mobile node maintains a separate
routing table which contains the information of the routes to all the possible destination mobile nodes.
Since the topology in the mobile ad-hoc network is dynamic, these routing tables are updated periodically as and
when the network topology changes. It has a limitation that it doesn’t work well for the large networks as the entries
in the routing table becomes too large since they need to maintain the route information to all possible nodes.

Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing Protocol (DSDV): Global State Routing (GSR):

It extends the distance vector routing protocol of the wired It extends the link state routing of the wired networks.
networks as the name suggests. It is based on the Dijkstra’s routing algorithm.
It is based on the Bellman-ford routing algorithm. Link state routing protocol was not suited for mobile ad-hoc networks
Distance vector routing protocol was not suited for mobile ad-hoc because in it, each node floods the link state routing information
networks due to count-to-infinity problem. Hence, as a solution directly into the whole network i.e. Global flooding which may lead to
Destination Sequenced Distance Vector Routing Protocol (DSDV) the congestion of control packets in the network.
came into picture. Hence, as a solution Global State Routing Protocol (GSR) came into the
Destination sequence number is added with every routing entry in picture. Global state routing doesn’t flood the link state routing packets
the routing table maintained by each node. A node will include the globally into the network. In GSR, each of the mobile node maintains one
new update in the table only if the entry consists of the new updated list and three tables namely, adjacency list, topology table, next hop table
route to the destination with higher sequence number. and distance table.

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2. Reactive routing protocols:
These are also known as on-demand routing protocol. In this type of routing,
the route is discovered only when it is required/needed. The process of route discovery occurs by flooding the
route request packets throughout the mobile network. It consists of two major phases namely, route
discovery and route maintenance..

Dynamic Source Routing protocol (DSR): Ad-Hoc On Demand Vector Routing protocol (AODV):
In this type of routing, the route is discovered only when it is It is an extension of dynamic source routing protocol (DSR) and it
required/needed. The process of route discovery occurs by helps to remove the disadvantage of dynamic source routing
flooding the route request packets throughout the mobile protocol. In DSR, after route discovery, when the source mobile
network. In this protocol, Source node stores the complete node sends the data packet to the destination mobile node, it also
path information and intermediate nodes do not need to contains the complete path in its header. Hence, as the network size
maintain routing information. It consists of two phases: increases, the length of the complete path also increases and the
Route Discovery: This phase determines the most optimal data packet’s header size also increases which makes the whole
path for the transmission of data packets between the source network slow.
and the destination mobile nodes. Hence, Ad-Hoc On Demand Vector Routing protocol came as
Route Maintenance: This phase performs the maintenance solution to it. The main difference lies in the way of storing the path,
work of the route as the topology in the mobile ad-hoc in AODV Sourcenode does not stores complete path information,
network is dynamic in nature and hence, there are many instead of that each not stores information of its previous and next
cases of link breakage resulting in the network failure node. It also operates in two phases: Route discovery and Route
between the mobile nodes. maintenance

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3. Hybrid Routing protocol:
It basically combines the advantages of both, reactive and pro-active routing protocols.
These protocols are adaptive in nature and adapts according to the zone and position of the source and
destination mobile nodes. One of the most popular hybrid routing protocol is Zone Routing Protocol
(ZRP).

The whole network is divided into different zones and then the position of source and destination mobile
node is observed. If the source and destination mobile nodes are present in the same zone, then proactive
routing is used for the transmission of the data packets between them. And if the source and destination
mobile nodes are present in different zones, then reactive routing is used for the transmission of the data
packets between them.

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Characteristics of MANET Routing Protocol:
To avoid the problems with routing in MANET, routing protocols should have following characteristics:
It should be widely distributed.
It must be localized.
Because of nodes mobility, it should be adjustable to frequent change in topology.
It must be free of impermeable routes.
The convergence of routes must be fast.
Each node in the network should be required to store information about the network’s stable local topology.
It should be able to provide high-quality service.

Characteristics of MANET:
Dynamic Topologies: Network topology which is typically multihop may change randomly and rapidly with time, it can
form unidirectional or bi-directional links.
Bandwidth constrained, variable capacity links: Wireless links usually have lower reliability, efficiency, stability, and
capacity as compared to a wired network
Autonomous Behavior: Each node can act as a host and router, which shows its autonomous behavior.
Energy Constrained Operation: As some or all the nodes rely on batteries or other exhaustible means for their energy.
Mobile nodes are characterized by less memory, power, and lightweight features.
Limited Security: Wireless networks are more prone to security threats. A centralized firewall is absent due to the
distributed nature of the operation for security, routing, and host configuration.
Less Human Intervention: They require minimum human intervention to configure the network, therefore they are
dynamically autonomous in nature.
Advantages of MANET Criteria for Routing Protocols:
Separation from central network administration. Minimum overhead
Each node can play both the roles ie. of router and host showing Quick route discovery
autonomous nature. Route stability
Self-configuring and self-healing nodes do not require human Load balancing
intervention.
Highly scalable and suits the expansion of more network hub
Applications of MANET
Disadvantages of MANET Military and Defense Operations
Resources are limited due to various constraints like noise, interference
Healthcare
conditions, etc. Sensor Networks
Lack of authorization facilities Wireless Sensor Networks
More prone to attacks due to limited physical security. Internet of Things (IoT)
High latency i.e. There is a huge delay in the transfer of data between two
sleeping nodes.

Summary and Conclusion

MANET: Supports dynamic, node-level mobility.
NEMO: Supports seamless network-level mobility.
Integration Benefits: Robust, flexible, and scalable communication.
Ongoing Research: To optimize performance, security, and scalability.
 Feature MANET NEMO

Mobility Type Node-level Network-level

Infrastructure No centralized infra Requires MR and HA

Routing Every node participates MR manages routing

Centralized routing
Complexity High (distributed)
management

Public transport,
Ideal Use Cases Tactical networks, IoT
aviation