CHAPTER
CONTENT
CONTENTS
Preview
2-1 Expressing past time: the simple past
2-2 Spelling of –ing and –ed forms
2-3 The principal parts of a verb
2-4 Common irregular verbs: a reference list
2-5 Regular verbs: pronunciation of –ed endings
2-6 Simple past and past progressive
2-7 Expressing past time: using time clauses
2-8 Expressing past habit: used to
1
CHAPTER
CONTENT
CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
2
CHAPTER
CONTENT
CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PRESENT TENSE
3
CHAPTER
CONTENT
CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW
Alada rides the bus to work.
Yesterday it rained and her clothes got wet.
Today she is taking extra clothes to work.
PRESENT TENSE
PAST TENSE
4
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
We graduated from college in 2010.
5
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied for six hours last night.
6
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(a) Our family ate lunch outside yesterday.
(b) Adrianna studied for six hours last night.
activities or situations
SIMPLE PAST began and ended in the past
(yesterday, last night, in 2007)
7
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(c) They watched the movie last night.
(d) Alexandra answered the question yesterday.
watch + ed = watched
answer + ed = answered
8
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
9
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(e) We slept in tents at camp last summer.
(f) I understood most of the directions yesterday.
Irregular past:
sleep slept
understand understood
eat ate
10
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
(g) I was a lifeguard last summer.
(h) They were in Belgium last month.
Simple past forms of be was and were
11
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
REGULAR VERBS
STATEMENT I-You-She-He-It-We-They started
school last week.
NEGATIVE I-You-She-He-It-We-They did not start
school last week.
12
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
REGULAR VERBS
QUESTION Did I-you-she-he-it-we-they start
school last week?
SHORT Yes, I-you-she-he-it-we-they did.
ANSWER No, I-you-she-he-it-we-they didn’t.
13
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
BE- VERB
STATEMENT I-She-He-It was home last week.
We-You-They were home last week.
NEGATIVE I-She-He-It was not home last week.
We-You-They were not home last week.
14
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: THE SIMPLE PAST
BE- VERB
QUESTION Was I-she-he-it home last week?
Were we-you-they home last week?
SHORT Yes, I-she-he-it was.
ANSWER Yes, we-you-they were.
No, I-she-he-it- wasn’t.
No, we-you-they weren’t.
15
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-1 LET’S PRACTICE
They were at the movies last
?
night at 8:00.
is
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
They _______
weren’t at the movies last night at
8:00.
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
They were
____ at the grocery store last night at
8:00. 16
CHAPTER
2-1 LET’S PRACTICE CONTENT
This airplane was made
in 1625.?
1943 is
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
wasn’t made in 1625.
This airplane ______
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
This airplane was
___ made in 1943.
17
CHAPTER
2-1 LET’S PRACTICE CONTENT
Did Carla get a bad grade
on her test?
ge ?
t
NEGATIVE STATEMENT:
Carla ________
didn’t get a bad grade on her test.
ACCURATE, AFFIRMATIVE STATEMENT:
Carla ________
got an excellent grade on her
test.
18
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
We are learning to speak English.
19
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
-e NO
smiling
(a) smile
smiled
hoped
hope
hoping
-ing form: drop -e, add -ing
-ed form: add -d
20
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Consonants NO
helping
(b) help
helped
learned
learn
learning
Two consonants
add -ing
add -ed
21
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
Two Vowels NO
+ One Consonant
raining
(c) rain
rained
heated
heat
heating
Two vowels + one consonant
add -ing
add -ed
22
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
ONE-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel YES
+ One Consonant
stopping
(d) stopped
stop
planned
plan
planning
Double the consonant and
add -ing
add -ed
23
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel NO
+ One Consonant
visiting
(e) visited
vis it
offered
offer
offering
First syllable stressed add -ing
add -ed
24
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
TWO-SYLLABLE VERBS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
One Vowel YES
+ One Consonant
(f) prefer preferring preferred
admit admitting admitted
Second syllable stressed, add -ing
double the consonant add -ed
25
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
-y NO
(g) play playing played
enjoy enjoying enjoyed
vowel + -y keep the -y
26
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB DOUBLE THE CONSONANT?
-y NO
(h) worry worrying worried
study studying studied
consonant + -y -y + -ing
-i + -ed
-y
27
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 SPELLING OF –ING AND –ED FORMS
END OF VERB
-ie
(i) die dying died
tie tying tied
-ie -y + -ing
add -d
28
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 LET’S PRACTICE
rain
-ING form raining
________
-ED form ________
rained
29
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 LET’S PRACTICE
study
-ING form studying
_________
-ED form _________
studied
30
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-2 LET’S PRACTICE
-ING form lying
_____
lie
-ED form _____
lied
Please don’t
lie to me!
31
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
They became friends.
32
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE FORM
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finish see
hope sing
try go
Simple Form
No final –s, –ed, or –ing
33
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
SIMPLE PAST
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished saw
hoped sang
tried went
Simple Past
–ed for regular verbs
34
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PAST PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finished seen
hoped sung
tried gone
Past Participle
–ed for regular verbs
perfect tenses & passive
35
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-3 THE PRINCIPAL PARTS OF A VERB
PRESENT PARTICIPLE
Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs
finishing seeing
hoping singing
trying going
Present Participle
–ing for all verbs
used with progressive tenses
36
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
Somebody spent all my money.
37
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: awake
SIMPLE PAST: awoke
PAST PARTICIPLE: awoken
38
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: forget
SIMPLE PAST: forgot
PAST PARTICIPLE: forgotten
39
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: shave
SIMPLE PAST: shaved
PAST PARTICIPLE: shaved/shaven
40
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS:
A REFERENCE LIST
SIMPLE FORM: throw
SIMPLE PAST: threw
PAST PARTICIPLE: thrown
41
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM: give
SIMPLE PAST: gave
_____
PAST PARTICIPLE: given
_____
42
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM: sit
SIMPLE PAST: sat
___
PAST PARTICIPLE: sat
___
43
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-4 LET’S PRACTICE
SIMPLE FORM: read
SIMPLE PAST: read
_______
read
PAST PARTICIPLE: _______
44
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
She talked to me for an hour.
talk/t/
talked
45
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
k = talk/t/
(a) talked
pp = stop/t/
stopped
hissed = hiss/t/
watched = watch/t/
washed = wash/t/
voiceless sound + -ed /t/
examples: /k/, /p/
46
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
(a) talked = talk/t/
stopped = stop/t/
ss = hiss/t/
hissed
watchedch = watch/t/
washedsh = wash/t/
voiceless sound + -ed /t/
examples: /k/, /p/, /s/, /ch/, /sh/
47
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
ll = call/d/
(b) called
n = rain/d/
rained
lived = live/d/
robbed = rob/d/
stayed = stay/d/
voiced sound + -ed /d/
examples: /l/, /n/
48
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
(b) called = call/d/
rained = rain/d/
v = live/d/
lived
bb = rob/d/
robbed
stayedy = stay/d/
voiced sound + -ed /d/
examples: /l/, /n/, /v/, /b/, all vowel sounds
49
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 REGULAR VERBS: PRONUNCIATION OF –ED
ENDINGS
t = wait / d/
(c) waited e
d = need / d/
needed e
“t” or “d” + -ed / d/
e
50
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
1. /t/
?
behave__
2. /d/
3. /
e
d/
behaved
51
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
1. /t/
behave__
/d/
2. /d/
3. /
e
d/
behaved
52
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
1. /t/
?
plant___ 2. /d/
3. /
e
d/
planted
53
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-5 LET’S PRACTICE
1. /t/
plant___
/ d/e
2. /d/
3. /
e
d/
planted
54
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
He ran to work yesterday.
He was running when the bus drove by.
55
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE SIMPLE PAST
X
(a) Edgar ran to work yesterday.
(b) Pat drove to work this morning.
began and ended at
particular
time in the past
56
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
X X
(c) Edgar was running when the bus drove
by.
(d) They were eating when I got home.
in progress
was/were + -ing
57
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
THE PAST PROGRESSIVE
X X
(e) When the bus drove by, Edgar was
running.
(f) The bus drove by while Edgar was
running.
when = at that time
while = during that time
58
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
STATEMENT I-She-He-It was talking.
You-We-They were talking.
NEGATIVE I-She-He-It was not talking.
wasn’t talking.
You-We-They were not talking.
weren’t talking.
59
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 SIMPLE PAST AND PAST PROGRESSIVE
QUESTION Was I-she-he-it talking ?
Were you-we-they talking ?
SHORT Yes, I-she-he-it was.
ANSWER No, I-she-he-it wasn’t.
Yes, you-we-they were.
No, you-we-they weren’t.
60
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 LET’S PRACTICE
walk
were walking
Yesterday, the camels ___________
in the desert.
61
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 LET’S PRACTICE
At 8:00, we began to work.
work
were working
At 8:30, we ____________.
62
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-6 LET’S PRACTICE
wait
was waiting for the bus.
Marie __________ OR
wait, not
wasn’t waiting for a
Marie _____________
plane.
63
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
Our son called while we were using
the computer.
64
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
time clause main clause
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
main clause time clause
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(a) time clause main clause
65
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
time clause main clause
(a) After I exercised, I took a shower.
main clause time clause
(b) I took a shower after I exercised.
(b) main clause time clause
66
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(c) I took a shower after I exercised.
(d) Before I took a shower, I exercised.
after
before
until subject a time
+ =
as soon as and verb clause
while
when
67
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(e) I exercised until I took a shower.
(f) As soon as I exercised, I took a shower.
until = to that time and no longer
as soon as = immediately after
68
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(g) Mary came home while I was studying.
(h) When Mary came home, I was studying.
main clause + comma + time clause
time clause + comma + main clause
69
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(i) When I rang the doorbell, it played music.
First: I rang the doorbell
Then: it played music
when allows simple past
in both clauses
70
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 EXPRESSING PAST TIME: USING TIME CLAUSES
(j) She was learning to ski while he was
playing golf.
two actions at the same time
past progressive okay in
both
71
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 LET’S PRACTICE
attend
work
were working our children
While we ___________,
were attending school.
____________
72
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 LET’S PRACTICE
fall
asleep
read
Lynn _________
fell asleep while she __________
was reading
a book.
73
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-7 LET’S PRACTICE
First: I went shopping.
Then: I put the food away.
I went shopping I put the food away
After _____________,
________________.
I put the food away after I went shopping
________________
______________.
74
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
He used to be a baby, but now he is
man with a family.
75
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(a) I used to swim every afternoon.
Now I work in the afternoon.
(b) Fatima used to play piano, but now
she plays the violin.
(c) Jasmine used to laugh, but she
doesn’t anymore.
used to past situations
no longer exist
used to + simple form of a verb
76
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(d) Did you used to swim every afternoon?
(OR Did you use to swim every afternoon?)
did + subject + used to
(OR did + subject + use to)
77
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 EXPRESSING PAST HABIT: USED TO
(e) I didn’t used to swim every day, but
now I swim every afternoon.
(f) Fatima never used to love school, but
now she loves it.
For negative ideas,
never is more common.
78
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Correct?
The children used to swam in the ocean.
79
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Correct? No
The
The children
children used
used to
to swam
swim in
inthe
theocean.
ocean.
80
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Correct?
Were you used to ask questions in school?
81
CHAPTER
CONTENT
2-8 LET’S PRACTICE
Correct? No
Were
Did you used to ask questions in school?
82
CHAPTER
CONTENT
PHOTO CREDITS
Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education and
its licensors. All rights reserved.
Images used under license from:
• Shutterstock, Inc.
• Clipart, Inc.
83