🧬 BIOLOGY
🌱 CELL – FUNDAMENTAL UNIT OF LIFE
1. Why is cell called structural & functional unit?
All living organisms are made of cells and all life activities occur inside cells.
2. Plant cell vs. animal cell
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell wall present No cell wall
Chloroplast present No chloroplast
Large vacuole Small vacuole
3. Functions of cell membrane
• Protects cell
• Controls entry & exit of substances
• Selectively permeable
4. Osmosis
Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from high water concentration to low
concentration.
5. Diffusion
Movement of particles from high concentration to low concentration.
6. Function of nucleus
• Controls cell activities
• Contains DNA
• Helps in growth & reproduction
7. Functions of mitochondria
Produces ATP energy for the cell; called powerhouse.
8. Hypotonic, hypertonic & isotonic solutions
Hypotonic → cell gains water
Hypertonic → cell loses water
Isotonic → no change
🌿 TISSUES
9. What is a tissue?
Group of similar cells performing a specific function.
10. Meristematic tissue
• Actively dividing cells
• helps plant growth
• found at tips
11. Permanent tissue
• Cells stop dividing
• perform specific function
12. Xylem functions
• transports water & minerals
• provides support
13. Phloem functions
Transports food throughout plant.
14. Epithelial tissue functions
• Protection
• Absorption & secretion
15. Muscle tissue types
Skeletal (voluntary)
Smooth (involuntary)
Cardiac (heart)
🌾 IMPROVEMENT IN FOOD RESOURCES
16. Crop rotation
Growing different crops alternately to maintain soil fertility.
17. Manure vs fertilizer
Manure organic improves soil; fertilizer chemical high nutrients.
18. Irrigation methods
Sprinkler and drip irrigation save water.
19. Animal husbandry
Care & breeding of livestock for useful products.
20. Organic farming advantages
Eco-friendly and improves soil health.
⚗️CHEMISTRY
MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS
21. Define matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space.
22. Characteristics of particles of matter
• have space
• Move continuously
• attract each other
23. Solids vs liquids vs gases
Solid → fixed shape
Liquid → flow
Gas → highly compressible
24. Evaporation
Liquid changing into vapour below boiling point.
25. Factors affecting evaporation
Temperature, surface area, humidity, wind speed.
26. Boiling vs evaporation
Boiling occurs at fixed temperature; evaporation occurs at any temperature.
IS MATTER AROUND US PURE
27. Mixture vs compound
Mixture → physical combination
Compound → chemical combination
28. Homogeneous vs heterogeneous mixture
Homogeneous uniform; heterogeneous non-uniform.
29. Solution
Homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.
30. Suspension
Particles visible and settle down.
31. Colloid
Particles do not settle and scatter light.
32. Saturated solution
Cannot dissolve more solute at given temperature.
33. Physical change
No new substance formed.
34. Chemical change
New substance formed.
35. Rusting
Iron reacts with oxygen & moisture forming iron oxide.
36. Separation methods
Filtration, evaporation, chromatography.
⚙️PHYSICS
MOTION
37. Distance vs displacement
Distance total path; displacement shortest path.
38. Speed vs velocity
Speed scalar; velocity has direction.
39. Uniform motion
Equal distances in equal intervals.
40. Non-uniform motion
Unequal distances in equal intervals.
41. Acceleration
Rate of change of velocity (m/s²).
42. Equation of motion
V = u + at
43. Distance-time graph
Slope represents speed.
44. Velocity-time graph
Slope represents acceleration.
FORCE & LAWS
45. Inertia
Resistance to change in motion.
46. Newton’s First Law
Body remains at rest or motion unless force acts.
47. Newton’s Second Law
Force = mass × acceleration.
48. Newton’s Third Law
Every action has equal & opposite reaction.
49. Balanced vs unbalanced force
Balanced → no change
Unbalanced → changes motion
WORK & ENERGY
50. Work
Work = Force × Distance
51. Energy
Capacity to do work.
52. Kinetic energy
Energy due to motion.
53. Potential energy
Energy due to position.
54. Pressure
Force per unit area.
55. Gravitational force
Force by which earth attracts objects.
⭐ EXTRA 15 HIGH-SCORING QUESTIONS
56. Why mitochondria called powerhouse?
They produce ATP energy.
57. Define protoplasm
Living substance of cell.
58. Function of chloroplast
Photosynthesis.
59. Why evaporation causes cooling?
High energy particles escape taking heat away.
60. Latent heat
Heat absorbed without temperature change.
61. Law of conservation of mass
Mass neither created nor destroyed.
62. Define atom
Smallest unit of element.
63. Why do we sweat?
Evaporation cools the body.
64. SI unit of force & work
Force: Newton
Work: Joule
65. Difference between KE & PE
KE motion; PE position
.66. Up thrust
Upward force exerted by fluids.
67. Why bones are strong?
Presence of calcium salts.
68. Why smell spreads faster in hot air?
Particles move faster at high temperature.
69. Example of chemical change
Burning paper forms new substances.
70. Why plants appear green?
Chlorophyll reflects green light.
📘 SECTION A – 1 MARK ANSWERS
1. Define diffusion.
Diffusion is the movement of particles from a region of high concentration to low concentration.
2. What is inertia?
Inertia is the tendency of an object to resist any change in its state of motion or rest.
3. Powerhouse of the cell
Mitochondria
4. Define tissue.
A tissue is a group of similar cells that perform a specific function.
5. SI unit of force
Newton (N)
6. What is evaporation?
Evaporation is the change of liquid into vapor at any temperature below its boiling point.
7. One function of xylem
Xylem transports water and minerals from roots to leaves.
8. Define velocity.
Velocity is speed in a specific direction.
9. What is a solution?
A solution is a homogeneous mixture of solute and solvent.
10. Gas essential for photosynthesis
Carbon dioxide.
📘 SECTION B – 2 MARK ANSWERS
11. Differences between plant & animal cells
Plant Cell Animal Cell
Cell wall present No cell wall
Chloroplast present No chloroplast
12. What is osmosis?
Osmosis is the movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a region of higher
water concentration to lower water concentration.
13. Define acceleration.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.
SI unit: m/s²
14. Newton’s First Law
An object remains at rest or in uniform motion unless acted upon by an external force.
15. Two characteristics of particles of matter
• They have spaces between them
• They are in constant motion
16. What is manure?
Manure is an organic substance obtained from decomposition of plant and animal waste used to
improve soil fertility.
17. Define work.
Work is done when a force moves an object through a distance.
Work = Force × Distance
18. Homogeneous mixture
A mixture with uniform composition throughout.
19. Two functions of epithelial tissue
• Protects body parts
• Helps in absorption and secretion
20. What is chlorophyll?
Chlorophyll is the green pigment in plants that helps in photosynthesis.
📘 SECTION C – 3 MARK ANSWERS
21. Speed vs Velocity
Speed:
• Distance covered per unit time
• Scalar quantity
Velocity:
• Displacement per unit time
• Has direction (vector)
22. Factors affecting evaporation
• Surface area
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Wind speed
23. Meristematic tissue
• Cells divide continuously
• Responsible for plant growth
• Found at root and shoot tips
24. Mixtures vs Compounds
Mixture:
• Physical combination
• Variable composition
• Can be separated physically
Compound:
• Chemical combination
• Fixed composition
• Cannot be separated physically
⸻
25. Force and its effects
Force is a push or pull.
Effects:
• Changes shape
• Changes speed
• Changes direction
📘 SECTION D – 5 MARK ANSWERS
26. Draw and label a plant cell
(Practice drawing: cell wall, nucleus, chloroplast, vacuole)
27. Newton’s Laws of Motion
First Law: Object stays at rest or motion unless force acts.
Example: Passenger falls forward when bus stops.
Second Law: Force = mass × acceleration (F = ma)
Example: Pushing heavier object needs more force.
Third Law: Every action has equal and opposite reaction.
Example: Gun recoil.
28. Xylem and Phloem
Xylem:
• transports water and minerals
• provides support
Phloem:
• transports food
• Movement in both directions
29. Physical vs Chemical Changes
Physical Change:
• No new substance
• Reversible
Example: melting ice
Chemical Change:
• New substance formed
• Irreversible
Example: rusting iron
30. Work and Energy
Work = Force × Distance
Energy = ability to do work
Types of energy:
• Kinetic energy (motion)
• Potential energy (position)
📘 SECTION E – NUMERICALS
31. Speed
Distance = 100 m
Time = 20 s
Speed = Distance ÷ Time
= 100 ÷ 20
= 5 m/s
32. Work done
Force = 10 N
Distance = 5 m
Work = F × d
= 10 × 5
= 50 Joules