SUBJECT 1: PHARMACEUTICS (ER20-11P)

Full Marks: 80 | Time: 3 Hours

PART A – SYNOPSIS QUESTION

Q1(a). Define Colouring Agent and Flavouring Agent

Colouring Agents
Colouring agents are substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to impart or enhance colour.
They improve the aesthetic appeal of dosage forms, aid in identification, and help prevent
counterfeiting of medicines.

Classification of Colouring Agents

Type Examples Use
Natural Colours Caramel, Chlorophyll, Turmeric Natural origin, generally safe
Synthetic (Certified) Tartrazine, Amaranth, Sunset Yellow FDA/IP approved artificial dyes
Dyes
Inorganic Pigments Iron oxides, Titanium dioxide Used in tablet coating

Flavouring Agents
Flavouring agents are substances added to pharmaceutical preparations to improve taste and odour,
thereby enhancing patient compliance, especially in paediatric formulations. They mask the bitter,
salty, or unpleasant taste of active ingredients.

Classification of Flavouring Agents

Type Examples Taste Masked
Natural Flavours Peppermint, Lemon, Orange oil General bitterness
Synthetic Flavours Vanillin, Ethyl vanillin Bitter taste
Sweeteners (co- Sucrose, Saccharin, Aspartame Salty/metallic taste
agents)

Note: Both colouring and flavouring agents must be pharmaceutically approved and non-toxic at
concentrations used.

Q1(b). Five Salient Features of the 8th Edition of Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP 2018)

The 8th Edition of the Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP 2018), published by the Indian Pharmacopoeia
Commission (IPC), Ghaziabad, includes the following salient features:
1. New Monographs Added: IP 2018 includes over 300 new monographs including essential
medicines, biologicals, and herbal preparations, expanding coverage significantly compared to the
7th edition.
2. Harmonization with International Standards: Many monographs were harmonized with WHO
International Pharmacopoeia, European Pharmacopoeia (Ph. Eur), and British Pharmacopoeia (BP)
to align Indian drug standards globally.
3. Inclusion of Biotechnology/Biological Products: Dedicated sections for vaccines, blood products,
immunosera, and biosimilars were added, reflecting the growing importance of biopharmaceuticals.
4. Updated General Chapters: Several general chapters on analytical methods, microbiological
examination, and pharmaceutical standards were updated with modern instrumental techniques such
as HPLC and atomic absorption spectroscopy.
5. Separate Volume for Herbal Drugs: A dedicated volume for herbal monographs (including
Ayurvedic and traditional medicines) was included to regulate quality standards of herbal raw
materials and finished formulations.
PART B – EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1: Preparation of Lugol's Solution (50 mL)

Aim: To prepare 50 mL of Lugol's Solution (Strong Iodine Solution IP).

Definition: Lugol's solution is a strong iodine solution containing Iodine and Potassium Iodide in
water.

Requirements
Ingredient Standard (per 100 mL) For 50 mL
Iodine 5g 2.5 g
Potassium Iodide (KI) 10 g 5.0 g
Purified Water (q.s.) 100 mL 50 mL

Procedure
1. Weigh 5.0 g of Potassium Iodide accurately on a weighing balance and transfer to a clean beaker.
2. Add a small amount (about 5–10 mL) of purified water to the KI and stir to dissolve completely. KI
acts as a solubilizing agent for iodine.
3. Accurately weigh 2.5 g of iodine and add to the KI solution. Stir continuously until all iodine
dissolves completely. The solution turns deep brown.
4. Transfer the solution to a 50 mL measuring cylinder. Rinse the beaker with small amounts of
purified water and add washings to the cylinder.
5. Make up the volume to 50 mL with purified water. Mix well.
6. Filter if necessary and transfer to a properly labelled amber-coloured bottle.

Labelling: Lugol's Solution IP | Quantity: 50 mL | For External/Internal Use as directed | Keep away
from heat and light
Storage: Store in a cool, dark place in a tightly closed amber-coloured bottle.
Uses: Used as antiseptic, in thyroid disorders, and as a reagent for starch detection.

Experiment 1 (OR): Preparation of Castor Oil Emulsion

Aim: To prepare a stable O/W emulsion of Castor Oil.

Requirements
Ingredient Quantity Purpose
Castor Oil 30 mL Oil phase (active)
Acacia (Gum Arabic) 15 g Emulsifying agent
Purified Water q.s. to 100 mL Aqueous phase
Cinnamon water / Flavour q.s. Flavouring agent
Procedure (Dry Gum / Continental Method)
1. Take 15 g of acacia powder (dry gum) in a dry mortar and pestle.
2. Add 30 mL castor oil gradually and triturate to mix thoroughly.
3. Add 15 mL of water all at once and triturate vigorously until a click sound is heard and a creamy
white primary emulsion is formed.
4. Transfer the primary emulsion to a measuring cylinder. Add flavouring agent and make up volume
to 100 mL with purified water.
5. Shake well, transfer to an amber bottle and label properly.
Uses: Castor oil emulsion is used as a laxative for relieving constipation.

Experiment 2: Preparation of Calamine Lotion (30 mL)

Aim: To prepare 30 mL of Calamine Lotion IP.

Requirements (for 30 mL)

Ingredient Per 100 mL (IP) For 30 mL
Calamine 15 g 4.5 g
Zinc Oxide 5g 1.5 g
Bentonite 3g 0.9 g
Sodium Citrate 0.5 g 0.15 g
Liquefied Phenol 0.5 mL 0.15 mL
Glycerin 5 mL 1.5 mL
Purified Water (q.s.) 100 mL 30 mL

Procedure
1. Weigh all ingredients accurately as per the calculated quantity for 30 mL.
2. Dissolve sodium citrate in a small amount of purified water.
3. Mix calamine and zinc oxide in a mortar. Add glycerin and triturate to form a smooth paste.
4. Add the sodium citrate solution and mix well.
5. Disperse bentonite in the remaining water with stirring. Add this to the paste with continuous
mixing.
6. Add liquefied phenol and mix.
7. Transfer to a measuring cylinder and make up to 30 mL with purified water.
8. Transfer to a suitable bottle, label as 'Shake Well Before Use'.
Uses: Used externally for soothing skin irritation, itching, rashes, and mild sunburn.

Experiment 2 (OR): Preparation of Simple Syrup (50 mL)

Aim: To prepare 50 mL of Simple Syrup IP (Syrupus Simplex).
Composition: Sucrose 66.7% w/w in purified water.
Procedure
1. Weigh approximately 33.3 g of refined sucrose.
2. Heat 20 mL of purified water in a beaker to about 70–80°C.
3. Add sucrose to hot water gradually with stirring until completely dissolved.
4. Do not boil the syrup to avoid inversion of sucrose.
5. Add a few drops of purified water to compensate evaporation loss. Cool and transfer to a
graduated cylinder.
6. Make up to 50 mL with purified water. Transfer to a labelled bottle.
Uses: Used as a vehicle/base for oral liquid preparations and as a flavoured sweetening agent.
 SUBJECT 2: PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY (ER20-12P)
Full Marks: 80 | Time: 3 Hours

PART A – SYNOPSIS QUESTION

Q1(a). Define Accuracy, Precision, and Significant Figures

Accuracy
Accuracy is the degree of closeness of a measured value to the true or accepted value. It indicates
how correct a measurement is.
Example: If the true concentration of a solution is 10.0 mg/mL and the measured value is 9.98
mg/mL, the measurement is highly accurate.

Precision
Precision is the degree of agreement among repeated measurements under identical conditions. It
indicates reproducibility but does not guarantee accuracy.
Example: If repeated measurements give 9.50, 9.51, 9.49 mg/mL (consistent but different from 10.0),
the method is precise but not accurate.

Feature Accuracy Precision

Definition Closeness to true value Consistency of repeated results
True value needed? Yes No
Can be independent? No (needs precision) Yes (without accuracy)

Significant Figures
Significant figures (sig figs) are the meaningful digits in a number that contribute to its precision. They
include all certain digits plus one estimated digit.

Rules for Significant Figures:

• All non-zero digits are significant. (e.g., 4.56 has 3 sig figs)
• Zeros between non-zero digits are significant. (e.g., 4.506 has 4 sig figs)
• Leading zeros are NOT significant. (e.g., 0.0023 has 2 sig figs)
• Trailing zeros after a decimal point are significant. (e.g., 4.50 has 3 sig figs)
• In multiplication/division: round to the fewest sig figs in the calculation.
• In addition/subtraction: round to the fewest decimal places.

Q1(b). Define Complexometric Titration

Complexometric titration (also called Chelatometry) is a form of volumetric analysis in which a metal
ion in solution is titrated with a standard solution of a complexing agent (chelating agent) to form a
stable, soluble complex.
Principle: The chelating agent EDTA (Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) forms 1:1 stable complexes
with metal ions. At the endpoint, the indicator changes colour, indicating complete complexation.
Common Agent Used: EDTA (Disodium salt) — Na₂EDTA

Key Terms
Term Explanation
Chelating Agent EDTA — forms multiple bonds with a single metal ion
Metal Ion Indicator Eriochrome Black T (EBT), Murexide — changes colour at endpoint
Buffer Ammonia buffer (pH 10) used to maintain optimum pH
Endpoint Colour change from wine-red to blue (with EBT indicator)

Pharmaceutical Application: Used in IP to assay calcium, magnesium, zinc, and other metal-
containing preparations (e.g., Calcium Gluconate, Zinc Sulphate).
PART B – EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1: Limit Test for Chloride
Aim: To perform the limit test for chloride as per IP.
Principle: Chloride ions react with Silver Nitrate in acidic medium (dilute HNO₂) to form a white
turbidity or precipitate of Silver Chloride (AgCl), which is compared with a standard.

Reagents Required
• Dilute Nitric Acid (HNO₂) – to acidify the solution
• Silver Nitrate Solution (AgNO₂) – 0.1 M
• Standard Chloride Solution – contains 10 ppm Cl⁻
• Distilled Water

Procedure
1. CONTROL (Standard): Pipette a calculated volume of Standard Chloride Solution (containing 50
μg Cl⁻ for 50 ppm limit) into a Nessler cylinder. Add 10 mL of dilute HNO₃ . Add 1 mL of AgNO ₃
solution and make up to 50 mL with water.
2. TEST: Dissolve/dilute the test substance to 50 mL in a Nessler cylinder. Add 10 mL of dilute HNO₂
and 1 mL of AgNO₂ solution. Make up to 50 mL with water.
3. Allow both to stand for 5 minutes.
4. Compare the turbidity produced in both cylinders viewed down the axis against a dark background.
Observation: The turbidity in the test tube should NOT be greater than the standard.
Result: The substance passes the limit test for chloride if turbidity is ≤ standard.

Experiment 1 (OR): Limit Test for Iron

Aim: To perform the limit test for Iron (Fe) as per IP.
Principle: Iron in the ferric state reacts with Thioglycolic acid in alkaline medium (ammoniacal) to
form a pink-red complex. The intensity is compared with a standard iron solution.

Procedure
1. CONTROL (Standard): Pipette 2 mL of Standard Iron Solution (10 ppm Fe) into a Nessler cylinder.
Add 2 mL of Citric Acid solution and 0.1 mL of Thioglycolic acid. Mix and make alkaline with ammonia
solution. Dilute to 10 mL.
2. TEST: Dissolve the sample as directed. Add 2 mL citric acid and 0.1 mL thioglycolic acid. Make
alkaline with ammonia and dilute to 10 mL.
3. Allow both tubes to stand for 5 minutes and compare the pink colour.
Result: The colour in the test solution should NOT be greater than that in the standard.

Experiment 2: Quantitative Analysis of Bicarbonate Ion

Aim: To determine the amount of bicarbonate (HCO₂⁻ ) ion by acid-base titration.
Principle: Bicarbonate ions are titrated with standard HCl. The reaction is: NaHCO₃ + HCl → NaCl +
H₂O + CO₂. Methyl orange or Methyl red is used as indicator. Endpoint: yellow to orange-red.
Procedure
1. Accurately weigh about 0.1 g of sample (Sodium Bicarbonate) and dissolve in water.
2. Titrate with 0.1 M HCl using Methyl Orange indicator.
3. The endpoint is change of colour from yellow to orange-red.
4. Record the volume of HCl consumed (V mL).
5. Calculate: Amount of NaHCO₂ = V × M × Mol. Wt. of NaHCO₂ (84.01 g/mol)

Experiment 2 (OR): Quantitative Analysis of Chloride Ion

Aim: To determine chloride ion by argentometric titration (Mohr's method).
Principle: Cl⁻ is titrated with standard AgNO₃ . AgCl (white ppt) forms first, then at endpoint,
AgCrO₂ (brick-red precipitate) forms with chromate indicator.

Procedure
1. Dissolve NaCl sample in water. Add 1 mL of potassium chromate (K₂CrO₂) as indicator.
2. Titrate with standard 0.1 M AgNO₂ from a burette.
3. Endpoint: Permanent brick-red precipitate of Ag₂CrO₂.
4. Calculate: Amount of Cl⁻ = V × M × 35.45 mg
 SUBJECT 3: PHARMACOGNOSY (ER20-13P)
Full Marks: 80 | Time: 3 Hours

PART A – SYNOPSIS QUESTION

Q1(a). Methods of Evaluation of Crude Drugs
Evaluation of crude drugs ensures their identity, purity, and quality. Various methods are used:

1. Organoleptic Evaluation
Examination using sense organs — colour, odour, taste, texture, and size. It is the simplest and
preliminary method.

2. Microscopic Evaluation
Involves microscopical examination of transverse/longitudinal sections, powder, and surface
preparations. Identifies specific histological characters like trichomes, crystals, stomata, starch grains.

3. Physical Evaluation
• Determination of moisture content (Loss on Drying)
• Ash values: Total ash, Acid-insoluble ash, Water-soluble ash
• Extractive values: Water-soluble, Alcohol-soluble extractives
• Foreign matter, Swelling index, Fibre content

4. Chemical Evaluation
Chemical tests such as colour reactions, precipitation tests, and chromatography (TLC, HPTLC,
HPLC) are used to identify and quantify active phytoconstituents.

5. Biological Evaluation
Used for drugs whose activity cannot be assessed by chemical means. Bioassay is conducted using
animals, microorganisms, or tissue cultures (e.g., digitalis standardisation by frog heart).

Q1(b). Role of Medicinal Plants in National Economy

Medicinal plants play a significant role in the economy of India and other developing nations:

1. Foreign Exchange Earning: India is one of the world's largest exporters of crude drugs. Medicinal
plants such as Senna, Isabgol, and Rauwolfia generate substantial foreign exchange.
2. Employment Generation: The cultivation, collection, processing, and trade of medicinal plants
employs millions of people including farmers, tribal communities, and herbal industry workers.
3. Herbal Pharmaceutical Industry: A major and growing pharmaceutical sector (Ayurveda, Siddha,
Unani, Homeopathy) relies entirely on plant-based raw materials worth thousands of crores annually.
4. Raw Material for Modern Medicine: About 25% of modern allopathic drugs are derived from or
based on plant compounds (e.g., morphine from Papaver, quinine from Cinchona, digoxin from
Digitalis).
5. Domestic Healthcare: Millions of rural Indians depend on medicinal plants for primary healthcare,
reducing dependence on expensive allopathic drugs and cutting national healthcare expenditure.
PART B – EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1: Anatomical Studies (T.S.) of Crude Drugs

(i) CLOVE (Syzygium aromaticum)

Feature Description
Biological Source Dried flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (syn. Eugenia caryophyllus)
Family Myrtaceae
Organ Used Flower bud (unexpanded)
Microscopic Characters Epidermis with cuticle, oil cells (schizogenous) containing eugenol,
palisade cells, vascular bundles, calcium oxalate crystals (rosette shape)
Chemical Constituents Volatile oil (72–90% Eugenol), acetyl eugenol, caryophyllene, tannins,
resins
Uses Carminative, antiseptic, flavouring agent, dental analgesic (toothache),
antispasmodic

(ii) CORIANDER (Coriandrum sativum)

Feature Description
Biological Source Dried ripe fruits of Coriandrum sativum Linn.
Family Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Organ Used Fruit (cremocarp)
Microscopic Characters Epidermis with cuticle; vittae (oil canals); parenchyma cells with starch and
calcium oxalate; fibrous layer; endosperm
Chemical Constituents Volatile oil (60–70% d-Linalool), fixed oil, proteins, tannins
Uses Carminative, flavouring, stomachic, diuretic, antispasmodic

(iii) CINNAMON (Cinnamomum zeylanicum)

Feature Description
Biological Source Dried inner bark of shoots of Cinnamomum zeylanicum Nees.
Family Lauraceae
Organ Used Bark (dried inner bark)
Microscopic Characters Cork cells (absent in true cinnamon — a key distinguishing feature), starch
grains, mucilage cells, stone cells, oil cells, calcium oxalate crystals
(prism/druse), medullary rays
Chemical Constituents Volatile oil (55–90% Cinnamaldehyde), eugenol, cinnamic acid, tannins
Uses Carminative, flavouring agent, aromatic, antifungal, astringent, mild
antiseptic
Experiment 2: Physical and Chemical Tests for Drug Evaluation
(i) BENZOIN (Styrax benzoin)
Biological Source: Balsamic resin from incised trunks of Styrax benzoin Dryand. Family: Styracaceae

Physical Tests
• Appearance: Brown/reddish brittle tears or mass with white to yellowish inclusions
• Odour: Characteristic balsamic, vanilla-like odour
• Melting Point: Softens at ~75°C

Chemical Tests
Test Reagent Observation
Benzoic acid test Heat + cold water White sublimate of benzoic
acid
Vanillin test FeCl₂ solution Blue-green colour
Resin test Alcohol + water Milky white turbidity

(ii) ASAFOETIDA (Ferula assa-foetida)

Biological Source: Oleo-gum-resin from roots and rhizomes of Ferula assa-foetida Linn. Family:
Apiaceae

Physical Tests
• Appearance: Greyish-white to yellowish brown tears or masses
• Odour: Strong, persistent, garlic-like/fetid smell
• Taste: Bitter, acrid, persistent

Chemical Tests
Test Reagent Observation
Volatile oil test Warm gently Garlic-like odour evolves
Gum test Water Emulsion formed (gum)
Resin test Alcohol Dissolves (resin portion)
Nitric acid test Conc. HNO₂ Red/brown colour (ferulic
acid)
 SUBJECT 4: HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY (ER20-14P)
Full Marks: 80 | Time: 3 Hours

PART A – SYNOPSIS QUESTION

Q1(a). Compound Microscope
A compound microscope is an optical instrument used to magnify small objects that cannot be seen
with the naked eye. It uses two lens systems — objective and ocular (eyepiece) — to achieve high
magnification.

Parts of a Compound Microscope

Part Function
Eyepiece (Ocular lens) Magnifies the image formed by objective lens (10× or 15×)
Objective Lens Produces primary magnified image (4×, 10×, 40×, 100× oil
immersion)
Stage Platform to hold the slide
Condenser Focuses light onto the specimen
Diaphragm Controls the amount of light
Coarse Adjustment Knob For rough focusing
Fine Adjustment Knob For precise focusing
Light Source / Mirror Illuminates the specimen

Total Magnification: Eyepiece magnification × Objective magnification (e.g., 10 × 40 = 400×)

Uses in Pharmacy: Microscopic examination of crude drugs, identification of microorganisms,
examination of powdered drug preparations.

Q1(b). Cell Division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells. It is
essential for growth, repair, and reproduction.

Types of Cell Division

1. Mitosis (Somatic Cell Division)

Occurs in somatic (body) cells. Results in 2 daughter cells with same number of chromosomes as
parent (diploid, 2n = 46 in humans).
Phases: Prophase → Metaphase → Anaphase → Telophase → Cytokinesis

2. Meiosis (Reduction Division)

Occurs in reproductive cells (gonads). Results in 4 haploid daughter cells (n = 23 in humans).
Consists of two sequential divisions: Meiosis I and Meiosis II.

Feature Mitosis Meiosis

Occurs in Somatic cells Germ cells (gonads)
Daughter cells 2 (diploid) 4 (haploid)
Chromosome no. Same (2n) Halved (n)
Purpose Growth, repair Sexual reproduction
PART B – EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1: Determination of Blood Pressure
Aim: To measure the blood pressure of a subject using a sphygmomanometer.

Apparatus
Sphygmomanometer (mercury or aneroid), stethoscope, a chair for subject.

Normal Blood Pressure Values

Category Systolic (mmHg) Diastolic (mmHg)
Normal < 120 < 80
Elevated 120–129 < 80
Hypertension Stage I 130–139 80–89
Hypertension Stage II ≥ 140 ≥ 90
Hypotension < 90 < 60

Procedure
1. Ask the subject to sit comfortably with the arm resting on a table at heart level.
2. Wrap the BP cuff snugly around the upper arm, 2–3 cm above the elbow crease.
3. Place the stethoscope over the brachial artery at the elbow crease.
4. Inflate the cuff to about 180 mmHg (above expected systolic pressure).
5. Slowly release air from the cuff at a rate of 2–3 mmHg per second.
6. Listen for the first Korotkoff sound (tapping sound) — record this as Systolic BP.
7. Continue deflating until the sound disappears — record this as Diastolic BP.
8. Record result as Systolic/Diastolic mmHg (e.g., 120/80 mmHg).

Experiment 1 (OR): Determination of BMI (Body Mass Index)

Aim: To calculate the Body Mass Index of a subject.
Formula: BMI = Weight (kg) / Height² (m²)

Category BMI Range (kg/m²) Health Risk

Underweight < 18.5 High (malnutrition)
Normal weight 18.5 – 24.9 Low
Overweight 25.0 – 29.9 Moderate
Obese (Class I) 30.0 – 34.9 High
Obese (Class II/III) ≥ 35 Very High
Experiment 2: Determination of Heart Rate and Pulse Rate
Aim: To determine the resting heart rate and pulse rate of a healthy individual.

Procedure
1. Ask the subject to sit quietly for 5 minutes before measurement.
2. For Pulse Rate: Place the index and middle fingers on the radial pulse (wrist, thumb side). Count
the beats for 60 seconds. Record as beats per minute (bpm).
3. For Heart Rate: Place stethoscope on the chest (5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line). Count
the heart sounds (lub-dub) for 60 seconds.
4. Record and compare both values.
Normal Values: Heart Rate / Pulse Rate: 60–100 bpm (adults at rest). Bradycardia: <60 bpm;
Tachycardia: >100 bpm.

Experiment 2 (OR): Determination of Bleeding Time and Clotting Time

Bleeding Time (BT)
Principle: Time from skin puncture to cessation of bleeding measures primary haemostasis (platelet
plug formation).
1. Clean the fingertip with 70% alcohol and allow to dry.
2. Make a standard skin puncture using a lancet on the fingertip.
3. Start a stopwatch immediately.
4. Blot the blood every 30 seconds with filter paper (without touching the wound).
5. Stop the watch when bleeding ceases.
6. Normal BT: 2–5 minutes (Duke's method)

Clotting Time (CT)

Principle: Time from blood collection to clot formation measures secondary haemostasis
(coagulation cascade).
1. Draw blood from the fingertip into a capillary tube.
2. Start the stopwatch.
3. Break a small piece of capillary tube every 30 seconds and check for clot (fibrin thread).
4. Stop watch when a fibrin thread is visible between broken ends.
5. Normal CT: 3–8 minutes (capillary tube method)
 SUBJECT 5: SOCIAL PHARMACY (ER20-15P)
Full Marks: 80 | Time: 3 Hours

PART A – SYNOPSIS QUESTION

Q1(a). Nutrition and Balanced Diet Chart for an Average Healthy Person
Definition of Nutrition
Nutrition is the science that interprets the interaction of nutrients and other substances in food in
relation to maintenance, growth, reproduction, health, and disease of an organism. It includes food
intake, absorption, assimilation, biosynthesis, catabolism, and excretion.

Macronutrients and Their Daily Requirements (Adult, 70 kg)

Nutrient Daily Requirement Food Sources
Carbohydrates 230–300 g Rice, wheat, potato, bread, cereals
Proteins 50–60 g Dal, eggs, meat, fish, milk, legumes
Fats 50–70 g Oil, butter, nuts, seeds, ghee
Water 2.5–3 L Drinking water, beverages, fruits
Fibre 25–30 g Vegetables, fruits, whole grains

Balanced Diet Chart (Average Healthy Adult, ~2000 kcal/day)

Meal Food Items Approximate Quantity
Breakfast (8 AM) 2 chapatti / rice + 1 cup dal + 1 ~500 kcal
glass milk + fruit
Mid-morning (11 AM) 1 fruit (banana/apple) + dry fruits ~150 kcal
Lunch (1 PM) Rice/chapatti + sabzi + dal + curd + ~700 kcal
salad
Evening snack (4 PM) Tea/buttermilk + sprouts/light snack ~150 kcal
Dinner (8 PM) 2 chapatti + vegetable + dhal + ~500 kcal
soup

Q1(b). Short Note on Pharmacoeconomics

Pharmacoeconomics is a branch of health economics that identifies, measures, and compares the
costs (inputs) and consequences (outcomes) of pharmaceutical products and services.

Objectives
• To assist healthcare providers in making rational drug selection and prescribing decisions.
• To help policymakers allocate limited healthcare resources efficiently.
• To evaluate the value for money of pharmaceutical interventions.
Types of Pharmacoeconomic Analysis
Analysis Type Description
Cost-Minimisation Analysis Compares costs when outcomes are equal; cheapest option
(CMA) preferred
Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Compares cost per unit of outcome (e.g., cost per life-year saved)
(CEA)
Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) Both costs and benefits expressed in monetary terms
Cost-Utility Analysis (CUA) Measures outcome in QALYs (Quality-Adjusted Life Years)
Importance: Helps in formulary decisions, drug reimbursement policies, and rational prescribing.
PART B – EXPERIMENTS
Experiment 1: Hand Washing Technique
Aim: To demonstrate the correct method of hand washing as per WHO guidelines.
Duration: Minimum 40–60 seconds for soap and water; 20–30 seconds for hand rub.

WHO 6-Step Hand Washing Technique

Step 1 – WET AND APPLY SOAP: Wet hands with water. Apply a sufficient amount of soap to cover
all hand surfaces.
Step 2 – PALM TO PALM: Rub hands palm to palm vigorously.
Step 3 – INTERLACED FINGERS: Right palm over left dorsum with interlaced fingers and vice versa.
Step 4 – INTERLOCKING FINGERS: Palm to palm with fingers interlaced. Rub between fingers.
Step 5 – ROTATIONAL RUBBING OF THUMBS: Rotational rubbing of left thumb clasped in right
palm and vice versa.
Step 6 – ROTATIONAL RUBBING OF FINGERTIPS: Rotational rubbing, backwards and forwards
with clasped fingers of right hand in left palm and vice versa.
RINSE: Rinse hands with clean water.
DRY: Dry thoroughly with a single-use towel. Use the towel to turn off the faucet.
When to Wash Hands: Before and after patient contact, before eating, after using toilet, after
handling waste, after coughing/sneezing.

Experiment 1 (OR): Immunization Schedule for Infants and Children

Immunization schedule as per India's Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) / National
Immunization Schedule (NIS):

Age Vaccine Disease Prevented

At Birth BCG, OPV-0, Hepatitis-B (1st TB, Polio, Hepatitis B
dose)
6 Weeks OPV-1, Pentavalent-1, RVV-1, Polio, DTP, HepB, Hib, Rotavirus,
IPV-1, PCV-1 Pneumococcus
10 Weeks OPV-2, Pentavalent-2, RVV-2, Same as above
PCV-2
14 Weeks OPV-3, Pentavalent-3, RVV-3, Same as above
IPV-2, PCV-3
9 Months MR-1 (or MMR), Vitamin A (1st Measles, Rubella, Vitamin A
dose) deficiency
12 Months PCV Booster Pneumococcal disease
16–24 Months DPT Booster, OPV Booster, MR- Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis,
2, Vitamin A (2nd) Polio, Measles
5–6 Years DPT Booster-2, TT Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis
10 & 16 Years TT (Tetanus Toxoid) Tetanus
Experiment 2: Study of Disinfectants and Marketed Preparations
Definition: Disinfectants are chemical agents that destroy or inactivate pathogenic microorganisms
on inanimate surfaces but are generally not safe for use on living tissues.

Type Examples Marketed Products Uses

Phenolic compounds Phenol, Cresol, Dettol, Lysol Surface disinfection,
Chlorocresol hospital use
Aldehydes Formaldehyde, Cidex, Formol Sterilization of
Glutaraldehyde instruments
Halogens Chlorine, Iodine, Betadine, Savlon Wound antisepsis, water
Povidone-iodine purification
Quaternary Benzalkonium Cetavlon, Zephiran Instrument soaking, skin
Ammonium chloride, Cetrimide antisepsis
Compounds (QAC)
Alcohols Isopropyl alcohol Sterillium, hand Hand rub, surface wipe
(70%), Ethanol sanitizers
Heavy Metal Salts Mercuric chloride, AgNO₂ eye drops Ophthalmic, burns
Silver nitrate

Experiment 2 (OR): Menstrual Hygiene

Definition: Menstrual hygiene refers to access to and use of clean, safe menstrual products,
adequate water, sanitation facilities, and information to manage menstruation with dignity.

Key Practices for Menstrual Hygiene

• Use of clean and appropriate menstrual absorbents: sanitary napkins, menstrual cups,
tampons, or clean cotton cloth.
• Changing menstrual products every 4–8 hours (or as per product instruction) to prevent
infection.
• Proper disposal: wrap used pads in paper and dispose in a dustbin; do NOT flush.
• Washing hands before and after handling menstrual products.
• Maintaining genital hygiene: wash with clean water only; avoid strong soaps/perfumed
products inside the vagina.
• Diet: iron-rich foods (leafy vegetables, jaggery, dates) to compensate blood loss.
• Rest and pain management: warm compress, analgesics (Ibuprofen, Mefenamic acid) for
dysmenorrhoea.
• Awareness: Break the taboo. Menstruation is a normal physiological process.