ASSIGNMENT

Add-on Course — Mathematics

Q.1. Define Sub-Sutra of Vedic Mathematics.

Introduction
Vedic Mathematics is an ancient system of mathematics rediscovered from the Vedas by Sri Bharati
Krishna Tirthaji Maharaj (1884–1960). It consists of 16 main Sutras (formulas) and 13 Sub-Sutras
(Upa-Sutras). While the main Sutras are primary methods for calculation, Sub-Sutras serve as
auxiliary or supplementary formulas that assist and extend the main Sutras for specific types of
problems.

Definition
Sub-Sutras, also known as Upa-Sutras, are secondary aphorisms or corollaries in Vedic
Mathematics that complement the primary 16 Sutras. They provide additional techniques, shortcuts,
and methods to solve specific mathematical problems more efficiently, especially when the main
Sutras alone are insufficient or complex to apply.

List of 13 Sub-Sutras with Meanings

No. Sub-Sutra (Sanskrit) Meaning

1 Anurupyena Proportionality

2 Shesanyankena Charamena The remainders by the last digit

3 Adyamadyenantya-mantyena The first by the first and the last by the last

4 Kevalaih Saptakam Gunyat For 7 the multiplicand is 143

5 Vestanam By osculation

6 Yavadunam Tavadunikritya Vargam ChaWhatever

Yojayet the deficiency, lessen it further by that much and set up the square

7 Antyayordasakepi When the sum of the last digits is 10

8 Antyayoreva Only the last terms

9 Samuccayagunitah The sum of the coefficients in the product

10 Lopanasthapanabhyam By alternate elimination and retention

11 Vilokanam By mere observation

 12 Gunitasamuccayah The product of the sum is equal to the sum of the products

13 Dhvajanka On the flag

Importance of Sub-Sutras
Sub-Sutras are extremely important in Vedic Mathematics because they make calculations faster,
more intuitive, and mentally executable. They reduce the number of steps in solving complex
problems and encourage mental agility. By applying these auxiliary formulas, students can solve
problems related to algebra, arithmetic, geometry, and calculus with remarkable speed and accuracy.

For example, the Sub-Sutra Vilokanam (By mere observation) allows students to solve certain
equations simply by looking at the pattern, without performing formal algebraic steps. Similarly,
Lopanasthapanabhyam helps in solving simultaneous equations and factorization problems by
systematically eliminating and restoring variables.

Note: Sub-Sutras are not standalone formulas — they always work in conjunction with the 16 main
Sutras of Vedic Mathematics to provide a complete and powerful system of computation.
 Q.2. What do you mean by Percentage (%)? Explain different types of
questions on this.

Meaning of Percentage
The word 'Percentage' is derived from the Latin phrase per centum, meaning 'per hundred' or 'out of
hundred.' A percentage is a dimensionless ratio or fraction expressed as a fraction of 100. It is
denoted by the symbol %.

Core Formula:
Percentage = ( Part / Whole ) × 100

Types of Percentage Questions

Type 1: Finding the Percentage of a Given Number

In this type, we are asked to find a certain percentage of a given number.

Formula: Result = ( Percentage / 100 ) × Number

Example: Find 25% of 200 → (25/100) × 200 = 50

Type 2: Finding What Percentage One Number is of Another

We determine what percent a part is compared to the whole.

Formula: % = ( Part / Whole ) × 100

Example: 40 is what % of 200? → (40/200) × 100 = 20%

Type 3: Finding the Original Number from a Percentage

Here the percentage value and the rate are given; we need to find the base (whole).

Formula: Whole = ( Part × 100 ) / Percentage

Example: 30 is 15% of what number? → (30 × 100)/15 = 200

Type 4: Percentage Increase and Decrease

Used when a quantity changes and we need to express the change as a percentage.

% Increase = [ (New − Old) / Old ] × 100

% Decrease = [ (Old − New) / Old ] × 100
Example: Price rose from ■400 to ■500. % Increase = (100/400)×100 = 25%

Type 5: Successive Percentage Change

When two percentage changes are applied one after the other (e.g., two successive discounts or two
years of population growth).
 Net % Change = a + b + (ab/100) [where a and b are the two %
changes]
Example: A number is increased by 10% then decreased by 10%. Net change = 10 + (−10) +
(10×(−10)/100) = −1%

Type 6: Percentage in Profit, Loss and Discount

Percentages are widely used in commerce to calculate profit %, loss %, and discount %.

Profit% = (Profit/CP) × 100 | Discount% = (Discount/MP) × 100

Summary Table
Type Given Find Key Formula

Type 1 % and Whole Part (% / 100) × Whole

Type 2 Part and Whole % (Part/Whole) × 100

Type 3 Part and % Whole (Part × 100) / %

Type 4 Old and New value % change [(New−Old)/Old] × 100

Type 5 Two successive % Net % a + b + ab/100

 Q.3. Write conversion rule of Kilometre/hour to metre/second and converge.

Introduction
Speed is a physical quantity that measures how fast an object moves. In everyday life and in
mathematics, speed is expressed in different units depending on context. Two of the most common
units are kilometre per hour (km/h) and metre per second (m/s). Converting between these two is
a fundamental skill required in competitive exams and practical life.

Basic Unit Relationships

1 kilometre = 1000 metres
1 hour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds

Rule 1: Convert km/h to m/s (Multiply by 5/18)

To convert a speed from kilometres per hour to metres per second, we use the following derivation:

1 km/h = 1000 m / 3600 s = 5/18 m/s

Therefore, to convert any speed x km/h to m/s:

x km/h = x × (5/18) m/s

Worked Examples (km/h → m/s):

Speed (km/h) Calculation Speed (m/s)

18 km/h 18 × 5/18 5 m/s

36 km/h 36 × 5/18 10 m/s

54 km/h 54 × 5/18 15 m/s

72 km/h 72 × 5/18 20 m/s

90 km/h 90 × 5/18 25 m/s

108 km/h 108 × 5/18 30 m/s

Rule 2: Convert m/s to km/h (Multiply by 18/5)

To convert from metres per second back to kilometres per hour, we apply the reverse operation:

1 m/s = 3600 m / 1000 m per km per hour = 18/5 km/h

x m/s = x × (18/5) km/h

Worked Examples (m/s → km/h):

Speed (m/s) Calculation Speed (km/h)
 5 m/s 5 × 18/5 18 km/h

10 m/s 10 × 18/5 36 km/h

15 m/s 15 × 18/5 54 km/h

20 m/s 20 × 18/5 72 km/h

25 m/s 25 × 18/5 90 km/h

Memory Tip: To go from km/h → m/s, multiply by 5/18 (smaller number, so speed value decreases). To
go from m/s → km/h, multiply by 18/5 = 3.6 (larger number, so speed value increases).

Convergence in Speed Problems

In problems involving two objects moving towards each other (convergence), their relative speed is
the sum of their individual speeds. For objects moving in the same direction, relative speed is the
difference of their speeds.

Time to meet (converge) = Distance / (Speed1 + Speed2) [moving

towards each other]
Example: Two trains 180 km apart, moving towards each other at 60 km/h and 30 km/h
respectively. Time to meet = 180 / (60+30) = 180/90 = 2 hours.
 Q.4. Explain Coding – Decoding.

Introduction
Coding-Decoding is an important topic in logical reasoning and intelligence tests. It involves
converting a message or information into a coded format (coding) and then retrieving the original
message from the coded form (decoding). This concept is widely used in competitive exams,
cryptography, computer science, and data communication.

Definition
Coding is the process of encrypting a word, number, or message by applying a specific, pre-defined
rule or pattern so that it appears in a secret or altered form.

Decoding is the reverse process — identifying the original word or message by applying the reverse
of the coding rule.

Types of Coding-Decoding
1. Letter Coding (Shifting)

Each letter is replaced by another letter that is a fixed number of positions ahead or behind in the
alphabet.

Rule: Each letter shifted by +3 → A=D, B=E, C=F, ...

Example: CODE → FRGH (each letter shifted +3 forward)

2. Number Coding

Each letter is assigned a number based on its position in the alphabet.

A=1, B=2, C=3, ... Z=26

Example: CAT → 3, 1, 20 | DOG → 4, 15, 7

3. Reverse Alphabet Coding

Letters are replaced by their mirror opposites: A↔Z, B↔Y, C↔X, etc.

Rule: Position of letter from start + Position from end = 27

Example: MANGO → NZMTL

4. Symbol/Mixed Coding

Letters or words are replaced by arbitrary symbols, numbers, or combinations defined in the
question.

Example: If TABLE = @#$%& then ABLE = #$%&

5. Word Coding (Substitution)

Entire words are replaced by other words as per a given coding language defined in the question.

Example: In a code language, 'sky is blue' = 'tky jt cmpv'. Then 'is' = 'jt', 'sky' = 'tky', 'blue' =
'cmpv'

6. Conditional/Matrix Coding

A matrix is given. Each letter is represented by row and column numbers from the matrix.

How to Approach Coding-Decoding Problems

Step 1: Observe the given coded word carefully.

Step 2: Compare original word with coded word letter by letter.

Step 3: Identify the pattern — is it a shift, reversal, number, or symbol?

Step 4: Apply the same pattern to find the answer.

Important: In most coding-decoding questions in competitive exams, the rule is consistent throughout —
the same transformation is applied to every letter. Always verify the pattern with at least two letters
before applying it.

Practice Example
If PENCIL is coded as QFODJM, what is the code for PAPER?

Solution: P→Q (+1), E→F (+1), N→O (+1), C→D (+1), I→J (+1), L→M (+1). Rule = +1 shift.
PAPER → QBQFS
 Q.5. Define the following concepts:

(a) Profit, Loss and Discount

These are fundamental concepts of commercial mathematics used in buying, selling, and trade.

Cost Price (CP): The price at which an article is purchased.

Selling Price (SP): The price at which an article is sold.

Marked Price (MP): The listed or label price of an article before discount.

Profit: When SP > CP, there is a gain.

Profit = SP − CP | Profit% = (Profit / CP) × 100

Loss: When CP > SP, there is a loss.

Loss = CP − SP | Loss% = (Loss / CP) × 100

Discount: Reduction given on Marked Price.

Discount = MP − SP | Discount% = (Discount / MP) × 100

Example: CP = ■500, SP = ■650 → Profit = ■150, Profit% = 30%. If MP = ■700 and SP =

■650, Discount = ■50, Discount% = 7.14%.

(b) Ratio and Proportion

Ratio is a comparison of two quantities of the same kind by division. If a and b are two quantities,
their ratio is written as a : b or a/b.

Ratio a : b = a/b (b ≠ 0)
Proportion states that two ratios are equal. If a:b = c:d, then a, b, c, d are in proportion.

a : b = c : d ■ a × d = b × c (Cross-multiplication rule)
Types of Proportion: Direct Proportion (as one increases, other increases), Inverse Proportion (as
one increases, other decreases), Continued Proportion (a:b = b:c).

Example: Divide ■1200 in ratio 3:5. Total parts = 8. Share 1 = (3/8)×1200 = ■450; Share 2 =
(5/8)×1200 = ■750.

(c) Simple Interest (S.I.) and Compound Interest (C.I.)

Simple Interest (S.I.): Interest calculated only on the original principal for the entire duration.

S.I. = ( P × R × T ) / 100
where P = Principal, R = Rate of interest per annum, T = Time in years.
Amount = P + S.I. = P ( 1 + RT/100 )
Compound Interest (C.I.): Interest calculated on the principal as well as the accumulated interest
of previous periods.

Amount (A) = P × ( 1 + R/100 )n

C.I. = A − P = P [ ( 1 + R/100 )n − 1 ]
where n = number of compounding periods.

Aspect Simple Interest Compound Interest

Calculated on Original Principal only Principal + accumulated interest

Growth Linear Exponential

Formula PRT/100 P(1+R/100)^n − P

Amount after time T P + PRT/100 P(1+R/100)^n

Result Always lower Always higher (for same P,R,T)

Example: P=■1000, R=10%, T=2 years. S.I. = 1000×10×2/100 = ■200. C.I. = 1000×(1.1)2 −
1000 = 1210 − 1000 = ■210.

(d) Number System

A Number System is a mathematical notation for representing numbers using a set of digits or
symbols according to defined rules. It forms the foundation of all mathematics.

Type Definition Examples

Natural Numbers (N) Counting numbers starting from 1 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ...

Whole Numbers (W) Natural numbers including zero 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ...

Integers (Z) Positive, negative numbers and zero ..., -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, ...

Rational Numbers (Q) Numbers of form p/q (q≠0) 1/2, 3/4, -5/3, 0.25

Irrational Numbers Cannot be expressed as p/q √2, √3, π, e

Real Numbers (R) All rational + irrational numbers All of the above combined

Complex Numbers a + bi, where i = √(−1) 3+2i, 5−4i

The number system is hierarchical: N ⊂ W ⊂ Z ⊂ Q ⊂ R ⊂ C. Every natural number is a whole number,

every whole number is an integer, and so on.

— End of Assignment —