Topology and Complex Analysis (MA21206)
Contents
1 Preliminaries 2
2 Topology 2
3 Basis of a Topology 3
4 Product Topology 3
5 Subspace Topology 3
6 Closed Sets 3
7 Hausdorff Space 4
8 Continuous Functions 4
9 Metric Topology 4
10 Compact Spaces 4
11 Connected Space 4
1
1 Preliminaries
Definition 1.1. A set is a collection of well-defined, distinct objects. Objects that belong
to the set are called elements.
Example 1.2. 1. All the students of IIT KGP.
2. {a, b, c}.
3. N = {1, 2, 3, . . . }.
4. Z = {0, ±1, ±2, . . . }.
n o
5. Q = pq : p, q ∈ Z, q ̸= 0 .
6. R.
√
7. C = {a + ib : a, b ∈ R, i = −1}.
Definition 1.3. Let A and B be sets. A function f : A → B assigns to each a ∈ A
exactly one b ∈ B.
Definition 1.4. A function f : A → B is injective if f (a1 ) = f (a2 ) ⇒ a1 = a2 . It is
surjective if for every b ∈ B there exists a ∈ A such that f (a) = b. It is bijective if it is
both injective and surjective.
Definition 1.5. A relation ρ on a set A is called an equivalence relation if it is reflexive,
symmetric, and transitive.
Definition 1.6. A set is finite if it is in bijection with {1, . . . , n} for some n, or empty.
Definition 1.7. A set is countable if it is finite or in bijection with N.
2 Topology
Definition 2.1. A topology on a set X is a collection T ⊂ P(X) such that:
1. ∅, X ∈ T ,
2. arbitrary unions of sets in T belong to T ,
3. finite intersections of sets in T belong to T .
Example 2.2. {∅, X} is called the trivial topology.
Example 2.3. P(X) is called the discrete topology.
Example 2.4. The cofinite topology: begin : math : display
{
emptyset
}
cup
{U
subset X X
setminus U
text{ finite}
}end:math:display
2
3 Basis of a Topology
Definition 3.1. A collection B is a basis if:
1. For each x ∈ X, there exists B ∈ B with x ∈ B.
2. If x ∈ B1 ∩ B2 , there exists B3 ⊂ B1 ∩ B2 containing x.
Lemma 3.2. If B is a basis, then the topology generated consists of all unions of elements
of B.
4 Product Topology
Definition 4.1. The product topology on X × Y has basis begin : math : display
{U
times V U
text{ open in }X V
text{ open in }Y
}end:math:display
Theorem 4.2. If B1 and B2 are bases for X and Y respectively, then begin : math :
display
{B 1
times B 2 B 1
in
mathcal{B} 1 B 2
in
mathcal{B} 2
} end : math : display is a basis for the product topology.
5 Subspace Topology
Definition 5.1. If Y ⊂ X, the subspace topology on Y is begin : math : display
{U
cap Y U
text{ open in }X
}end:math:display
6 Closed Sets
Definition 6.1. A subset A of X is closed if X \ A is open.
Definition 6.2. The closure A of A is the intersection of all closed sets containing A.
Definition 6.3. A point x is a limit point of A if every neighborhood of x intersects
A \ {x}.
Theorem 6.4. A = A ∪ A′ .
3
7 Hausdorff Space
Definition 7.1. A topological space is Hausdorff if distinct points have disjoint neigh-
borhoods.
Theorem 7.2. Every finite subset of a Hausdorff space is closed.
8 Continuous Functions
Definition 8.1. A function f : X → Y is continuous if f −1 (V ) is open for every open
set V ⊂ Y .
Definition 8.2. A homeomorphism is a bijective continuous function whose inverse is
continuous.
9 Metric Topology
Definition 9.1. A metric d : X × X → R satisfies:
1. d(x, y) ≥ 0 and equals 0 iff x = y,
2. d(x, y) = d(y, x),
3. d(x, z) ≤ d(x, y) + d(y, z).
Theorem 9.2. Every metric space is Hausdorff.
10 Compact Spaces
Definition 10.1. A space is compact if every open cover has a finite subcover.
Theorem 10.2. Every closed subspace of a compact space is compact.
11 Connected Space
Definition 11.1. A separation of X is a pair of disjoint nonempty open sets whose union
is X.
Definition 11.2. A space is connected if it admits no separation.
Remark 11.3. A space is connected if and only if the only subsets that are both open
and closed are ∅ and X.