Chapter – Motion
Notes
There are two states in Physics
– Rest
– Motion
Object/s is/are either in rest state or in motion.
1) Rest -
An object is said to be at rest if its position does not change with time or with reference to
surrounding.
2) Motion –
An object is said to be in motion if its position changes with time or according to its
surrounding.
# Scalar and Vector
Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity
1. It is the physical quantity having its own 1. It is the physical quantity which have
magnitude. both magnitude and direction.
2. Ex. : Mass , Distance, Speed , area, 2. Ex. : Force, Velocity, Displacement etc.
power etc
# Distance and Displacement
Distance Displacement
1. The total path length covered by the 1. The shortest distance measured from the
object is called distance. initial to the final position of an object is
known as the displacement.
2. Corresponding distance covered cannot 2. The magnitude of the displacement for a
be zero. course of motion may be zero.
# Questions
1) An object has moved through a distance . Can it have zero displacement? If yes, support your
answer with an example.
2) A farmer moves along the boundary of a square field of side 10m in 40s. What will be the
magnitude of displacement of the farmer at the end of 2 minutes 20 seconds?
3) Which of the following is true for displacement?
a) It cannot be zero
b) Its magnitude is greater than the distance travelled by the object.
4) Calculate the distance and displacement of a body moving in a circular path with the radius 50m
a) a complete circle
b) a half circle
(Hint: Circumference of a circle = 2𝜋𝑟)
# Uniform Motion and Non-Uniform Motion
1) Uniform Motion – When the object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is
said to be in uniform motion.
- constant velocity
- Straight line graph
2) Non- Uniform motion - When the object covers equal distances in unequal intervals of time
or vice-versa, it is said to be in non-uniform motion.
- Variable velocity
- Parabolic graph
# Measuring the rate of motion
Rate of motion of an object – Distance travelled by an object in unit time.
- this is referred as Speed
speed = distance /time
- SI unit m/s
-other units are cm/s, km/h
- it’s a Scalar quantity
- mostly shows non-uniform motion, therefore describe the rate of motion of such objects as
their average speed.
Formula to calculate Avg. Speed
Average speed (v) = Total distance travelled (s)
Total time taken (t)
# Solved Example
1) An object travels 16 m in 4s and then another 16m in 2s. What is the average speed of the
object?
Solution –
Total distance travelled by the object
= 16m + 16m =32 m
Total time taken = 4s + 2s = 6s
Average speed (v) = Total distance travelled (s)
Total time taken (t)
= 32 m /6s = 5.33m/s
Therefore, the average speed of the object is 5.33m/s
# Speed with Direction (Velocity)
• Velocity (v) - It is the rate of displacement covered in a unit time.
• SI unit is km/h or m/s
• Vector quantity
• Velocity (v) = Displacement / time
• Velocity can be changed by changing the object ‘s speed, direction of motion or both.
# Average Velocity
- When an object is moving along a straight line at a variable speed, we can express the
magnitude of its rate of motion in terms of average velocity.
Avg. velocity = initial velocity + final velocity
2
i.e. (vav )= u+v/2
- SI unit m/s
Avg. velocity = Total Displacement
Total time taken
# Questions
1) Distinguish between speed and velocity.
2) Under what condition(s) is the magnitude of average velocity of an object equal to
its average speed?
3) What does the odometer of an automobile measure?
4) During an experiment, a signal from a spaceship reached the ground station in five
minutes. What was the distance of the spaceship from the ground station? The
signal travels at the speed of light , that is , 3 x 108 m/s.
5) A car travels a distance of 70km in 2 hours. What is the average speed?
6) A person can walk at a speed of 1.5m/s. How far will he walk in 4minutes?
7) A truck driver drives 20 km down the road in 5 minutes. He then reverses and drives
12 km down the road in 3 mins. What is his average velocity?
8) A man walks 10km east in 2 hours and then 2.5km west in 1 hour. Calculate the total
average velocity of a man?
9) A cyclist travels a distance of a 4 km from P to Q and then moves a distance of 3 km
at right angle to Q. Find his displacement.
10) An object travels 120 m east and then 50m north in 20 seconds. Calculate the
(i) Total Speed
(ii) Net Velocity
11) A particle moves over three quarters of a circle of radius r. What is the magnitude of
its displacement?
12) An object covers one revolution around a circular park of circumference 176 m in 4
min. Find the displacement of the body after 6 min.
13) An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 36,000km. Calculate its
speed if it takes 24 hours to revolve around the earth.
14) On a 120 km track a train travels the first 30km at a uniform speed of 30km/h.
Calculate the speed with which the train should move rest of the track so as to
average 60km/h for the entire trip.
15) A cyclist rides a bicycle and completes three rounds of a circular track of radius 7m in
15 minutes. Find a) his average speed b) his average velocity
16) The length of minute hand of a circular clock is 14cm. Calculate the speed at which
the tip of minute hand moves.
17) What is the numerical ration of average velocity to average speed of an object
moving along a straight line path?
18) A car travels from stop A to stop B with speed of 30km/h and then return back to A
with a speed of 50 km/h. Find a)Distance travelled by car and (b) Average speed of
car
19) The sound of thunder is heard approximately 5s after the flash of lightning is seen. If
speed of sound in air is 346 m/s, then what is the distance of point of lightning ?
# Rate of change of velocity - (Average Acceleration)
Acceleration – measures change in velocity of an object per unit time.
Average Acceleration (a) = change in velocity (v - u)
time (t)
where, u – initial velocity, v- final velocity, t – time (interval)
- a=0 , when u = v , object is in uniform motion.
- a= +ve , when v > u or if a is in direction of velocity
- a = -ve , when v < u or if a is in opposite direction of velocity.
- SI unit m/s2.
- Vector quantity.
# Questions
1) Starting from a stationary position, Rahul paddles his bicycle to attain a velocity of 6
ms-1 in 30s. Then he applies brakes such that the velocity of the bicycle comes down
to 4 ms-1 in the next 5s. Calculate the acceleration of the bicycle in both the cases.
2) A bus decreases its speed from 80 km h-1 to 60km h-1 in 5 sec. Find the acceleration
of the bus.
3) A train starting from a railway station and moving with uniform acceleration attains
a speed 40 km h-1 in 10 minutes. Find its acceleration.
1) # When will you say a body is in
a) uniform acceleration – If an object travels in a straight line and its velocity
increases or decreases by equal amounts in equal intervals of time, then the acceleration of
the object is said to be uniform.
b) non-uniform acceleration – If the velocity of an object changes by unequal amounts
in equal interval of time, then the an object is said to be in non-uniform acceleration.
# Graphical representation of Motion
A) Positon – time Graph (distance – time)
Physical quantity obtained from position –time graph is (slope) Speed
B) Velocity – Time Graph
We can determine
- The nature of the motion
- The velocity of the body at any instant
- Physical quantity obtained from velocity – time graph
a) Displacement of the body as the area under the graph
b) Acceleration of the body as slope of the graph
5. Body with uniform retardation
# Questions
1. A bus starting from rest moves with a uniform acceleration of 0.1 ms-2 for 2 minutes. Find
(a) the speed acquired, (b) the distance travelled.
2. A train is travelling at a speed of 90 kmh–1. Brakes are applied so as to produce a uniform
acceleration of – 0.5 ms-2. Find how far the train will go before it is brought to rest.
3. A trolley, while going down an inclined plane, has an acceleration of 2 cm s-2. What will be
its velocity 3 s after the start?
4. A racing car has a uniform acceleration of 4 ms-2. What distance will it cover in 10 s after
start?
5. A stone is thrown in a vertically upward direction with a velocity of 5 ms-1. If the
acceleration of the stone during its motion is 10 ms–2 in the downward direction, what will
be the height attained by the stone and how much time will it take to reach there?