11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

Questions
[Link].TZ1.2
2
Powdered zinc was reacted with 5.00 cm3 of 1.000 mol dm−3 copper(II) sulfate
solution in an insulated beaker. Temperature was plotted against time.

a(i). Estimate the time at which the powdered zinc was placed in the beaker. [1]

a(ii). State what point Y on the graph represents. [1]

b(i).

The maximum temperature used to calculate the enthalpy of reaction was chosen
at a point on the extrapolated (dotted) line.

State the maximum temperature which should be used and outline one assumption
made in choosing this temperature on the extrapolated line.

Maximum temperature: Assumption : 2

[ ]

b(ii).

To determine the enthalpy of reaction the experiment was carried out five times.
The same volume and concentration of copper(II) sulfate was used but the mass of
S
zinc was different each time. uggest, with a reason, if zinc or copper(II) sulfate
should be in excess for each trial.

[1]

b(iii).

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 = Δ
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The formula q mc T was used to calculate the energy released. The values used
in the calculation were m =2 = J
5.00 g, c 4.18 g−1 −1. K
State an assumption made when using these values for m and c.

2
[ ]

b(iv).

Predict, giving a reason, how the final enthalpy of reaction calculated from this
experiment would compare with the theoretical value.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.1
Xylene is a derivative of benzene. One isomer is 1,4-dimethylbenzene.

Xylene, like benzene, can be nitrated.

Bromine reacts with alkanes.
a.

State the number of H NMR signals for this isomer of xylene and the ratio in which
1

they appear.

2
[ ]

b.
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 Draw the structure of one other isomer of xylene which retains the benzene ring.
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[1]

c(i).

Write the equation for the production of the active nitrating agent from
concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids.

[1]

c(ii).

Explain the mechanism for the nitration of benzene, using curly arrows to indicate
the movement of electron pairs.

[4]

d(i). Identify the initiation step of the reaction and its conditions. 2
[ ]

d(ii).

D
1,4-dimethylbenzene reacts as a substituted alkane. raw the structures of the two
products of the overall reaction when one molecule of bromine reacts with one
molecule of 1,4-dimethylbenzene.

2
[ ]

e.

D
The organic product is not optically active. iscuss whether or not the organic
product is a racemic mixture.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.2
Benzoic acid, C H COOH, is another derivative of benzene.
6 5

a.

R
Identify the wavenumber of one peak in the I spectrum of benzoic acid, using
2
section 6 of the data booklet.

[1]

b.

Identify the spectroscopic technique that is used to measure the bond lengths in
solid benzoic acid.

[1]

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 Outline one piece of physical evidence for the structure of the benzene ring.
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

c.

[1]

d.

Draw the structure of the conjugate base of benzoic acid showing all the atoms
and all the bonds.

[1]

e.

Outline why both C to O bonds in the conjugate base are the same length and
suggest a value for them. Use section 10 of the data booklet.

2
[ ]

f(i).

H 29 K 2 9 D
The p of an aqueous solution of benzoic acid at 8 is . 5. etermine the
2
concentration of hydroxide ions in the solution, using section of the data booklet.

2
[ ]

f(ii).

Formulate the equation for the complete combustion of benzoic acid in oxygen
using only integer coefficients.

2
[ ]

g.

The combustion reaction in (f)(ii) can also be classed as redox. Identify the atom
that is oxidized and the atom that is reduced.

[1]

h.

Suggest how benzoic acid, M = 122.13, forms an apparent dimer, M = 244.26,

r r
when dissolved in a non-polar solvent such as hexane.

[1]

i.

State the reagent used to convert benzoic acid to phenylmethanol (benzyl

alcohol), C H CH2OH.
6 5

[1]

[Link].TZ1.25
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(a) Identify the chiral carbon atom using an asterisk, *. [1]

(b)

Enantiomers can be identified using a polarimeter. Outline how this instrument

differentiates the enantiomers.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.4
This question is about the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen when a catalyst such as

potassium iodide, KI, is added.

KI
2H2O2 (aq) → O2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
a.

Suggest why many chemicals, including hydrogen peroxide, are kept in brown
bottles instead of clear colourless bottles.

[1]

b(i).

In a laboratory experiment solutions of potassium iodide and hydrogen peroxide

were mixed and the volume of oxygen generated was recorded. The volume was
adjusted to 0 at t 0.=

The data for the first trial is given below.

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

Plot a graph on the axes below and from it determine the average rate of
O
formation of oxygen gas in cm3 2 (g) s−1.

:
Average rate of reaction

[3]

b(ii). 2
Two more trials ( and 3) were carried out. The results are given below.

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Determine the rate equation for the reaction and its overall order, using your
answer from (b)(i).

Rate equation: Overall order: 2

[ ]

b(iii).

O
Additional experiments were carried out at an elevated temperature. n the axes
M –B
below, sketch axwell oltzmann energy distribution curves at two temperatures
>
T1 and T2, where T2 T1.

2
[ ]

b(iv).

Apart from a greater frequency of collisions, explain, by annotating your graphs in

(b)(iii), why an increased temperature causes the rate of reaction to increase.

2
[ ]

b(v).

MnO2 is another possible catalyst for the reaction. State the IUPAC name for MnO2.
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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[1]

c.

Comment on why peracetic acid, C 3C H OOOH, is always sold in solution with

ethanoic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

H2O2 (aq) + CH COOH (aq) ⇌ CH COOOH (aq) + H2O (l)

3 3 [1]

d.

Sodium percarbonate, 2Na2CO •3H2O2, is an adduct of sodium carbonate and

3
hydrogen peroxide and is used as a cleaning agent.

M (2Na2CO •3H2O2) = 314.04

r 3

Calculate the percentage by mass of hydrogen peroxide in sodium percarbonate,

giving your answer to two decimal places.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.7
An aqueous solution of silver nitrate, Ag NO 3 (aq), can be electrolysed using platinum
electrodes.

Formulate the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode during electrolysis.
Cathode (negative electrode):

Anode (positive electrode):

[Link].TZ1.8
(a)

Draw the structure of the repeating unit of starch and state the type of linkage formed
between these units.

Type of linkage :
2
[ ]

(b)

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 Formulate the equation for the complete hydrolysis of a starch molecule, (C H O
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6 10 5) n
.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.2
The thermal decomposition of dinitrogen monoxide occurs according to the equation :
2N2O (g) → 2N2 (g) + O2 (g)
The reaction can be followed by measuring the change in total pressure, at constant
temperature, with time.

The x-axis and y-axis are shown with arbitrary units.

This decomposition obeys the rate expression :

− 𝑑[N2O]
𝑑𝑡
= k[N2O]
a.

Explain why, as the reaction proceeds, the pressure increases by the amount
shown.

2
[ ]

b.

Outline, in terms of collision theory, how a decrease in pressure would affect the
rate of reaction.

2
[ ]

c(i). Deduce how the rate of reaction at t = 2 would compare to the initial rate.
[1]

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c(ii). It has been suggested that the reaction occurs as a two-step process:
Step 1: N2O (g) → N2 (g) + O (g) Step 2: N2O (g) + O (g) → N2 (g) + O2 (g)
Explain how this could support the observed rate expression. 2
[ ]

d.

The experiment is repeated using the same amount of dinitrogen monoxide in the
same apparatus, but at a lower temperature.

Sketch, on the axes in question 2, the graph that you would expect. 2
[ ]

e.

The experiment gave an error in the rate because the pressure gauge was
inaccurate.

Outline whether repeating the experiment, using the same apparatus, and
averaging the results would reduce the error.

[1]

f.

The graph below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies

at a particular temperature.

The rate at which dinitrogen monoxide decomposes is significantly increased by a

metal oxide catalyst.

Annotate and use the graph to outline why a catalyst has this effect. 2
[ ]

g(i).

Determine the standard entropy change, in J K−1, for the decomposition of

dinitrogen monoxide.

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 2N2O (g) → 2N2 (g) + O2 (g) 2
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[ ]

g(ii). Dinitrogen monoxide has a positive standard enthalpy of formation, ΔH θ. f

Deduce, giving reasons, whether altering the temperature would change the
spontaneity of the decomposition reaction.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.3
Dinitrogen monoxide, N2O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.
Different sources of N2O have different ratios of N : N.
14 15

The Lewis (electron dot) structure of the dinitrogen monoxide molecule can be
represented as:

a(i). Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important. [1]

a(ii).

Dinitrogen monoxide in the stratosphere is converted to nitrogen monoxide, NO

(g).

Write two equations to show how NO (g) catalyses the decomposition of ozone.
2
[ ]

b(i).

State one analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of N :
14

N.
15

[1]

b(ii).

A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of N with the remainder

15

being 14 . N
Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N2O. 2
[ ]

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b(iii).

Predict, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of 15 N compares with
that of 14 .N
2
[ ]

c.

Explain why the first ionization energy of nitrogen is greater than both carbon and
oxygen.

Nitrogen and carbon: Nitrogen and oxygen: 2

[ ]

d(i).

State what the presence of alternative Lewis structures shows about the nature of
the bonding in the molecule.

[1]

d(ii). State, giving a reason, the shape of the dinitrogen monoxide molecule. [1]

d(iii). Deduce the hybridization of the central nitrogen atom in the molecule. [1]

[Link].TZ2.4
Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.
Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its
properties.

One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl . 3

Rhenium forms salts containing the perrhenate(VII) ion, ReO −. 4

a. The stable isotope of rhenium contains 110 neutrons.

State the nuclear symbol notation AZ X for this isotope. [1]

b(i). Suggest the basis of these predictions. 2

[ ]

b(ii).

A scientist wants to investigate the catalytic properties of a thin layer of rhenium

metal on a graphite surface.

Describe an electrochemical process to produce a layer of rhenium on graphite.

2
[ ]

b(iii).

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Predict two other chemical properties you would expect rhenium to have, given its
position in the periodic table.

2
[ ]

c.

Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, zinc, and
copper, can be established using pieces of rhenium and solutions of these metal
sulfates.

2
[ ]

d(i). State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules. [1]

d(ii). Calculate the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl . 3 2

[ ]

e(i).

Suggest why the existence of salts containing an ion with this formula could be
predicted. Refer to section 6 of the data booklet.

[1]

e(ii).Deduce the coefficients required to complete the half-equation.

ReO − (aq) + ____H (aq) + ____e− ⇌ [Re(OH)2]2 (aq) + ____H2O (l) Eθ = +0.36
+ +

V
4

[1]

e(iii).

RO R OH
Predict, giving a reason, whether the reduction of e 4− to [ e( )2]2+ would
F F 2
oxidize e2+ to e3+ in aqueous solution. Use section 4 of the data booklet.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.5
Carbonated water is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under
pressure. The following equilibria are established.

Equilibrium (1) CO2 (g)

CO2 (aq)

Equilibrium (2) CO2 (aq) + H2O (l)

H (aq) + HCO − (aq)
+
3

Carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid.

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 Soda water has sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO , dissolved in the carbonated
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

3
water.

a(i). Distinguish between a weak and strong acid. Weak acid : Strong acid:
[1]

a(ii).

E 2
The hydrogencarbonate ion, produced in quilibrium ( ), can also act as an acid.

State the formula of its conjugate base. [1]

b. When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, these equilibria are disturbed.

State, giving a reason, how a decrease in pressure affects the position of

Equilibrium (1).
[1]

c.

29 K
At 8 the concentration of aqueous carbon dioxide in carbonated water is
2 K E
0. 00 mol dm−3 and the p a for quilibrium ( ) is 6.36. 2
Calculate the p H of carbonated water. [3]

d(i). Identify the type of bonding in sodium hydrogencarbonate.

Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:

Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate: 2
[ ]

d(ii).

E 2
Predict, referring to quilibrium ( ), how the added sodium hydrogencarbonate
H
affects the p .(Assume pressure and temperature remain constant.)

2
[ ]

d(iii). 100.0cm3 of soda water contains 3.0 × 10−2g NaHCO . 3

Calculate the concentration of a C NH O 3 in mol dm−3. 2

[ ]

d(iv).

The uncertainty of the 100.0cm3 volumetric flask used to make the solution was
±0.6cm3.

Calculate the maximum percentage uncertainty in the mass of a C NH O so that the

± %
3
concentration of the solution is correct to 1.0 .

[1]

e.
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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

The reaction of the hydroxide ion with carbon dioxide and with the
E
hydrogencarbonate ion can be represented by quations 3 and 4.

Equation (3) OH−− (aq) + CO2 (g)− → HCO − (aq) 2−

Equation (4) OH (aq) + HCO (aq) → H2O (l) + CO (aq)
3
3 3

Discuss how these equations show the difference between a Lewis base and a
Brønsted–Lowry base.
Equation (3): Equation (4): [2]

f. Aqueous sodium hydrogencarbonate has a pH of approximately 7 at 298 K.

Sketch a graph of pH against volume when 25.0cm− of 0.100 mol dm− NaOH (aq)
3 3

is gradually added to 10.0cm of 0.0500 mol dm NaHCO (aq).

3 3
3

[2]

[Link].TZ2.6
Phenylethene can be polymerized to form polyphenylethene (polystyrene, P ). S

The major product of the reaction with hydrogen bromide is C6 H –CHBr–CH and the
H– H– HB
5 3
minor product is C6 5 C 2 C 2 r.

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 Draw the repeating unit of polyphenylethene.
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

a. [1]

b.

Phenylethene is manufactured from benzene and ethene in a two-stage process.

The overall reaction can be represented as follows with ΔG =
θ +10.0 k mol−1 at J
29 K
8 .

Calculate the equilibrium constant for the overall conversion at 298 K, using
section 1 of the data booklet.

2
[ ]

c.

The benzene ring of phenylethene reacts with the nitronium ion, NO2 , and the
+

=
C C double bond reacts with hydrogen bromide, [Link]
Compare and contrast these two reactions in terms of their reaction mechanisms.

Similarity: Difference: 2
[ ]

d(i).

Outline why the major product, C H –CHBr–CH , can exist in two forms and state
6 5 3
the relationship between these forms.

Two forms : Relationship: 2

[ ]

d(ii).

The minor product, C6 H –CH2–CH2Br, can exist in different conformational forms

5
(isomers).

Outline what this means. [1]

e.

H– H– HB
The minor product, C6 5 C 2 C 2 r, can be directly converted to an
intermediate compound, X, which can then be directly converted to the acid
H – H – OOH
C6 5 C 2 C .

C H –CH2–CH2Br → X → C H –CH2–COOH
6 5 6 5 Identify X. [1]

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[Link].TZ1.1
Xylene is a derivative of benzene. One isomer is 1,4-dimethylbenzene.

Bromine reacts with alkanes.

a.

State the number of 1H NMR signals for this isomer of xylene and the ratio in which
they appear.

Number of signals: Ratio: 2

[ ]

b.

Draw the structure of one other isomer of xylene which retains the benzene ring.
[1]

c(i). Identify the initiation step of the reaction and its conditions. 2
[ ]

c(ii).

D
1,4-dimethylbenzene reacts as a substituted alkane. raw the structures of the two
products of the overall reaction when one molecule of bromine reacts with one
molecule of 1,4-dimethylbenzene.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.10
Ascorbic acid and retinol are two important vitamins.
Explain why ascorbic acid is soluble in water and retinol is not. Use section 35 of the
data booklet.

2
[ ]

(a)

° 2 °
The melting points of cocoa butter and coconut oil are 34 C and 5 C respectively.
Explain this in terms of their saturated fatty acid composition.

[3]

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[Link].TZ1.13
(b)

Show that, for combustion of equal masses of fuel, ethanol ( M = 46 g mol − ) has a 1

lower carbon footprint than octane ( M = 114 g mol − ).

r
1
r

[3]

(c)

Biodiesel containing ethanol can be made from renewable resources.

Suggest one environmental disadvantage of producing biodiesel from renewable
resources.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.4
This question is about peroxides.

Hydrogen peroxide decomposes to water and oxygen when a catalyst such as

potassium iodide, KI, is added.
KI
2H2O2 (aq) → O2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
a.

Suggest why many chemicals, including hydrogen peroxide, are kept in brown
bottles instead of clear colourless bottles.

[1]

b(i).

In a laboratory experiment solutions of potassium iodide and hydrogen peroxide

were mixed and the volume of oxygen generated was recorded. The volume was
=
adjusted to 0 at t 0.

The data for the first trial is given below.

about:blank 18/109
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

Plot a graph on the axes below and from it determine the average rate of formation
O
of oxygen gas in cm3 2 (g) s−1.

:
Average rate of reaction [3]

b(ii).

O
Additional experiments were carried out at an elevated temperature. n the axes
M –B
below, sketch axwell oltzmann energy distribution curves at two temperatures
>
T1 and T2, where T2 T1.

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 2
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[ ]

b(iii).

Apart from a greater frequency of collisions, explain, by annotating your graphs in

(b)(ii), why an increased temperature causes the rate of reaction to increase.

2
[ ]

b(iv).

MnO2 is another possible catalyst for the reaction. State the IUPAC name for MnO2.
[1]

c.

Comment on why peracetic acid, C 3C H OOOH, is always sold in solution with

ethanoic acid and hydrogen peroxide.

H2O2 (aq) + CH COOH (aq) ⇌ CH COOOH (aq) + H2O (l)

3 3 [1]

d.

Sodium percarbonate, 2Na2CO •3H2O2, is an adduct of sodium carbonate and

3
hydrogen peroxide and is used as a cleaning agent.

M (2Na2CO •3H2O2) = 314.04

r 3

Calculate the percentage by mass of hydrogen peroxide in sodium percarbonate,

giving your answer to two decimal places.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.5

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

Both vinegar (a dilute aqueous solution of ethanoic acid) and bleach are used as
cleaning agents.

Bleach reacts with ammonia, also used as a cleaning agent, to produce the poisonous
compound chloramine, NH2Cl.

a. Outline why ethanoic acid is classified as a weak acid. [1]

b.

A solution of bleach can be made by reacting chlorine gas with a sodium hydroxide
solution.

2
Cl (g) +2NaOH (aq) ⇌ NaOCl (aq) + NaCl (aq) + H2O (l)
Suggest, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, why it is dangerous to mix
vinegar and bleach together as cleaners.

[3]

c(i). Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure of chloramine. [1]

c(ii).

Deduce the molecular geometry of chloramine and estimate its H–N–H bond
angle.

Molecular geometry: H–N–H bond angle: 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ1.6
This question is about iron.

a. State the nuclear symbol notation, AZ X, for iron-54. [1]

b. Mass spectrometry analysis of a sample of iron gave the following results:

Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar, of this sample of iron to two decimal places.

2
[ ]

c. An iron nail and a copper nail are inserted into a lemon.

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Explain why a potential is detected when the nails are connected through a
voltmeter.

[ ] 2
[Link].TZ1.8
(a)

Draw a circle around the functional group formed between the amino acids and state its
name.

Name:
[2]

(c)

J 9
Calculate the energy released, in k g −1 , when 3.4 g of starch are completely
97
combusted in a calorimeter, increasing the temperature of 5 g of water from 1.0 C 2 °
°
to 36.0 C. Use section 1 of the data booklet.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.13
(a) State one greenhouse gas, other than carbon dioxide. [1]
(c) Outline one approach to controlling industrial emissions of carbon dioxide. [1]

[Link].TZ2.2
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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

The thermal decomposition of dinitrogen monoxide occurs according to the equation :

2N2O (g) → 2N2 (g) + O2 (g)
The reaction can be followed by measuring the change in total pressure, at constant
temperature, with time.

The x-axis and y-axis are shown with arbitrary units.

a.

Explain why, as the reaction proceeds, the pressure increases by the amount
shown.

2
[ ]

b.

Outline, in terms of collision theory, how a decrease in pressure would affect the
rate of reaction.

2
[ ]

c.

The experiment is repeated using the same amount of dinitrogen monoxide in the
same apparatus, but at a lower temperature.

Sketch, on the axes in question 2, the graph that you would expect. 2
[ ]

d.

The experiment gave an error in the rate because the pressure gauge was
O
inaccurate. utline whether repeating the experiment, using the same apparatus,
and averaging the results would reduce the error.

[1]
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e.

The graph below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution of molecular energies

at a particular temperature.

The rate at which dinitrogen monoxide decomposes is significantly increased by a

metal oxide catalyst.

Annotate and use the graph to outline why a catalyst has this effect. [ ] 2
[Link].TZ2.3
Dinitrogen monoxide, N2O, causes depletion of ozone in the stratosphere.
Different sources of N2O have different ratios of N: N.
14 15

a. Outline why ozone in the stratosphere is important. [1]

b(i).

State one analytical technique that could be used to determine the ratio of N: N.14 15

[1]

b(ii).

A sample of gas was enriched to contain 2 % by mass of N with the remainder

15

being 14 .N
Calculate the relative molecular mass of the resulting N2O. [ ] 2
b(iii).

Predict, giving two reasons, how the first ionization energy of 15 N compares with
N
that of 14 .

[ ] 2
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c.

Suggest why it is surprising that dinitrogen monoxide dissolves in water to give a

neutral solution.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.4
Rhenium, Re, was the last element with a stable isotope to be isolated.
One chloride of rhenium has the empirical formula ReCl . 3

a.

Before its isolation, scientists predicted the existence of rhenium and some of its
properties.

Suggest the basis of these predictions. 2

[ ]

b.

Describe how the relative reactivity of rhenium, compared to silver, zinc, and
copper, can be established using pieces of rhenium and solutions of these metal
sulfates.

2
[ ]

c(i). State the name of this compound, applying IUPAC rules. [1]

c(ii). Calculate the percentage, by mass, of rhenium in ReCl . 3 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ2.5
Carbonated water is produced when carbon dioxide is dissolved in water under
pressure.

The following equilibria are established.

Carbon dioxide acts as a weak acid.

Soda water has sodium hydrogencarbonate, NaHCO , dissolved in the carbonated

3
water.

a(i). Distinguish between a weak and strong acid. : Strong acid:

Weak acid

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[1]

a(ii).

E 2
The hydrogencarbonate ion, produced in quilibrium ( ), can also act as an acid.

State the formula of its conjugate base. [1]

a(iii).

When a bottle of carbonated water is opened, these equilibria are disturbed.

State, giving a reason, how a decrease in pressure affects the position of

Equilibrium (1).
[1]

b(i).

E 2
Predict, referring to quilibrium ( ), how the added sodium hydrogencarbonate
H
affects the p .(Assume pressure and temperature remain constant.)

2
[ ]

b(ii). 100.0 cm3 of soda water contains 3.0 × 10−2 g NaHCO . 3

NH O
Calculate the concentration of a C 3 in mol dm−3. 2
[ ]

b(iii). Identify the type of bonding in sodium hydrogencarbonate.

Between sodium and hydrogencarbonate:

Between hydrogen and oxygen in hydrogencarbonate: 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.6
(a) Draw the repeating unit of polyphenylethene. [1]
(b) Determine the density of calcium, in g cm−− , using section 2 of the data booklet.
3

Ar = 40.08; metallic radius (r) = 1.97 × 10 m 10

[3]

(c(i))

Suggest two reasons why oil decomposes faster at the surface of the ocean than at
greater depth.

2
[ ]

(c(ii))

Oil spills can be treated with an enzyme mixture to speed up decomposition.

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 Outline one factor to be considered when assessing the greenness of an enzyme
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

mixture.

[1]

(e)

H –H –H B
The minor product, C 6 5 C 2 C 2 r, can be directly converted to an intermediate
H – H – OOH
compound, X , which can then be directly converted to the acid C 6 5 C 2 C .
H – H – H B → → H – H – OOH
C6 5 C 2 C 2 r X C6 5 C 2 C
Identify X .

[1]

[Link].TZ2.9
The regular rise and fall of sea levels, known as tides, can be used to generate energy.
State one advantage, other than limiting greenhouse gas emissions, and one
disadvantage of tidal power.
Advantage :
Disadvantage :
[2]

(d(i))

Suggest two reasons why oil decomposes faster at the surface of the ocean than at
greater depth.

2
[ ]

(d(ii))

Oil spills can be treated with an enzyme mixture to speed up decomposition.

Outline one factor to be considered when assessing the greenness of an enzyme
mixture.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.1
A student investigated how the type of acid in acid deposition affects limestone, a
building material mainly composed of calcium carbonate.

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The student monitored the mass of six similarly sized pieces of limestone. Three were
2
placed in beakers containing 00.0 cm3 of 0.100 mol dm−3 nitric acid, HNO
3 (aq), and
2 −
the other three in 00.0 cm of 0.100 mol dm sulfuric acid, 2 4 (aq).
3 3 H SO

The limestone was removed from the acid, washed, dried with a paper towel and
weighed every day at the same time and then replaced in the beakers.

The student plotted the mass of one of the pieces of limestone placed in nitric acid
against time.

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S
[ ource : © International Baccalaureate Organization 2019]
The student hypothesized that sulfuric acid would cause a larger mass loss than nitric
acid.

a. Draw a best-fit line on the graph. [1]

b(i).

Determine the initial rate of reaction of limestone with nitric acid from the graph.
Show your working on the graph and include the units of the initial rate. [3]

b(ii).

Explain why the rate of reaction of limestone with nitric acid decreases and
reaches zero over the period of five days.

2
[ ]

b(iii).

Suggest a source of error in the procedure, assuming no human errors occurred

and the balance was accurate.

[1]

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 Justify this hypothesis.
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

c(i). [1]

c(ii). The student obtained the following total mass losses.

She concluded that nitric acid caused more mass loss than sulfuric acid, which did
not support her hypothesis.

Suggest an explanation for the data, assuming that no errors were made by the
student.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.2
Ethanol was electrolysed at different voltages. The products at the anode, ethanoic acid,
ethanal and carbon dioxide, were collected and analysed.

The percentages of products obtained using three different catalysts mounted on a

/ R/
carbon anode, platinum (Pt C), platinum and ruthenium alloy (Pt u C) and platinum and
S/
tin alloy (Pt n C) are shown.

Chemical yields of ethanoic acid, ethanal and carbon dioxide as a function of voltage for
/ R/ S/
oxidation of 0.100 mol dm−3 ethanol at Pt C, Pt u C and Pt n C anodes at 80 C. °
[Source: Product Distributions and Efficiencies for Ethanol Oxidation in a Proton
Exchange Membrane Electrolysis Cell, Rakan M. Altarawneh and Peter G. Pickup, Journal
of the Electrochemical Society, 2017, volume 164, issue 7, [Link]

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 Distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License (CC BY,
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[Link]

a(i). Describe the effect of increasing the voltage on the chemical yield of:

Ethanal using Pt/C: Carbon dioxide using PtRu/C: [2]

a(ii). Determine the change in the average oxidation state of carbon.

From ethanol to ethanal: From ethanol to carbon dioxide: [2]

a(iii). List the three products at the anode from the least to the most oxidized.

[1]

b.

Deduce, giving your reason, which catalyst is most effective at fully oxidizing
ethanol.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.4
A molecule of citric acid, C6 H O7, is shown.
8

The equation for the first dissociation of citric acid in water is

C6 H O7 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ C H7O7− (aq) + H O (aq)

8 6 3
+

a(i). Identify a conjugate acid–base pair in the equation. [1]

a(ii). The value of K at 298 K for the first dissociation is 5.01 × 10− .
a
4

State, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid. [1]

a(iii).

S
The dissociation of citric acid is an endothermic process. tate the effect on the
H K
hydrogen ion concentration, [ +], and on a, of increasing the temperature.

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2
[ ]

a(iv).

G J
Calculate the standard ibbs free energy change, Δ𝐺θ , in k mol−1, for the first
29 K
dissociation of citric acid at 8 , using section 1 of the data booklet.

[1]

a(v). Comment on the spontaneity of the reaction at 298 K. [1]

b.

Outline two laboratory methods of distinguishing between solutions of citric acid

and hydrochloric acid of equal concentration, stating the expected observations.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.5
Another common acid found in food is ethanoic acid.

a.

A sample of ethanoic acid was titrated with sodium hydroxide solution, and the
H
following p curve obtained.

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Annotate the graph to show the buffer region and the volume of sodium hydroxide
at the equivalence point.

2
[ ]

b(i).

Identify the most suitable indicator for the titration using section 22 of the data
booklet.

[1]

b(ii).

Describe, using a suitable equation, how the buffer solution formed during the
titration resists pH changes when a small amount of acid is added.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.1
The equations show steps in the formation and decomposition of ozone in the
stratosphere, some of which absorb ultraviolet light.

Step 1 O2 → 2O•
Step 2 O• + O2 → O 3

Step 3 O → O• + O2
3

Step 4 O• + O → 2O2 3

a. Draw the Lewis structures of oxygen, O2, and ozone, O . 3 2

[ ]

b.

Outline why both bonds in the ozone molecule are the same length and predict
the bond length in the ozone molecule. Refer to section 10 of the data booklet.

Reason: Length: [2]

c.

Distinguish ultraviolet light from visible light in terms of wavelength and energy.
[1]

d.

Discuss how the different bond strengths between the oxygen atoms in O2 and O
in the ozone layer affect radiation reaching the Earth’s surface.
3

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 2
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[ ]

[Link].TZ0.16
(a) Discuss the data. [3]
(b) Outline what is meant by the degradation of energy. [1]

[Link].TZ0.2
The biochemical oxygen demand of a water sample can be determined by the following
series of reactions. The final step is titration of the sample with sodium thiosulfate
N SO
solution, a2 2 3 (aq).

2Mn2 (aq) + O2 (aq) + 4OH− (aq) → 2MnO2 (s) + 2H2O (l)

+

MnO2 (s) + 2I− (aq) + 4H (aq) → Mn2 (aq) + I2 (aq) + 2H2O (l)
+ +

2S2O 2− (aq) + I2 (aq) → 2I− (aq) + S O 2− (aq)

3 4 6

A student analysed two 300.0 cm3 samples of water taken from the school pond one :
immediately (day 0), and the other after leaving it sealed in a dark cupboard for five
days (day 5). The following results were obtained for the titration of the samples with
N SO
0.0100 mol dm−3 a2 2 3 (aq).

a(i). Determine the mole ratio of S2O 2− to O2, using the balanced equations.
3 [1]

a(ii). Calculate the number of moles of oxygen in the day 0 sample. 2

[ ]

a(iii). The day 5 sample contained 5.03 × 10− 5 moles of oxygen.

Determine the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand of the pond, in mg dm− 3

(“parts
per million”, ppm).

2
[ ]

b(i). Calculate the percentage uncertainty of the day 5 titre. [1]

b(ii).

Suggest a modification to the procedure that would make the results more
reliable.

[1]
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[Link].TZ0.4
A molecule of citric acid, C6 H O7, is shown.
8

The equation for the first dissociation of citric acid in water is

C6 H O7 (aq) + H2O (l) ⇌ C H7O7− (aq) + H O

8 6 3
+ (aq)

a(i). Identify a conjugate acid–base pair in the equation. [1]

a(ii).

The value of the equilibrium constant for the first dissociation at 298 K is 5.01 ×
10−4.

State, giving a reason, the strength of citric acid. [1]

a(iii).

S
The dissociation of citric acid is an endothermic process. tate the effect on the
H
hydrogen ion concentration, [ +], and on the equilibrium constant, of increasing
the temperature.

2
[ ]

b.

Outline one laboratory methods of distinguishing between solutions of citric acid

and hydrochloric acid of equal concentration, stating the expected observations.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.6
Automobile air bags inflate by a rapid decomposition reaction. ne typical compoundO
NH NO
used is guanidinium nitrate, C( 2)3 3, which decomposes very rapidly to form
nitrogen, water vapour and carbon.

a(i). Deduce the equation for the decomposition of guanidinium nitrate. [1]

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a(ii).

Calculate the total number of moles of gas produced from the decomposition of
10.0 g of guanidinium nitrate.

[1]

a(iii).

27°C, assuming
Calculate the pressure, in kPa, of this gas in a 10.0 dm3 air bag at 1
no gas escapes.

[1]

a(iv).

Suggest why water vapour deviates significantly from ideal behaviour when the
gases are cooled, while nitrogen does not.

2
[ ]

b. Another airbag reactant produces nitrogen gas and sodium.

Suggest, including an equation, why the products of this reactant present a safety
hazard.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.1
In order to determine the oil content of different types of potato crisps (chips), a student
weighed 5 . 00 g of crushed crisps and mixed them with 20 . 0 cm3 of non-polar solvent.

She assumed all the oil in the crisps dissolved in the solvent.
The student then filtered the mixture to remove any solids, and gently heated the
solution on a hot plate to evaporate the solvent.

She measured the mass of the oil that remained from each type of crisps
a. Suggest why a non-polar solvent was needed. [1]

b. State one reason why the mixture was not heated strongly. [1]

c.

Non-polar solvents can be toxic. Suggest a modification to the experiment which

allows the evaporated solvent to be collected.

[1]

d.

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 Suggest one source of error in the experiment, excluding faulty apparatus and
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human error, that would lead to the following:

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.18
(a(ii)) The vapour pressure of pure ethanal at 20 ° C is 101 kPa . [1]
Calculate the vapour pressure of ethanal above the liquid mixture at 20 ° C .

(b) Describe how this mixture is separated by fractional distillation. [2]

[Link].TZ0.2
An investigation was carried out to determine the effect of chain length of the alcohol
on the equilibrium constant, 𝐾c , for the reversible reaction :
H+ aq
ROH + CH3 COOH ⇌ CH3 COOR + H2 O
The reactants, products and the catalyst form a homogeneous mixture.

Fixed volumes of each alcohol, the ethanoic acid and the sulfuric acid catalyst were
placed in sealed conical flasks.

At equilibrium, the flasks were placed in an ice bath, and samples of each flask titrated
with NaOH ( aq ) to determine the ethanoic acid concentration present in the
equilibrium mixture.

The following processed results were obtained.

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© International Baccalaureate Organization 2020

a. Identify the independent and dependent variables in this experiment.

[1]

b.

The ice bath is used at equilibrium to slow down the forward and reverse
E
reactions. xplain why adding a large amount of water to the reaction mixture
would also slow down both reactions.

2
[ ]

c.

Suggest why the titration must be conducted quickly even though a low
temperature is maintained.

[1]

d.

An additional experiment was conducted in which only the sulfuric acid catalyst
O
was titrated with NaOH ( aq ) . utline why this experiment was necessary.

[1]

e.

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Calculate the percentage uncertainty and percentage error in the experimentally

determined value of 𝐾c for methanol.

[ ] 2
f.

Comment on the magnitudes of random and systematic errors in this experiment

using the answers in (e).

[ ] 2
g. Suggest a risk of using sulfuric acid as the catalyst. [1]

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

Nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen gas to form nitrogen dioxide.

The following experimental data was obtained.

Deduce the partial order of reaction with respect to nitrogen monoxide and
oxygen.

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[ ] 2
b. Nitrogen monoxide reacts with oxygen gas to form nitrogen dioxide.
Deduce, giving a reason, whether the following mechanism is possible.
[1]

[Link].TZ0.11
(a)

Calculate the energy released, in kJ , from the complete combustion of 5 . 00 dm3 of

ethanol.

[1]

(c)

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel
for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.

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[4]

(d)

S
A mixture of gasoline and ethanol is often used as a fuel. uggest an advantage of such a
E
mixture over the use of pure gasoline. xclude any discussion of cost.

[1]

(e(ii))

Methane is another greenhouse gas. Contrast the reasons why methane and carbon
dioxide are considered significant greenhouse gases.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.9
(a)

Calculate the energy released, in kJ , from the complete combustion of 5 . 00 dm3 of

ethanol.

[1]

(c)

Outline the advantages and disadvantages of using biodiesel instead of gasoline as fuel
for a car. Exclude any discussion of cost.

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[4]

(d)

S
A mixture of gasoline and ethanol is often used as a fuel. uggest an advantage of such a
E
mixture over the use of pure gasoline. xclude any discussion of cost.

[1]

(f(ii))

Methane is another greenhouse gas. Contrast the reasons why methane and carbon
dioxide are considered significant greenhouse gases.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.1
Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, e . FS
FS
Iron (II) sulfide, e , is ionically bonded.

The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron
(III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.

a. Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity. [1]

b.

Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving two of its chemical

properties.

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 2
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[ ]

c. Sketch the first eight successive ionisation energies of sulfur.

2
[ ]

d(i). Describe the bonding in this type of solid. 2

[ ]

d(ii).

State a technique that could be used to determine the crystal structure of the solid
compound.

[1]

d(iii). State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion. [1]

d(iv).

Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide
ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

[1]

d(v).

Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent
and metallic.

[1]

e(i). Write the equation for this reaction. [1]

e(ii). Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur. [1]

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 Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.
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e(iii). [1]

f.

Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal
harder.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.6
NO
When dinitrogen pentoxide, 2 5, is heated the colourless gas undergoes thermal
decomposition to produce brown nitrogen dioxide :
N2O (g) → 2NO2 (g) + 12 O2 (g)
5

Data for the decomposition at constant temperature is given.

a. Suggest how the extent of decomposition could be measured. [1]

b(i). Plot the missing point on the graph and draw the best-fit line.

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 2
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[ ]

b(ii).

Outline why increasing the concentration of N2O 5 increases the rate of reaction.

[1]

b(iii). Write the rate expression for this reaction. [1]

b(iv). Calculate the value of the rate constant, k, giving its units. [3]

[Link].TZ1.7
Oxygen exists as two allotropes, diatomic oxygen, O2, and ozone, O . 3

a(i). Draw a Lewis (electron dot) structure for ozone. [1]

a(ii). Discuss the relative length of the two O−O bonds in ozone. 2
[ ]

b. Explain why there are frequencies of UV light that will dissociate O 3 but not O2.

[2]

c.

Explain, using equations, how the presence of CCl2F2 results in a chain reaction
that decreases the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.

2
[ ]

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[Link].TZ2.1
Limestone can be converted into a variety of useful commercial products through the
lime cycle. Limestone contains high percentages of calcium carbonate, CaCO . 3

Thermodynamic data for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is given.

The second step of the lime cycle produces calcium hydroxide, Ca( OH)2.
Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to reform calcium carbonate.

Ca(OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO (s) + H2O (l)

3

a. Calcium carbonate is heated to produce calcium oxide, CaO.

CaCO (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

3

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at STP when 555 g of calcium
carbonate decomposes. Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.

2
[ ]

b(i).

Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH, in kJ, for the decomposition of
calcium carbonate.

2
[ ]

b(ii).

Calculate the change in entropy, ΔS, in J K− , for the decomposition of calcium

1

carbonate.

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[1]

b(iii).

Determine the temperature, in K, at which the decomposition of calcium carbonate

becomes spontaneous, using b(i), b(ii) and section 1 of the data booklet.

(If you do not have answers for b(i) and b(ii), use ΔH = 190 kJ and ΔS = 180 J K− ,
1

but these are not the correct answers.)

2
[ ]

b(iv).

Sketch an energy profile for the decomposition of calcium carbonate based on

your answer to b(i), labelling the axes and activation energy, E . a

[3]

b(v).

State how adding a catalyst to the reaction would impact the enthalpy change of
reaction, ΔH, and the activation energy, E . a

[1]

c(i).

Write the equation for the reaction of Ca( OH)2 (aq) with hydrochloric acid, HCl
(aq).
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[1]

c(ii).

Determine the volume, in dm , of 0.015 mol dm−− calcium hydroxide solution

3 3

needed to neutralize 35.0 cm of 0.025 mol dm HCl (aq).

3 3

2
[ ]

c(iii).

Saturated calcium hydroxide solution is used to test for carbon dioxide. Calculate
the pH of a 2.33 × 10 mol dm− solution of calcium hydroxide, a strong base.
−2 3

[2]

d(i).

Determine the mass, in g, of CaCO (s) produced by reacting 2.41 dm of 2.33 ×

3

10 mol dm− of Ca(OH)2 (aq) with 0.750 dm of CO2 (g) at STP.

−2 3
3 3

2
[ ]

d(ii).

2.85 g of CaCO was collected in the experiment in d(i). Calculate the percentage
yield of CaCO .
3
3

(If you did not obtain an answer to d(i), use 4.00 g, but this is not the correct
value.)

[1]

e.

Outline how one calcium compound in the lime cycle can reduce a problem
caused by acid deposition.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.6
Bromate and bromide ions react in acidic aqueous solution.
BrO − (aq) + 5Br− (aq) + 6H (aq) → 3Br2 (l) + 3H2O (l)
3
+

The following rate data was collected.

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a. Determine the rate expression for the reaction.

[ ] 2
b.

Determine the value and unit of the rate constant using the rate expression in (a).
[ ] 2
[Link].TZ2.7
Consider the following equilibrium reaction :
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO (g) 3

a. State the equilibrium constant expression, K , for the reaction above.

c [1]

b.

State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume
of the reaction container at a constant temperature.

[3]

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c.

SO2 (g), O2 (g) and SO (g) are mixed and allowed to reach equilibrium at 600 °C.
3

Determine the value of K c °

at 600 C. 2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.1
Iron may be extracted from iron (II) sulfide, e . FS
FS
Iron (II) sulfide, e , is ionically bonded.

The first step in the extraction of iron from iron (II) sulfide is to roast it in air to form iron
(III) oxide and sulfur dioxide.

a. Outline why metals, like iron, can conduct electricity. [1]

b.

Justify why sulfur is classified as a non-metal by giving two of its chemical

properties.

2
[ ]

c(i). Describe the bonding in this type of solid. [2]

c(ii). State the full electron configuration of the sulfide ion. [1]

c(iii).

Outline, in terms of their electronic structures, why the ionic radius of the sulfide
ion is greater than that of the oxide ion.

[1]

c(iv).

Suggest why chemists find it convenient to classify bonding into ionic, covalent
and metallic.

[1]

d(i). Write the equation for this reaction. [1]

d(ii). Deduce the change in the oxidation state of sulfur. [1]

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 Suggest why this process might raise environmental concerns.
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d(iii). [1]

e.

Explain why the addition of small amounts of carbon to iron makes the metal
harder.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.2
Iron (II) sulfide reacts with hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen sulfide, H2S.
In aqueous solution, hydrogen sulfide acts as an acid.

a(i). Draw the Lewis (electron dot) structure of hydrogen sulfide. [1]

a(ii). Predict the shape of the hydrogen sulfide molecule. [1]

b(i). State the formula of its conjugate base. [1]

b(ii).

Saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide has a concentration of 0.10 mol dm− 3

and a
pH of 4.0. Demonstrate whether it is a strong or weak acid.

[1]

b(iii).

Calculate the hydroxide ion concentration in saturated aqueous hydrogen sulfide.

[1]

c.

A gaseous sample of nitrogen, contaminated only with hydrogen sulfide, was

reacted with excess sodium hydroxide solution at constant temperature. The
volume of the gas changed from 550 cm3 to 5 5 cm3. 2
Determine the mole percentage of hydrogen sulfide in the sample, stating one
assumption you made.

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[3]

[Link].TZ1.3
Magnetite, Fe O , is another ore of iron that contains both Fe2
3 4
+ F
and e3+.

Iron exists as several isotopes.

In acidic solution, hydrogen peroxide, H2O2, will oxidize Fe2 . +

Fe2 (aq) → Fe (aq) + e−

+ 3+

a. Deduce the ratio of Fe2 :Fe in Fe O .

+ 3+
3 4 [1]

b(i).

State the type of spectroscopy that could be used to determine their relative
abundances.

[1]

b(ii). State the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each species.
2
[ ]

c.

;
Iron has a relatively small specific heat capacity the temperature of a 50 g sample
° J
rises by 44.4 C when it absorbs 1 k of heat energy.

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 Determine the specific heat capacity of iron, in J g− K− . Use section 1 of the data
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test
1 1

booklet.

[1]

d(i).

Write the half-equation for the reduction of hydrogen peroxide to water in acidic
solution.

[1]

d(ii).

Deduce a balanced equation for the oxidation of Fe2+ by acidified hydrogen

peroxide.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.5
Ethanol is obtained by the hydration of ethene, C2H . 4

a(i). State the class of compound to which ethene belongs. [1]

a(ii).

State the molecular formula of the next member of the homologous series to which
ethene belongs.

[1]

b. Justify why ethene has only a single signal in its H NMR spectrum.
1
[1]

c.

Suggest two possible products of the incomplete combustion of ethene that

would not be formed by complete combustion.

[1]

d. A white solid was formed when ethene was subjected to high pressure.

Deduce the type of reaction that occurred. [1]

[Link].TZ1.6
NO
When dinitrogen pentoxide, 2 5, is heated the colourless gas undergoes thermal
decomposition to produce brown nitrogen dioxide :
N2O (g) → 2NO2 (g) + 12 O2 (g)
5

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Data for the decomposition at constant temperature is given.

a. Suggest how the extent of decomposition could be measured. [1]

b(i). Plot the missing point on the graph and draw the best-fit line.

2
[ ]

b(ii).

Deduce the relationship between the concentration of N2O 5 and the rate of
reaction.

[1]

b(iii).

Outline why increasing the concentration of N2O 5 increases the rate of reaction.

[1]

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[Link].TZ2.1
Limestone can be converted into a variety of useful commercial products through the
lime cycle. Limestone contains high percentages of calcium carbonate, CaCO . 3

The second step of the lime cycle produces calcium hydroxide, Ca( OH)2.
Calcium hydroxide reacts with carbon dioxide to reform calcium carbonate.

OH)2 (aq) + CO2 (g) → CaCO (s) + H2O (l)

Ca( 3

a. Calcium carbonate is heated to produce calcium oxide, CaO.

CaCO (s) → CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

3

Calculate the volume of carbon dioxide produced at STP when 555 g of calcium
carbonate decomposes. Use sections 2 and 6 of the data booklet.

2
[ ]

b. Thermodynamic data for the decomposition of calcium carbonate is given.

Calculate the enthalpy change of reaction, ΔH, in kJ, for the decomposition of
calcium carbonate.

2
[ ]

c(i).

S
The potential energy profile for a reaction is shown. ketch a dotted line labelled
“Catalysed” to indicate the effect of a catalyst.

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[1]

c(ii). Outline why a catalyst has such an effect. [1]

d(i).

Write the equation for the reaction of Ca( OH)2 (aq) with hydrochloric acid, HCl
(aq).

[1]

d(ii).

Determine the volume, in dm , of 0.015 mol dm−− calcium hydroxide solution

3 3

needed to neutralize 35.0 cm of 0.025 mol dm HCl (aq).

3 3

2
[ ]

d(iii).

Saturated calcium hydroxide solution is used to test for carbon dioxide. Calculate
the pH of a 2.33 × 10 mol dm− solution of calcium hydroxide, a strong base.
−2 3

[2]

e(i).

Determine the mass, in g, of CaCO (s) produced by reacting 2.41 dm of 2.33 ×

3

10 mol dm− of Ca(OH)2 (aq) with 0.750 dm of CO2 (g) at STP.

−2 3
3 3

2
[ ]

e(ii).

2.85 g of CaCO was collected in the experiment in e(i). Calculate the percentage
yield of CaCO .
3
3

(If you did not obtain an answer to e(i), use 4.00 g, but this is not the correct
value.)
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[1]

f.

Outline how one calcium compound in the lime cycle can reduce a problem
caused by acid deposition.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.2
The properties of elements can be predicted from their position in the periodic table.

a(i). Explain why Si has a smaller atomic radius than Al. 2

[ ]

a(ii). Explain the decrease in radius from Na to Na . + [2]

b(i). State the condensed electron configurations for Cr and Cr3 . +

2
[ ]

b(ii). Describe metallic bonding and how it contributes to electrical conductivity.

[3]

c.

Deduce the Lewis (electron dot) structure and molecular geometry of sulfur
dichloride, SCl2.

2
[ ]

d. Suggest, giving reasons, the relative volatilities of SCl2 and H2O. [3]

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e. Consider the following equilibrium reaction : 2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO (g) 3

State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume
of the reaction container at a constant temperature.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.7
(a) State the equilibrium constant expression, K c, for the reaction above. [1]

(b)

State and explain how the equilibrium would be affected by increasing the volume of
the reaction container at a constant temperature.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.11
7
50.00 cm3 of 0. 5 mol dm−3 sodium hydroxide was added in 1.00 cm3 portions to 22.50
cm3 of 0.50 mol dm−3 chloroethanoic acid.

a.

Calculate the initial pH before any sodium hydroxide was added, using section 21
of the data booklet.

2
[ ]

b.

2
The concentration of excess sodium hydroxide was 0.36 mol dm−3. Calculate the
H
p of the solution at the end of the experiment.

[1]

c. Sketch the neutralisation curve obtained and label the equivalence point.

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[3]

[Link].TZ0.2
Electron transitions are related to trends in the periodic table.
a.

Explain the general increase in trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3
elements, Na to Ar.

[2]

b.

Sodium emits yellow light with a frequency of 5.09 × 10 Hz when electrons

14

transition from 3p to 3s orbitals.

J
Calculate the energy difference, in , between these two orbitals using sections 1
2
and of the data booklet.

Darling, D, n.d. D lines (of sodium). [online] Available at

<[Link] [Accessed 6 May
2020].
[1]

[Link].TZ0.3

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White phosphorus is an allotrope of phosphorus and exists as P4.

An equilibrium exists between PCl3 and PCl5.

PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) ⇌ PCl5 (g)

a(i).

Sketch the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the P 4 molecule, containing only single
bonds.

[1]

a(ii).

Write an equation for the reaction of white phosphorus (P4) with chlorine gas to
form phosphorus trichloride (PCl3).

[1]

b(i).

Deduce the electron domain and molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, and
estimate the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl . 3

[3]

b(ii). Outline the reason why PCl 5 F

is a non-polar molecule, while PCl4 is polar.

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[3]

c(i).

Calculate the standard enthalpy change ( ΔH ⦵)

J
for the forward reaction in k mol−1.

ΔH ⦵
f PCl3 (g) = −306.4 kJ mol− ΔH
1 ⦵
f = −398.9 kJ mol−
PCl5 (g) 1
[1]

c(ii). Calculate the entropy change, ΔS, in J K− mol− , for this reaction.
1 1

2 2N
Chemistry e, Chpt. 1 uclear Chemistry, Appendix G: S
tandard Thermodynamic
S S ://
Properties for elected ubstances https [Link] books chemistry- / /
2/ /
e pages g-standard-thermodynamic-properties-for-
# 7 9
selectedsubstances page_66 adccf-f 00-4d86-a13d-40 c014086ea 1 9
- 0 1, © 999 2 2
R E
ice University. xcept where otherwise noted, textbooks on this site are licensed
under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International icense. (CC 4.0) L BY
://
https [Link] licenses by 4.0 . / / / /
[1]

c(iii).

G
Calculate the ibbs free energy change ( ΔG), in kJ mol− , for this reaction at 25 °C.
1

Use section 1 of the data booklet.

−7 J
If you did not obtain an answer in c(i) or c(ii) use 8 .6 k mol−1 and 150.5 mol−1 − J
K −1 respectively, but these are not the correct answers.
2
[ ]

c(iv).

Determine the equilibrium constant, K, for this reaction at 25 °C, referring to

section 1 of the data booklet.

If you did not obtain an answer in (c)(iii), use ΔG = –43.5 kJ mol− , but this is not the
1

correct answer.

2
[ ]

c(v). State the equilibrium constant expression, K , for this reaction.

c [1]

c(vi).

State, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of this
equilibrium.
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[1]

[Link].TZ0.5
H O
Phosphoric acid, 3P 4 can form three different salts depending on the extent of
neutralisation by sodium hydroxide.

a.

Formulate an equation for the reaction of one mole of phosphoric acid with one
mole of sodium hydroxide.

[1]

b. Formulate two equations to show the amphiprotic nature of H2PO −.

4 2
[ ]

c.

H O 2
Calculate the concentration of 3P 4 if 5.00 cm3 is completely neutralised by the
2 N OH
addition of 8.40 cm3 of 0.5000 mol dm−3 a .

2
[ ]

d.

Outline the reasons that sodium hydroxide is considered a Brønsted–Lowry and

Lewis base.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.2
Explain the general increase in trend in the first ionization energies of the period 3
elements, Na to Ar.

[Link].TZ0.3
White phosphorus is an allotrope of phosphorus and exists as P4.

An equilibrium exists between PCl3 and PCl5.

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PCl3 (g) + Cl2 (g) ⇌ PCl5 (g)

a(i).

Sketch the Lewis (electron dot) structure of the P 4 molecule, containing only single
bonds.

[1]

a(ii).

Write an equation for the reaction of white phosphorus (P4) with chlorine gas to
form phosphorus trichloride (PCl3).

[1]

b(i).

Deduce the electron domain and molecular geometry using VSEPR theory, and
estimate the Cl–P–Cl bond angle in PCl . 3

[3]

b(ii). Explain the polarity of PCl .

3 [1]

c(i).

Calculate the standard enthalpy change ( ΔH⦵) J

for the forward reaction in k mol−1.

ΔH ⦵
f PCl3 (g) = −306.4 kJ mol− ΔH
1 ⦵
f = −398.9 kJ mol−
PCl5 (g) 1
[1]

c(ii). State the equilibrium constant expression, K , for this reaction.

c [1]

c(iii).

State, with a reason, the effect of an increase in temperature on the position of this
equilibrium.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.5
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Phosphoric acid, H PO , can undergo stepwise neutralization, forming amphiprotic

3 4
species.

a.

Formulate an equation for the reaction of one mole of phosphoric acid with one
mole of sodium hydroxide.

[1]

b. Formulate two equations to show the amphiprotic nature of H2PO −. 4 [ ] 2

c.

H O 2
Calculate the concentration of 3P 4 if 5.00 cm3 is completely neutralised by the
2 N OH
addition of 8.40 cm3 of 0.5000 mol dm−3 a .

[ ] 2
d.

Outline the reason that sodium hydroxide is considered a Brønsted–Lowry base.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.7
Alkanes undergo combustion and substitution.

a.

Determine the molar enthalpy of combustion of an alkane if 8.75 × 10− 4 moles are
burned, raising the temperature of 20.0 g of water by 57.3 °C.

[ ] 2
b.

Formulate equations for the two propagation steps and one termination step in the
formation of chloroethane from ethane.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.8
Fast moving helium nuclei ( He2 ) were fired at a thin piece of gold foil with most
4 +

passing undeflected but a few deviating largely from their path. The diagram illustrates
this historic experiment.

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Figure from PPLATO / FLAP (Flexible Learning Approach To Physics),

[Link]
phys8_1.html#top 1996 The Open University and The University of Reading.

a. Suggest what can be concluded about the gold atom from this experiment.

2
[ ]

b(i).

Subsequent experiments showed electrons existing in energy levels occupying

various orbital shapes.

Sketch diagrams of 1s, 2s and 2p.

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2
[ ]

b(ii). State the electron configuration of copper. [1]

[Link].TZ0.9
(a)

Suggest what can be concluded about the gold atom from this experiment.

2
[ ]

(b(i))

Subsequent experiments showed electrons existing in energy levels occupying various

orbital shapes.
Sketch diagrams of 1s, 2s and 2p.

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2
[ ]

(b(ii)) State the electron configuration of copper. [1]

[Link].TZ1.3
Ammonia is produced by the Haber–Bosch process which involves the equilibrium:
N2 (g) + 3 H2 (g) ⇌ 2 NH (g) 3

The percentage of ammonia at equilibrium under various conditions is shown:

[The Haber Bosch Process [graph] Available[Accessed

at: https::// /07/2022].]
[Link]/wiki/File:Ammonia_yield.png
One factor affecting the position of equilibrium is the enthalpy change of the reaction.
The standard free energy change, ΔG , for the Haber–Bosch process is –33.0 kJ at 298
⦵

K.
a(i). Deduce the expression for the equilibrium constant, K , for this equation. c

[1]
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a(ii). State how the use of a catalyst affects the position of the equilibrium. [1]

a(iii).

Q
With reference to the reaction quotient, , explain why the percentage yield
increases as the pressure is increased at constant temperature.

[3]

b(i).

Determine the enthalpy change, ΔH, for the Haber–Bosch process, in kJ. Use
Section 11 of the data booklet.
[3]

b(ii).

Outline why the value obtained in (b)(i) might differ from a value calculated using
ΔH data.
f

[1]

b(iii).

Demonstrate that your answer to (b)(i) is consistent with the effect of an increase in
temperature on the percentage yield, as shown in the graph.

2
[ ]

c(i). State, giving a reason, whether the reaction is spontaneous or not at 298 K.
[1]

c(ii).

Calculate the value of the equilibrium constant, , at K 298 K. Use sections 1 and 2 of
the data booklet.

2
[ ]

c(iii).

H –B
Calculate the entropy change for the aber osch process, in mol–1 J K– at 298 K.
1

Use your answer to (b)(i) and section 1 of the data booklet.

2
[ ]

c(iv).

Outline, with reference to the reaction equation, why this sign for the entropy
change is expected.

[1]

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[Link].TZ1.5
Organomagnesium compounds can react with carbonyl compounds. One overall
equation is:

Compound B can also be prepared by reacting an alkene with water.

Iodomethane is used to prepare CH MgI. It can also be converted into methanol:
3

CH I + HO– → CH OH + I–
3 3

a(i).

State the name of Compound B, applying International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.

[1]

a(ii).

B
Compound A and Compound are both liquids at room temperature and pressure.
Identify the strongest intermolecular force between molecules of Compound A.

[1]

a(iii). State the number of σ (sigma) and π (pi) bonds in Compound A.

[1]

a(iv). Deduce the hybridization of the central carbon atom in Compound A. [1]

a(v).

Identify the isomer of Compound B that exists as optical isomers (enantiomers).

[1]

b(i). Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.

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[1]

b(ii). Explain why the reaction produces more (CH ) COH than (CH )2CHCH2OH.
3 3 3

[2]

b(iii).

Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from
this alkene.

[1]

c.

Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified

aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).

[1]

d(i). Identify the type of reaction. [1]

d(ii). Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.
[2]

d(iii).

Explain the mechanism of the reaction using curly arrows to represent the
movement of electron pairs.

[3]

d(iv). – –X, facilitates attack by HO–.

The polarity of the carbon halogen bond, C

Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 17.
[1]

[Link].TZ1.6
Nitric acid is usually produced by the oxidation of ammonia.
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A mixture of nitric acid and sulfuric acid can be used to convert benzene to
nitrobenzene, C6 5 2.H NO
a(i).

Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of a nitrogen

atom.

[1]

a(ii).

Deduce a Lewis (electron dot) structure of the nitric acid molecule, HNO , that
3
obeys the octet rule, showing any non-zero formal charges on the atoms.

2
[ ]

a(iii).

Explain the relative lengths of the three bonds between N and O in nitric acid. [3]

a(iv).

State a technique used to determine the length of the bonds between N and O in
solid HNO .
3

[1]

b(i).

Write an equation for the reaction between the acids to produce the electrophile,
NO2+ .
[1]

b(ii).

Draw the structural formula of the carbocation intermediate produced when this
electrophile attacks benzene.

[1]

b(iii).
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 Deduce the number of signals that you would expect in the H NMR spectrum of
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1

nitrobenzene and the relative areas of these.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.3
Standard electrode potential values, E ⦵, can be used to predict spontaneity.

a(i). Iron(II) is oxidized by bromine. 2Fe2 + (aq) B

+ r2 (l) ⇌ 2Fe 3+ (aq) + 2Br− (aq)
Calculate the E⦵
cell, V 2
in , for the reaction using section 4 of the data booklet. [1]

a(ii). Determine, giving a reason, if iodine will also oxidize iron(II). [1]

b(i). Molten zinc chloride undergoes electrolysis in an electrolytic cell at 450 °C.
Deduce the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode.

2
[ ]

b(ii).

Deduce the overall cell reaction including state symbols. Use section 7 of the data
booklet.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.4
Hydrogen and iodine react to form hydrogen iodide.
H2 (g) + I2 (g) ⇌ 2HI (g)
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The following experimental data was obtained.

Consider the reaction of hydrogen with solid iodine.

H2 (g) + I2 (s) ⇌ 2HI (g) ΔH = +53.0 kJ mol−

⦵ 1

a(i). Deduce the order of reaction with respect to hydrogen. [1]

a(ii). Deduce the rate expression for the reaction. [1]

a(iii). Calculate the value of the rate constant stating its units. 2
[ ]

b. State two conditions necessary for a successful collision between reactants.

[1]

c. State the equilibrium constant expression, K , for this reaction.

c [1]

d(i). Calculate the entropy change of reaction, ΔS , in J K− mol− .

⦵ 1 1

[1]

d(ii).

Predict, giving a reason, how the value of the ΔS ⦵

reaction would be affected if I2 (g)
were used as a reactant.

[1]

d(iii).

G
Calculate the ibbs free energy change, ΔG ⦵,
J
in k mol−1, for the reaction at 298 K.
Use section 1 of the data booklet.

[1]

d(iv).

K
Calculate the equilibrium constant, c, for this reaction at 298 K. Use your answer
2
to (d)(iii) and sections 1 and of the data booklet.
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 2 J
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

(If you did not obtain an answer to (d)(iii) use a value of .0 k mol−1, although this
is not the correct answer).

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.5
Iron(II) disulfide, e F S2, has been mistaken for gold.
a(i). State the full electronic configuration of Fe2 . + [1]

a(ii).

Explain why there is a large increase from the 8th to the 9th ionization energy of
iron.

2
[ ]

b. Calculate the oxidation state of sulfur in iron(II) disulfide, e F S2. [1]

c. Describe the bonding in iron, Fe (s). [1]

[Link].TZ2.6
Sulfur trioxide is produced from sulfur dioxide.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO (g) 3 ΔH = −196 kJ mol− 1

The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be carried out at different
temperatures.

a. Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction. 2

[ ]

b(i).

On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting
species at two temperatures T and T2, where T2 > T .
1 1

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[3]

b(ii). Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO . 3 [ ] 2

c(i). Draw the Lewis structure of SO . 3 [1]

c(ii). Explain the electron domain geometry of SO . 3 [ ] 2

d(i). State the product formed from the reaction of SO with water. 3 [1]

d(ii). State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. [ ] 2

[Link].TZ2.7
The overall equation for the production of hydrogen cyanide, HCN, is shown below.
CH (g) + NH (g) + O2 (g) → HCN (g) + 3H2O (g)
3
4 2 3

a(i). State why NH is a Lewis base.

3 [1]

a(ii). Calculate the pH of a 1.00 × 10−2 mol dm− aqueous solution of ammonia.
3

pK = 4.75 at 298 K.
b [3]

a(iii).

Justify whether a 1.0 dm 3

solution made from 0.10 mol NH 3
2 H
and 0. 0 mol Cl will
form a buffer solution.

[1]

b(i). Sketch the shape of one sigma (σ) and one pi (π) bond.

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

2
[ ]

b(ii). Identify the number of sigma and pi bonds in HCN.

[1]

b(iii). State the hybridization of the carbon atom in HCN. [1]

c.

Suggest why hydrogen chloride, HCl, has a lower boiling point than hydrogen
cyanide, HCN.

[1]

d. Explain why transition metal cyanide complexes are coloured. [3]

[Link].TZ2.8
Carbon forms many compounds.

C60 and diamond are allotropes of carbon.

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Chlorine reacts with methane.

CH (g) + Cl2 (g) → CH Cl (g) + HCl (g)

4 3

a(i).

Outline two differences between the bonding of carbon atoms in C 60 and

diamond.

2
[ ]

a(ii).

Explain why C 60 and diamond sublime at different temperatures and pressures.

2
[ ]

b.

State two features showing that propane and butane are members of the
same homologous series.

2
[ ]

c.

Describe a test and the expected result to indicate the presence of carbon–carbon
double bonds.

2
[ ]

d(i). Draw the full structural formula of (Z)-but-2-ene. [1]

d(ii).

2
Write the equation for the reaction between but- -ene and hydrogen bromide.

[1]

d(iii). State the type of reaction. [1]

d(iv).

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 Suggest two differences in the H NMR of but-2-ene and the organic product from
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test
1

(d)(ii).

2
[ ]

d(v).

Predict, giving a reason, the major product of reaction between but-1-ene and
steam.

2
[ ]

e(i).

Explain the mechanism of the reaction between 1-bromopropane, CH CH2CH2Br,

and aqueous sodium hydroxide, NaOH (aq), using curly arrows to represent the
3

movement of electron pairs.

[4]

e(ii). Deduce the splitting pattern in the H NMR spectrum for 1-bromopropane.
1

[1]

f(i).

Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, ΔH, using section 11 of the data
booklet.

[3]

f(ii). Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.

2
[ ]

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[Link].TZ1.1
When heated in air, magnesium ribbon reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.

The reaction in (a)(i) was carried out in a crucible with a lid and the following data was
recorded :
Mass of crucible and lid = 47.372 ±0.001 g
Mass of crucible, lid and magnesium ribbon before heating = 53.726 ±0.001 g
Mass of crucible, lid and product after heating = 56.941 ±0.001 g

When magnesium is burnt in air, some of it reacts with nitrogen to form magnesium
nitride according to the equation :
3 Mg (s) + N2 (g) → Mg N2 (s)
3

The presence of magnesium nitride can be demonstrated by adding water to the

product. It is hydrolysed to form magnesium hydroxide and ammonia.

Most nitride ions are N –. 14 3

a(i). Write a balanced equation for the reaction that occurs. [1]

a(ii). State the block of the periodic table in which magnesium is located. [1]

a(iii).

Identify a metal, in the same period as magnesium, that does not form a basic
oxide.

[1]

b(i). Calculate the amount of magnesium, in mol, that was used. [1]

b(ii). Determine the percentage uncertainty of the mass of product after heating.
[2]

b(iii).

Assume the reaction in (a)(i) is the only one occurring and it goes to completion,
D
but some product has been lost from the crucible. educe the percentage yield of
magnesium oxide in the crucible.

2
[ ]

c(i).

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 Evaluate whether this, rather than the loss of product, could explain the yield found
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

in (b)(iii).

[1]

c(ii).

Suggest an explanation, other than product being lost from the crucible or
reacting with nitrogen, that could explain the yield found in (b)(iii).

[1]

d(i). Calculate coefficients that balance the equation for the following reaction.

__ Mg N2 (s) + __ H2O (l) → __ Mg(OH)2 (s) + __ NH (aq)

3 3 [1]

d(ii). Determine the oxidation state of nitrogen in Mg N2 and in NH .

3 3

[1]

d(iii).

Deduce, giving reasons, whether the reaction of magnesium nitride with water is
an acid–base reaction, a redox reaction, neither or both.

2
[ ]

e(i). State the number of subatomic particles in this ion.

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[1]

e(ii).

Some– nitride ions are N –. State the term that describes the relationship between
15 3

N and N –.
14 3 15 3

[1]

e(iii).

The nitride ion and the magnesium ion are isoelectronic (they have the same
D
electron configuration). etermine, giving a reason, which has the greater ionic
radius.

[1]

f.

Suggest two reasons why atoms are no longer regarded as the indivisible units of
matter.

2
[ ]

g.

State the types of bonding in magnesium, oxygen and magnesium oxide, and how
the valence electrons produce these types of bonding.

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[4]

[Link].TZ1.3
Magnesium is a reactive metal often found in alloys.
Organomagnesium compounds can react with carbonyl compounds. One overall
equation is:

Compound B can also be prepared by reacting an alkene with water.

Iodomethane is used to prepare CH MgI. It can also be converted into methanol:
3

CH I + HO– → CH OH + I–
3 3

a.

Magnesium can be produced by the electrolysis of molten magnesium chloride.

Write the half-equation for the formation of magnesium. [1]

b.

Suggest an experiment that shows that magnesium is more reactive than zinc,
giving the observation that would confirm this.

[ ]2
c(i).

State the name of Compound A, applying International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.

[1]

c(ii). B
Identify the strongest force between the molecules of Compound . [1]

d(i). Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[1]

d(ii).

Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from
this alkene.

[1]

e.

Deduce what would be observed when Compound B is warmed with acidified

aqueous potassium dichromate (VI).

[1]

f(i). Identify the type of reaction. [1]

f(ii). Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.
[2]

f(iii). The polarity of the carbon–halogen bond, C–X, facilitates attack by HO–.

Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 17.
[1]

[Link].TZ1.5
(a(i))

State the name of Compound B, applying International Union of Pure and Applied
Chemistry (IUPAC) rules.

[1]

(a(ii))

B
Compound A and Compound are both liquids at room temperature and pressure.
Identify the strongest intermolecular force between molecules of Compound A.

[1]
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(b(i))

Draw the structural formula of the alkene required.

[1]

(b(iii))

Deduce the structural formula of the repeating unit of the polymer formed from this
alkene.

[1]

(d(ii)) Outline the requirements for a collision between reactants to yield products.
2
[ ]

(d(iv)) – –X
The polarity of the carbon halogen bond, C , facilitates attack by HO
–.
Outline, giving a reason, how the bond polarity changes going down group 1 . 7
[1]

[Link].TZ1.6
(a(i))

Draw arrows in the boxes to represent the electron configuration of a nitrogen atom.

[1]

(a(iii)) Explain the relative lengths of the three bonds between N and O in nitric acid.
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[3]

[Link].TZ2.1
Lithium reacts with water to form an alkaline solution.
A 0.200 g piece of lithium was placed in 500.0 cm of water.
3

a.

Determine the coefficients that balance the equation for the reaction of lithium
with water.

[1]

b(i).

Calculate the molar concentration of the resulting solution of lithium hydroxide.

[ ]2
b(ii).

Calculate the volume of hydrogen gas produced, in cm3, if the temperature was
22 ° 2
.5 C and the pressure was 103 kPa. Use sections 1 and of the data booklet.

[ ]2
b(iii).

Suggest a reason why the volume of hydrogen gas collected was smaller than
predicted.

[1]

c.

The reaction of lithium with water is a redox reaction. Identify the oxidizing agent
in the reaction giving a reason.

[1]

d.

Describe two observations that indicate the reaction of lithium with water is
exothermic.

[ ]2
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[Link].TZ2.2
Electrons are arranged in energy levels around the nucleus of an atom.
The diagram represents possible electron energy levels in a hydrogen atom.

a.

Explain why the first ionization energy of calcium is greater than that of potassium.
[2]

b(i).

S
All models have limitations. uggest two limitations to this model of the electron
energy levels.

2
[ ]

b(ii).

Draw an arrow, labelled X, to represent the electron transition for the ionization of
a hydrogen atom in the ground state.

[1]

b(iii).

Draw an arrow, labelled Z, to represent the lowest energy electron transition in the
visible spectrum.

[1]

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[Link].TZ2.3
Sulfur trioxide is produced from sulfur dioxide.
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) ⇌ 2SO (g) 3 ΔH = −196 kJ mol− 1

The reaction between sulfur dioxide and oxygen can be carried out at different
temperatures.

Nitric acid, HNO− , is another strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. Its conjugate base is the
nitrate ion, NO
3
3

a. Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction. [2]

b(i).

On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting
species at two temperatures T and T2, where T2 > T .
1 1

[3]

b(ii). Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO . 3 2

[ ]

c(i). State the product formed from the reaction of SO with water.3 [1]

c(ii). State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. 2

[ ]

d(i). Draw the Lewis structure of NO −.

3 [1]

d(ii). Explain the electron domain geometry of NO −. 3 2

[ ]

[Link].TZ2.4

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Carbon forms many compounds.

C60 and diamond are allotropes of carbon.

But-2-ene reacts with hydrogen bromide.

Chlorine reacts with methane.

C H (g) + Cl2 (g) → CH Cl (g) + HCl (g)

4 3

a(i).

Outline one difference between the bonding of carbon atoms in C 60 and diamond.

[1]

b.

State two features showing that propane and butane are members of the
same homologous series.

2
[ ]

c.

Describe a test and the expected result to indicate the presence of carbon–carbon
double bonds.

2
[ ]

d(i). Draw the full structural formula of but-2-ene. [1]

d(ii).

2
Write the equation for the reaction between but- -ene and hydrogen bromide.

[1]

d(iii). State the type of reaction. [1]

d(iv).

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 Suggest two differences in the H NMR of but-2-ene and the organic product from
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test
1

(d)(ii).

2
[ ]

e(i).

Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, ΔH, using section 11 of the data
booklet.

[3]

e(ii). Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.5

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Molten zinc chloride undergoes electrolysis in an electrolytic cell at 450 °C.

a. Deduce the half-equations for the reaction at each electrode.

2
[ ]

b.

Deduce the overall cell reaction including state symbols. Use section 7 of the data
booklet.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.6

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(a) Outline, giving a reason, the effect of a catalyst on a reaction. [2]

(b(i))

On the axes, sketch Maxwell–Boltzmann energy distribution curves for the reacting
species at two temperatures T and T 2 , where T 2 > T .
1 1

[3]

(b(ii)) Explain the effect of increasing temperature on the yield of SO 3. [ ]2

(d(i)) State the product formed from the reaction of SO with water.
3 [1]

(d(ii)) State the meaning of a strong Brønsted–Lowry acid. [2]

[Link].TZ2.8
(a(i))

Outline two differences between the bonding of carbon atoms in C and diamond.
60

[2]

(a(ii)) Explain why C and diamond sublime at different temperatures and pressures.
60

[2]

(b)

State two features showing that propane and butane are members of the
same homologous series.

2
[ ]

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(c)

Describe a test and the expected result to indicate the presence of carbon–carbon
double bonds.

2
[ ]

(d(ii)) 2
Write the equation for the reaction between but- -ene and hydrogen bromide.

[1]

(d(iii)) State the type of reaction. [1]

(f(i))

Calculate the enthalpy change of the reaction, Δ H , using section 11 of the data booklet.
[3]

(f(ii))

Draw and label an enthalpy level diagram for this reaction.

2
[ ]

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[Link].TZ0.4
(a.i)

Deduce the structural and empirical formulas of B .

[3]

([Link])

Explain, with reference to Le Châtelier’s principle, the effect of using dilute rather than
concentrated sulfuric acid as the catalyst on the yield of the reaction.

2
[ ]

([Link]) Explain, with reference to intermolecular forces, why B is more volatile than A .
2
[ ]

(b)

D
Compound A can also react with bromine. escribe the change observed if A is reacted
with bromine.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.5
(a)

Calculate the amount, in mol, of sulfur dioxide produced when 500.0 g of

lignite undergoes combustion.
S
(s) + 2 (g)O → SO
2 (g)
2
[ ]

(b) Write an equation that shows how sulfur dioxide can produce acid rain. [1]

(c)
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 Sodium thiosulfate reacts with hydrochloric acid as shown:
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

Na 2 S 2 O (aq) + 2HCl (aq) → S (s) + SO 2 (aq) + 2NaCl (aq) + H 2 O (l)

3
The precipitate of sulfur makes the mixture cloudy, so a mark underneath the
reaction mixture becomes invisible with time.

Suggest two variables, other than concentration, that should be controlled

when comparing relative rates at different temperatures.

2
[ ]

(d)

Discuss two different ways to reduce the environmental impact of energy

production from coal.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.1
(a.i)

Deduce the ionic equation, including state symbols, for the reaction of
hydrogen chloride gas with water.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.2
(a.i)

Annotate and label the ground state orbital diagram of boron, using arrows to represent
electrons.

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[1]

(a) The results are given where ✓ = reaction occurred and x = no reaction.
Metal ASO 4 (aq) BSO 4 (aq) CSO 4 (aq) DSO 4 (aq) ESO 4 (aq)
A — ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓
B ✗ — ✗ ✓ ✓
C ✓ ✓ — ✓ ✓
D ✗ ✗ ✗ — ✓
E ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ —
[Link].TZ1.3
(a.i) Outline the meaning of homologous series. [1]

(a)

High-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation (HiPco) produces carbon atoms that

react with nano catalysts to produce carbon nanotubes.

[Link].TZ1.4
(a) State the oxidation state of sulfur in copper (II) sulfate. [1]

(a)

Explain why metals alloyed with another metal are usually harder and stronger
but poorer conductors than the pure metal.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.5
(a.i) Draw one Lewis (electron dot) structure of the sulfate ion. [1]

(b)

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 The K sp of copper (II) hydroxide is 2.2 × 10 −20 . Calculate the molar solubility of Cu 2+
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

(aq) ions in a solution of p H 9.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.6
(a.i)

Determine the standard enthalpy of reaction ( ΔH⦵r ), in kJ mol − , for the oxidation of
1

SO 2 to SO . 3

Substance Enthalpy of formation, ( ΔH⦵f ), in kJ mol −1

SO 2 −296.8
SO 3 −395.8
[1]

(a) Outline why vitamins usually need to be obtained from food sources. [1]

[Link].TZ1.7
(a.i)

Deduce the number of signals you would expect to find in the H NMR spectrum of each
1

compound.

[1]

(b)

Glucose, an isomer of fructose, exists as two isomeric ring forms. Annotate the
diagram below to complete the structure of β-glucose. Use section 34 of the data
booklet.

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[1]

[Link].TZ1.9
(a)

Explain why a colorimeter set at a wavelength of 500 nm is not suitable to

investigate reactions of Zn 2 compounds. Use section 3 of the data booklet.
+

[2]

(a) State the three components of a monomer of DNA (a nucleotide). [1]

[Link].TZ2.1
(a)

An unknown organic compound, X , comprising of only carbon, hydrogen and

%
oxygen was found to contain 48.6 of carbon and 43. 2%
of oxygen.

[Link].TZ2.2
(a)

Nitrogen (IV) oxide exists in equilibrium with dinitrogen tetroxide, N 2 O 4 (g), which is
colourless.
2NO 2 (g) ⇌ N 2 O (g)
4

(a)

MO
All species are almost colourless except for n 4 − , which has an intense purple
colour, though the kale extract is coloured by the chlorophyll present.

[Link].TZ2.3

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(a)

An electrolytic cell was set up using inert electrodes and a dilute aqueous solution of
M
magnesium chloride, gCl 2 (aq).

[Link].TZ2.4
(a)

Bismuth has atomic number 83. Deduce two pieces of information about the
electron configuration of bismuth from its position on the periodic table.

2
[ ]

(b)

Explain how a substance in the same phase as the reactants can reduce the
activation energy and act as a catalyst.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.5
(a)

2
The concentration of methanoic acid was found by titration with a 0. 00 mol dm − 3
standard solution of sodium hydroxide, a N OH
(aq), using an indicator to determine
the end point.

(a) The unit cell of lead (II) sulfide is shown :

[Link].TZ2.7
(a) Identify the type of reaction. [1]

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

(a)

Describe the interactions between amino acids occurring at the primary, secondary and
tertiary levels within a protein.
Structure Level Interactions between amino acids
Primary ...........................................................

Secondary ...........................................................

Tertiary ...........................................................

[3]

[Link].TZ2.8
(a)

Enthalpy of solution, enthalpy of hydration and lattice enthalpy are related in an energy
cycle.

(a)

Compare the hydrolytic and oxidative rancidity and contrast the site where the
chemical changes occur.
:
Compare rancidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
...........................................................................
....
:
Contrast reaction site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.
...........................................................................
....

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ1.2
(a.i)

Annotate and label the ground state orbital diagram of boron, using arrows to represent
electrons.

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[1]

(a) The results are given where ✓ = reaction occurred and x = no reaction.
Metal ASO 4 (aq) BSO 4 (aq) CSO 4 (aq) DSO 4 (aq) ESO 4 (aq)
A — ✓ ✗ ✓ ✓
B ✗ — ✗ ✓ ✓
C ✓ ✓ — ✓ ✓
D ✗ ✗ ✗ — ✓
E ✗ ✗ ✗ ✗ —
[Link].TZ1.3
(a.i) Outline the meaning of homologous series. [1]

(a)

High-pressure carbon monoxide disproportionation (HiPco) produces carbon atoms that

react with nano catalysts to produce carbon nanotubes.

[Link].TZ1.4
(a) State the oxidation state of sulfur in copper (II) sulfate. [1]

(a)

Explain why metals alloyed with another metal are usually harder and stronger
but poorer conductors than the pure metal.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.5
(a.i) Calculate the percentage of oxygen present in the double salt. [1]

(a) Outline why vitamins usually need to be obtained from food sources. [1]

[Link].TZ2.1
(a)

An unknown organic compound, X , comprising of only carbon, hydrogen and

%
oxygen was found to contain 48.6 of carbon and 43. of oxygen. 2%
Determine the empirical formula.

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[3]

[Link].TZ2.2
(a)

Nitrogen (IV) oxide exists in equilibrium with dinitrogen tetroxide, N 2 O 4 (g), which is
colourless.
2NO 2 (g) ⇌ N 2 O (g)
4

(a)

MO
All species are almost colourless except for n 4 − , which has an intense purple
colour, though the kale extract is coloured by the chlorophyll present.

[Link].TZ2.3
(a)

An electrolytic cell was set up using inert electrodes and molten magnesium
M
chloride, gCl 2 (l).

[Link].TZ2.4
(a)

Bismuth has atomic number 83. Deduce two pieces of information about the
electron configuration of bismuth from its position on the periodic table.

about:blank 101/109
 2
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[ ]

(b)

Explain how a substance in the same phase as the reactants can reduce the
activation energy and act as a catalyst.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ2.6
(a)

Suggest an experimental method that could be used to determine the rate of reaction.
[2]

(a)

Describe the interactions between amino acids occurring at the primary, secondary and
tertiary levels within a protein.
Structure Level Interactions between amino acids
Primary ...........................................................

Secondary ...........................................................

Tertiary ...........................................................

[3]

[Link].TZ0.1
(a)

The student reported the volumes of titrant used per trial for samples collected each
day in the following table :

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

(i)

2
The candidate used a 5 cm 3 burette with an uncertainty of 0.05 cm 3 . Comment on ±
the uncertainty recorded for the titrant volumes.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the initial % content of Fe 2 + in the raw spinach, showing your working.

[3]

(iii)

The results calculated for the subsequent days are shown.

F
Comment on the significance of the difference in e 2+ content measured for day 4 and
5.

[1]

(i)

Suggest two flaws in the design that could have contributed to the random error in the
investigation.

2
[ ]

(ii)

The student did not standardise the KM O

n 4 solution used for titration. uggest what S
type of error this may have caused, giving your reasons.

[1]

(i)

F MO
The titration of e(II) with n 4 in acid medium is a redox reaction. tate the oxidised S
and reduced species, including their change in oxidation states.

Oxidised: ........................................................................................................................................
Reduced: ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii)

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 Spinach contains a large amount of antioxidant compounds, including ascorbic acid and
11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

oxalic acid. Predict how this will affect the accuracy of the results, mentioning the type
and direction of the error.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.2
(a)

A calibration curve with pure ascorbic acid and appropriate amounts of the reagent, , R
was prepared by dilutions with water of an initial aqueous solution of 100 μg/cm −3
ascorbic acid in water, AA (aq)

(i)

Calculate the volumes of pure ascorbic acid solution required for each point of the
;
calibration curve point 4 of the curve is shown as an example.

2
[ ]

(ii)

The resulting calibration curve is shown:

Suggest a range of absorbance values for which this curve can be used to calculate
ascorbic acid of broccoli accurately.
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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

[1]

(iii) Suggest what should be used as a blank for spectrophotometric reading. [1]
(iv) Discuss why it is important to obtain a value of R 2 close to 1 for a calibration curve.
2
[ ]

(i)

°
The sample stored at 5 C showed an absorbance of 0.600. etermine the D
concentration of ascorbic acid in the sample solution by interpolation and using the line
equation.

interpolation in graph :
..........................................................................................................................

using line
:
equation .............................................................................................................................

2
[ ]

(ii) Suggest which of the two methods will provide a more accurate value. [1]

(c)

Suggest why water was chosen to extract ascorbic acid from the spinach leaves with
reference to its structure.

2
[ ]

(i)

Estimate the % change in ascorbic acid concentration when stored for 3 days storage at
5 °C and 20 °C.

[1]

(ii)

Estimate how much ascorbic acid will remain after 6 days storage at 20 °C in the same
experimental conditions, stating any assumption made for the calculation.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.1
(a)

The student reported the volumes of titrant used per trial for samples collected each
day in the following table :
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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

(i)

2 ±
The candidate used a 5 cm 3 burette with an uncertainty of 0.05 cm 3 . Comment on
the uncertainty recorded for the titrant volumes.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the initial % content of Fe 2+ in the raw spinach, showing your working.

[3]

(iii)

The results calculated for the subsequent days are shown.

F
Comment on the significance of the difference in e 2+ content measured for day 4 and
5.

[1]

(i)

Suggest two flaws in the design that could have contributed to the random error in the
investigation.

2
[ ]

(ii)

The student did not standardise the KM O S

n 4 solution used for titration. uggest what
type of error this may have caused, giving your reasons.

[1]

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

(i)

F MO
The titration of e(II) with n 4 in acid medium is a redox reaction. tate the oxidised S
and reduced species, including their change in oxidation states.

Oxidised: ........................................................................................................................................
Reduced: ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii)

Spinach contains a large amount of antioxidant compounds, including ascorbic acid and
oxalic acid. Predict how this will affect the accuracy of the results, mentioning the type
and direction of the error.

2
[ ]

[Link].TZ0.2
(a)

A calibration curve with pure ascorbic acid and appropriate amounts of the reagent, , R
was prepared by dilutions with water of an initial aqueous solution of 100 μg/cm −3
ascorbic acid in water, AA (aq)

(i)

Calculate the volumes of pure ascorbic acid solution required for each point of the
;
calibration curve point 4 of the curve is shown as an example.

2
[ ]

(ii)

The resulting calibration curve is shown :

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

Suggest a range of absorbance values for which this curve can be used to calculate
ascorbic acid of broccoli accurately.

[1]

(iii) Suggest what should be used as a blank for spectrophotometric reading. [1]
(iv) Discuss why it is important to obtain a value of R 2 close to 1 for a calibration curve.
2
[ ]

(b)

After 3 days, the broccoli samples were removed from storage and 1.0 g of each sample
was blended with 100.0 cm 3 of water. The filtered solution was mixed with the reactant
in the same proportions as that used for the calibration curve in a cuvette and
measured.
°
The sample stored at 5 C showed an absorbance of 0.600. etermine the D
concentration of ascorbic acid in the sample solution by interpolation and using the line
equation.

interpolation in graph :
..........................................................................................................................

using line
:
equation .............................................................................................................................

2
[ ]

(c)

Suggest why water was chosen to extract ascorbic acid from the spinach leaves with
reference to its structure.

2
[ ]

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11/03/2026, 12:37 QuestionBank Test

(i)

Estimate the % change in ascorbic acid concentration when stored for 3 days storage at
5 °C and 20 °C.

[1]

(ii)

Estimate how much ascorbic acid will remain after 6 days storage at 20 °C in the same
experimental conditions, stating any assumption made for the calculation.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.2
(a)

Determine the ratio in which 0.1 mol dm – NaH 2 PO 3

4 and 0.1 mol dm –3 a 2 P N HO
should be mixed to obtain a buffer with pH= 7.8.
4

p K NaH 2 PO = 7.20
a 4

[3]

(b)

Suggest, giving your reasons, the effect of diluting the buffer 1/100 with water on its pH
and reaction to the addition of acids or bases.
change in pH:

...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................
reaction to addition of bases acids / :
...........................................................................................................................................................
...........................................................................................................................................................

2
[ ]

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