_ \IE RANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10™ ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIE NCE NOTES-202S-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

GHALIB HIGH SCHOOL CANTONMENT BELLARI 583104

Digital
S. .al
Science

1
10 H ENGLISH MEDIUM
SUB: SOCIAL SCIENCE
EXERCISE QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
MIND MAPPING AND FLOW CHARTS
MULTI QUESTIONS WITH SINGLE ANSWER

2025-26
PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY
TO SUCCESS
)

Prepared by
M. Ruksana Asst. Teacher
Ghalib High School, Cantonment,
Ballari. 583104.

M .RUKSANA ASST. TEACHER GHALIB HIGH SCHOOL CANTONMENT BALLARl.583104 l IPa g e

 --HISTORY:1
THE ADVENT OF EUROPEANS TO INDI~
r .,
II

I. Complete the following blanks with suitable answers: L .I

1. In 1453, the Ottoman Turks occupied ............................... (Constantinople)

2. The sea route between India and Europe was discovered by ....................... (Vasco da
Gama)
3. In 1741 Dutch declared war on .......................... (Travancore)
4. The capital of the French in India was ......................... (Pondichery)
5. The war broke out between Siraj-ud-daula and Robert Clive in 1757 was .................... ..
(Plassey)
6. The Diwani rights over Bengal were handed over to the British East India Company
by ................ (Sha Aalam-11)
7. The Dual government policy was implemented by .................. in Bengal. (Robert Clive)

II. Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:

8-How did trade take place between India and Europe during Middle Ages?
Answer: Trade and commerce relationship between India and Europe since ancient
times.
There was great demand for Indian spices like Pepper, Cardamom, Ginger and many
other spices in Europe
The trade relationship continued between India, Europe and other Asian countries
even during middle ages.

9- Discuss the causes that resulted in the discovery of a new sea route to India.
Answer: Fall of Constantinople.
Closer of trade route between India & Europe.
Demand for Indian spices.
Scientific inventions

10-List the Europeans who came to India for trade.

Answer: The Portuguese.
The Dutch.
The English.
The French.

11-Explain how Marthanda Varma checked the Dutch?

Answer: In 1741 the Dutch declared war on Travancore with Kottarakara province in
the forefront.
Some of the local provinces also joined the Dutch.
But Marthanda Varma's army strongly sent it back.
The Dutch came back to kochin but with the help of Simhalese forces the Dutch

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attacked Marthanda Varma.

Four days serious battle took place from 10th August 1741 at Kolachchal.
Finally, Travancore army had an upperhand in the battle and 24 important officers of
the Dutch were taken as prisoners.
The Dutch suffered huge losses.

12-Explain the Second Carnatic War.

Answer: Fought between French & English.
Internal rivalry among Indian rulers is cause of the war.
French killed Arcot ruler & made Chanda Sahib as its ruler.
Robert Clive attacked Arcot killed Chand Saheb.
British made Mohammed Ali as the Nawab of Arcot.
War ended with Treaty of Pondicherry

13- State the causes and results of the battle of Plassey .

Answer:
In 1757The battle of Plassey was fought Between Siraj-ud-Daula and British.
causes results
[Link] of Dastaks. It was a license to make [Link] war brought out immorality
trade. This was lead to loss of treasury lack of Unity among Indians. This
[Link] of fort without permission. was the greed of business
English repaired Calcutta Fort and placed 2. Mir Jafar became the new Nawab
cannons of Bengal [Link] company gained
[Link] room tragedy. exclusive rights on Bengal
Nawab of Bengal imprisoned 146 4. Mir Jafar had to play 17 crore 70
Englishman in small room of Fort William of lakh as a relief to Sairaj ud doul
which 123 died due to suffocation this attack
enraged Robert Clive to arrive Bengal. 5. Mir Jafar became a victim of the
company and treasury went
bankrupt

14- What were the results of the Battle of Buxar?

Answer:
In 1764 The battle of Buxar was fought Between Mir Qasim and British.
Reasons/ causes Results /outcome/ Impact
British brought Mir Jaffar again and Mir Qasim defeated by British
dethroned Mir Qasim. Sha Aalam-11 handed over the Diwani
rights to British
With the death of Mir Jafar the company
took over the entire administration of
Bengal.
Dual government was introduced by
Robert Clive in Bengal.

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Carnatic wars
War Year Between Treaties
1st Carnatic war 1746-48 British and French Aix-La-Chapelle

2ndCarnatic war 1749-54 British and French Treaty of Pondicherry.

3rdCarnatic war 1756-63 British and French Treaty of Paris

Dual government
In the year 1765 Dual Government was Introduced by Robert Clive in Bengal.
Nawab of Bengal -Administration and Judiciary.
British - Diwani Ri2hts.

HISTORY:2
THE EXTENSION OF THE BRITISH RULE

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. At the end of First Anglo-Maratha war, ........................ agreement was signed
between the Marathas and the British. (Salbai)
2. The Subsidiary Alliance system was implemented by ................................. (Lord
Wellesley)
3. The Governor General who integrated Punjab into the British empire was
........................ (Lord Dalhousie)
4. The Doctrine of Lapse policy was implemented by .................. (Lord Dalhousie)

II. Discuss in group and then answer the following:

5- Explain the reasons for First Anglo-Maratha War.
Answer: Narayanrao he was murdered by his uncle Raghobha (Ragunatha Rao).
This resulted in the infighting for the Peshwa post.
The Maratha federation brought MadhavRao II son of Narayana Rao to the post of
Peshwa.
Upset with this development, Raghobha approached the British for support

6- What were the conditions under Subsidiary Alliance? Explain.

Answer:
In 1798 Subsidiary Alliance introduced by Lord Wellesley
Conditions: Indian King had to keep the British Army in his kingdom .
King had to pay maintenance charges.
King had to keep a British Resident in his Court.
King could not appoint any other European without the permission of the British.
To enter any agreement or pact with any Indian rulers, the king must take
permission of the Governor General.
Company's protection to the king from internal & or external attack.
The Hyderabad was the first state to enter in the Subsidiary Alliance
States enter: Mysore Awadh Tanjore Maratha Bihar etc

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7. Explain the Third Anglo-Maratha War.

Answer:
Reasons: Effects:
1) The Maratha families tried their best to 1) The British abolished the Peshwa post
protect their independence and honour. and granted a pension to BajiRao II.
2) Even the Peshwa attempted to free 2) They installed Pratapa simha, the
himself from the clutches of the Company. descendant of Shivaji as the ruler of
3) The Peshwa attacked the British Satara,
Residency in Poona and brunt it down. 3) a miniscule state, and named him as
the traditional leader of Marathas
4) suppressed the Maratha resistance.

8. How did the Doctrine of Lapse support the expansion of British Empire in India?
Answer:
In 1848 Lord Dalhousie introduced Doctrine of Lapse
Condition : Doctrine of lapse was an expansionist policy.
Dalhousie declared adopted children of Indian Kings had no right to throne.
Dalhousie successfully annexed many kingdoms.
Dalhousie annexed Satara, Nagpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Jaipur

Anglo Maratha wars: -

war year between Result\ treaty
1st anglo 1775-1782 Nanafarnivas supported to Madhav Salbai Agreement
Maratha war Rao Peshwa II
Between
British supported to RagunathRao.

2 nd anglo 1803-1805 Holkar, Bhonsle, Sindhia, and Raja of Treaty of Bassein.

Maratha war Bharathpur
Between
Peshwa BajiRao II and British.
3rd anglo 1817-1818 Peshwa Baji Rao II Decline of
Maratha war Between Maratha.
British

Anglo Sikh wars

War Year Between Result\ Treaty
1st anglo sikh war 11 december 1845- Army of Punjab Lahore treaty
9 th march 1846 Between
British
2nd anglo sikh 1848-1849 Dulip singh Defeated to the sikh
war Between Enter the Punjab into the
British British rule.

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7. Explain the Third Anglo-Maratha War.

Answer:
Reasons: Effects:
1) The Maratha families tried their best to 1) The British abolished the Peshwa post
protect their independence and honour. and granted a pension to BajiRao II.
2) Even the Peshwa attempted to free 2) They installed Pratapa simha, the
himself from the clutches of the Company. descendant of Shivaji as the ruler of
3) The Peshwa attacked the British Satara,
Residency in Poona and brunt it down. 3) a miniscule state, and named him as
the traditional leader of Marathas
4) suppressed the Maratha resistance.

8. How did the Doctrine of Lapse support the expansion of British Empire in India?
Answer:
In 1848 Lord Dalhousie introduced Doctrine of Lapse
Condition : Doctrine of lapse was an expansionist policy.
Dalhousie declared adopted children of Indian Kings had no right to throne.
Dalhousie successfully annexed many kingdoms.
Dalhousie annexed Satara, Nagpur, Sambalpur, Udaipur, Jhansi, Jaipur

Anglo Maratha wars: -

war year between Result\ treaty
1st anglo 1775-1782 Nanafarnivas supported to Madhav Salbai Agreement
Maratha war Rao Peshwa II
Between
British supported to RagunathRao.

2 nd anglo 1803-1805 Holkar, Bhonsle, Sindhia, and Raja of Treaty of Bassein.

Maratha war Bharathpur
Between
Peshwa BajiRao II and British.
3rd anglo 1817-1818 Peshwa Baji Rao II Decline of
Maratha war Between Maratha.
British

Anglo Sikh wars

War Year Between Result\ Treaty
1st anglo sikh war 11 december 1845- Army of Punjab Lahore treaty
9 th march 1846 Between
British
2nd anglo sikh 1848-1849 Dulip singh Defeated to the sikh
war Between Enter the Punjab into the
British British rule.

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HISTORV:3
THE IMPACT OF THE BRITISH RULE IN INDIA

Fill in the following blanks with suitable answers:

1. Diwani Ada lat in civil court was introduced by ...................... (Lord Warren Hastings)
2. The post of Superintendent of Police was created by ................ ( Lord Cornwallis)
3. The Permanent Zamindari system was introduced in Bengal and Bihar provinces in
............ (1793)
4. The Land tax system introduced by Alexander Reed is ................... (Ryotwari system)
5. The report given by .................... became the base of modern education system.
(Warren Hastings)
6. The Regulating Act was implemented in the year ........................... (1773)

II. Discuss and answer the following questions:

7-lllustrate the judicial system formulated through The British East India Company.
Answer: A) Diwani Adalat :- It is a Civil Court which Hindus were dispensed justice as
per the Hindu scriptures and Muslims as per shariyat these courts came under the
administration of European offices.
B) Fouzadaari Aadalat :- It is a criminal court under the control of Qajis they were
functioning under the supervision of European offices later British legal procedures
were introduced in the criminal courts.

8. What are the measures undertaken at the time of the British in Police system?
Answer: Every district divided into many stations.
Every station under control of Kotwal.
Every village are under the care of Chowkidhar.
The police commission law was also introduced.

9. British land tax system made the Indian farmers to "born in debt, lived in debt and
died in debt". How?
Answer: In this system farmers lost their ownership of lands.
Zamindar collected excess taxes from farmers.
Farmers have to work under Zamindars.
Farmers are exploited and had to live a life of insecurity because we say the Indian
farmers were born in Debt, lived in Debt and died Debt

10. What were the main aspects of Ryotwari system?

Answer: First implemented in Bara mahal region by Alexander Reed
2. Later implemented in Madras and Mysore region by Thomas Monroe
3. Under this system, both the farmer and the company were directly linked.
4. The tiller of the land was recognized as the owner of the land.
5. The owner had to pay fifty percent of produce as land tax to the company

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6. The land tax had thirty years tenure. r ,

7. The tax could be reviewed after this tenure. L .I

11. What were the effects of British Land taxes?

Answer: A new class of Zamindars who exploited the farmers was created.
2. The farmers are exploited by the Zamindars, became landless slowly.
3. Land became a commodity.
4. Loans could be raised by mortgaging the lands.
5. The agriculture sector became commercialized
6. Had to grow raw materials needed by industries back in England.
7. The money lenders became strong.

12. Make a list of the effects of British Education in India.

Answer: Indians could develop modernity, secularism, democratic attitudes
2. Rationality along with Nationalistic ideals.
3. Impetus was received for the local literature and languages.
4. This facilitated unity in thinking process among the educated class.
5. Periodicals started emerging.
6. New social and religious reformation movements emerged.
7. The thoughts of thinkers brought fresh thinking in the mind of educated youth of
India.
8. The freedom struggles that were taking place in Indians also

13. What were the restrictions imposed in Regulating Act?

Answer: The Bengal Presidency gain control over the other presidencies.
The governor general was authorised to direct exercise control and supervise other
presidencies.
Supreme Court of judicature was established in Calcutta.
Lord Warren Hastings become the first governor general of Bengal

14. What are the important features of the Indian government act of 1858?
Answer: The license of East India Company was cancelled
India was brought under the direct administration of the Queen.
The Governor General was designated as 'Viceroy'.
A new post called 'Secretary of State for India' was created.
A Council of India was created in order to assist the secretary

15. How does the India Government Act of 1935 become the base of Indian
Constitution?
Answer: most of provisions in the Indian Constitution are based on this act.
This act alone the formation of the fully responsible government by Indians.
A federal system of Indian principalities British Governed regions and Dominion States
was formed .
The federal court was established

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L .I

16. What are the important features of 1919 Act?

Answer: Act formulated Bi-Camera I legislative body.
Diarchy was introduced at regional governments.
High commissioner was appointed for India.
Promised to improve local self-government.
Provincial budget was separated from central budget.
'Separate Electoral College' was extended for Muslims, Sikhs etc

Differences between Zamindari system Ryotwari System Mahalwari system

--~
Zamindari system Ryotwari System Mahalwari system
- -- I
Lord Cornwallis Alexander Reed R.M . Bird and James
introduced Zamindars introduced Thomson implemented
were owners of the land Farmer was owner of the Zamindars were owners of
Zamindars collected tax land the land
Farmers paid tax directly Zamindars collected tax
_ __,

HISTORY:4
OPPOSITION TO BRITISH RULE IN KARNATAKA AND WODIYARS OF MYSORE

Fill in the blanks with suitable answers

1. The First Anglo-Mysore war took place between ....................... and .................. ..
(Hyder Ali and British)
2. The Second Anglo-Mysore war ended with ........................treaty. (Mangalore treaty)
3. Raja wodiyar made ................ as his capital. {Srirangapattana)
4. Kittur Rani Chennamma adopted a boy named ...................... ( Shiva Lingappa)
5. Rayanna of Kittur state belonged to .............................village . {Sangoli)
6. Surapura is in the present district of .......................... (Yadgir)
7. The Bedas of .............................village of Bagalkote district rebelled against the
British.( Hulagali)
8. The Amara Sullia rebellion was basically a ............................ rebellion. {Farmer's)

II. Discuss in groups and answer later.

[Link] are the achievements of Chikkadevaraja wodiyar?
Answer: He was an efficient soldier and administator.
He captured Magadi, Madhugiri, Koratagere and other places.
He had the titles like Karnataka Kavichakravarthi, Aprathima veera, Thenkanaraja and
Navakoti Narayana.
He started the council of ministers (Athara Kacheri) to help in administration.
The postal system came into being during his time.
A dam was constructed across river cauvery and Chikka Devaraja and Dodda Devaraja
Canal were also constructed for irrigation.
 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIEN CE NOTES-202S-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL sc1i:111ri:

10. How did Hyder Ali come to power? r .,

Answer: Hyder joined Mysore Army as a soldier. L .I
Closely observed the developments of Mysore.
Came into prominence during the siege of Devanahalli.
Hyder made military action against Nizam of Arcot.
Hyder won the hearts of soldiers.
Weakened the power of Dalawayees.
He declared himself as Sultan of Mysore.
Side-lined the King Krishnaraja Wodeyar

11. What were the effects of Second Anglo-Mysore war?

Answer: Hyder Ali was defeated & died.
It increased the confidence of the British.
British occupied Mangalore and Bidanoor.
The 'Treaty of Mangalore' signed.

12. What were the conditions of Srirangapatanam treaty?

Answer: The British were successful in inserting unfavourable conditions in order to
weaken Tippu Sultan.
Tippu was forced to part with half of hi s kingdom, was forced to pay three crore rupees
as war damage fee
and had to pledge two of his sons as a guarantee against the payment.

13. What were the achievement of Krishnaraja Wodeyar IV?

Answer: He was very much interested in spreading education among his people.
He abolished fees in all primary schools to develop primary education.
He helped girl's education.
He started the university of Mysore and also started scholarship to the students
continuing education in foreign countries.
New railway lines were laid. Many small- and large-scale industries were started.
Legislative council was formed which was a great step in the Legislative measures
Mahatma Gandhiji called him as Rajashri.

[Link] Fourth Anglo Mysore strengthened the position of the British in Mysore.
Discuss.
Answ er: British were able to destroy Tippu . Tippu d ied while fighting.
Tippu's kingdom was portioned among the British, Marathas & Nizam .
A small territory was handed over to the Mysore Wadeyars.
Wellesley imposed subsidiary alliance over Mysore kingdom

[Link] the m ethod of resisting the British power by Dondiya Wagh .

Answ er: 1) Dondiya was born in a Maratha family of Chennagiri.
2) He was called as the Wagh, the tiger, due to his bravery.
3) He started his career as a cavalry soldier in Hyder Ali"s army

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4) He grew to the position of military general.

5) He built his own private army and fought along with Tippu Sultan.
6) The British released him from the prison after the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
7) He built a small army and started his operations.
8) He organized the army with the unhappy soldiers of Tippu"s army and the feudatory
rulers who had lost power.
He captured Bidanoor and Shivamogga forts

[Link] the method adopted by Rayanna to fight the British.

Answer: 1) Rayanna was a brave soldier.
2) He fought for the independence of Kittur and felt it was his duty to liberate his
motherland.
3) He fought with Rani Chenamma and was imprisoned along with her
4) He developed a sense of nationalism and went on organizing an army.
5) He went on organizing secret meetings at sensitive geographical locations.
6) He aimed at looting the treasury and taluk offices of the British.
7) He had an army of five hundred men.
8) The British devised a cunning strategy to capture Ravanna
9) Rayanna was cunningly captured and brought down to Dharwad
10) He was declared as an offender and was hanged till death

17. Explain the contributions of Puttabasappa of Kodagu in the freedom struggle.

Answer: Puttabasappa was also known as Kalyana Swamy and Swamy Aparampura.
Putta Basappa organised the Rebels
He declared that tax on tobacco and salt will be withdrawn.
He captured the government office in Bellary.
He killed an Amaldhar and also looted the treasury and prison of Bantwal.

18. Discuss the Surapura rebellion in brief.

Answer: Venkatappa Nayaka was a leader of Surpur rebellion.
British interfered in the affairs of Surapura.
In 1857, the representatives of Nana Sahib were present in Surapura.
British suspected & appointed Campbell to report about Venkatappa Nayaka.
Campbell submitted a report to the resident of Hyderabad.
The British army captured Surapura in 1858.
PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL !

Anglo Mysore wars

r,
L .I
War Between Causes Treaty and their
conditions
First 1-opposite of The British The Madras peace Treaty:- The British
Anglo Hyder ali-> started devising 1-Promised to return their entered an
Mysore Marhata+Niza cunning plans to occupied territories agreement
war. m+British defeat Hyder Ali 2-Help each other in case with Hyder
1767- 2- Next whom they saw of external attack. Ali through
1769 opposite of as impedance 'Madras
British-> Hyder for the treaty'
Ali +Marhata expanisionist
+Nizam ideas.
SECOND 1-0pposite of 1-The British Mangalore peace Treaty: - 1-Hyderali
ANGLO Hyderali-> attacked Mahe Both the sides agreed on was
MYSORE British and captured it. the condition that they defeted by
WAR [sir Eyer coot] would not support with the British
(1780- +Marhata each other's enemies. 2-Hyder Ali
1784) +Nizam was died
2- opposite of dueto
Tippu Sultana-> illness
British
THIRD Tipu Sultan And Tipu sultan Treaty of Srirangapattana:- Tipu Sultan
ANGLO British captured -Tipu had to give away half was
MYSORE Travancore. of his kingdom defeted by
WAR. -330 lakh rupees as the British.
1790- Compensation for the loss
1792 -Tippu's sons would
remain in the custody of
the British till the
compesation was paid.
FORTH Tipu Sultan Tipu Sultan 1-Tipu died
ANGLO With With 2- his
MYSORE British [Lord British [Lord territories
WAR. Wellesley W ellesley. were
1799 shared
among the
English, the
M aratha s
and The
Nizam .

HISTORY:5
SOCIAL AND RELIGIOUS REFORM MOVEMENTS
PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10™ ENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SL,-. - - -

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The 19th Century is called the period of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (reformation)

2. Raja Ram Mohan Roy started the newspaper _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (Samvada Komudhi)
3. The founder of Prarthana Samaj was _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (Dr Athma Ram Panduranga)
4. Freedom was the basic necessity of every individual was believed by _ _ _ _ _.
(Jyotiba Phule)
5. Swami Vivekananda's guru was _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa)
6. Young Bengali movement was started by . (Henry Louis Vivian
Derozio)

II Discuss the following in groups and write the answers:

7. What were the preachings of the Brah mo Samaj?

Answer: Advocating monotheism.
Opposed the meaningless rituals.
Condemned the child marriage.
It encourages women education

8. Analyse the call of Dayananda Saraswati to return to the Vedas.

Answer: He realised that the remedies to the various maladies of India are present in
Vedas.
2) Hence, he declared ,,Back to Vedas
3) He declared that only Vedas are authentic

9. Explain the reforms propagated by Satyashodhak Samaj.

Answer: Sathya Shodhak Samaj was established to provide equal rights
2) To non-Brahimin class and women.
3) This Samaj was founded by Mahatma Jyothibha Phule.
4) They established hostel for girls
5) They established society based on equality.
6) They opened schools for Shudras and girls.

10. Analyse the objectives of the Aligarh Movement.

Answer: To advocate English education among Muslims.
To advocate social and religious reformation.
To fight against traditions, superstitions, ignorance etc.
To Oppose Purdah system. To discourage Polygamy.
To encourage education to Muslim girls

[Link] the vision of Ramakrishna Mission.

Answer: It was founded to carry the message and thoughts of Sri Ramakrishna
2) One has to attain Moksha through Dyana and Bhakti.
3) It had believed that all religions advocate the same.
PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIA L SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL :

4) It also believed that there many ways of attaining moksha and the God.
5) It said idol worship is inevitable.
6) Ramakrishna Mission has provided a unique contribution to lndia"s spiritual growth,
7) Nationalistic awareness and cultural development

12. Which were the reforms brought about by Annie Besant?

Answer: Annie Besant advocated that Indian culture is far more superior to the
western culture.
She tried to reform Hinduism.
She translated Bagvath Geetha to English.
She aimed at providing education to all. Annie Besant opened schools.
She started Central Hindu Benaras College.
She published New India & Common Wealth to discuss on current problems and social
•
issues.
She initiated Home Rule Movement in 1916.

13. Explain the contributions of Sri Narayana Guru Oharma Paripalana Yogam.
Answer: This movement aimed at strengthening the backward and exploited
• communities.
• Narayana Guru and his companions Dr. Pallpu and Kumaran Assan led the
movement.
• One Caste, One Religion and One God for human beings was the basic idea of Sri
Narayana Guru.
• Education is the only path to achieve this he declared.
• He built temples for the backward communities as they were denied entry into
temples. Narayana Guru and his companions started ,,Viakom Movement",
• a temple entry movement

14. List out the highlights of Periyar movement.

Answer:• Ramaswamy who came out of Congress, started Self Respect League
• He was called Periyar {Senior Person) out of love by people
• He rejected the racial supremacy in the name Arya and Brahmin
• He said Tamil is language of Dravidians.
• He opposed Sanskrit language and literature
• He also rejected Rama as the Vedic leader and accepted Ravana as the Dravidian
leader.• He championed equality and criticized caste and gender-based discrimination.

15. Which were the principles advocated by Derozio?

Answer: The young Bengal movement held discussions and debates on issues like
nature, humanism, God and other various topics.
• Oerozio worked towards spreading the message that only rational thinking would
liberate people from the clutches of superstitions and social discrimination.
• He was an advocate of Women Rights and opposed caste-based discrimination.
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• Many of his students who had come from traditional families were deeply influenced
by Derozio"s thoughts and joined their hands in spreading the movement across
Bengal.
• The influence of this Movement was limited to Calcutta and a few areas of Bengal.

16. What are the contributions of Swami Vivekananda to the Society?

Answer: He also noticed exploitation, poverty, illiteracy and divisions among the
Indians.
2) Vivekananda believed that People should be educated first,
3) He wanted legal institutions to implement appropriate rules to support reformation.
4) He also wanted people to stop following the western ideals blindly.
5) He believed it is the duty of the religion to provide light.
6) Without this, religion is itself is of no use, declared Vivekananda.
7) He opposed caste system, untouchability and the idea of supremacy based on caste.

1-Aims, objectives, teachings and principles

of Brah mo Samaj, Arya Samaj, Prarthana Samaj, Satyashodhak Samaj, Aligarh
movement, Ramakrishna Mission Yuva Bengal Movement Theosophical Society.
Ram Mohan Roy, Derozio, Dayananda Saraswati, Atmaram Panduranga, Mahatma
Joytiba Phule, Sir Syed Ahmed Khan, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, Swami
Vivekananda, Annie Besant, Sri Narayana Guru, periyar.
Answer: 1- Monotheism
1- Support to women education
2- Equality among men and women
3- Prohibition of caste system
4- Oppose to child marriage
5- Oppose to Polygamy
6- Oppose to meaningless rituals.

HISTORY:6
THE FIRST WAR OF INDIAN INDEPENDENCE (1857)

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. British historians refer to the 1857 revolt as _ _ _ _ _ (The Sepoy Mutiny)

2. During the 1857 revolt, at Barakpura, British officer was killed by _ _ _.( Mangal
Pandey)
3. Jhansi Rani fought aganist British and took ____ under her control (Gwalior)
4. The declaration passed by the British Queen in 1858 is called ____ .(India's
'Magna Carta').

II Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

1-The political factors inspired the revolt of 1857. How?

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Answer:• Due to the Doctrine of Lapse implemented by the British, many Indians Kings
had to lose their kingdoms.
• As a result of this policy, Satara, Jaipur, Jhansi, Udaipur and many other states
became part of the British Empire.
• Dalhousie abolished the kingships of Tanjavore and Carnatic Nawabs.
• The British dethroned Mughal kings and many other kings.
• As a result, many soldiers depended on these kings became unemployed.

6. The economic changes of the time were responsible for the 1857 revolt. How?
Answer: Indian handicrafts and industries diminished.
The Indian artisans become unemployed.
British levied heavy tax on Indian goods.
The farmers were exploited by Zamindars.
lnam lands were withdrawn by lnam commission .
England become a workshop of Industries.

7. What were the factors that disturbed the religious sentiments of the soldiers during
the 1857 revolt?
Answer: 1. The British started providing " Royal Enfield" guns, a type of new and
improved guns.
2. A rumour spread that the bullets of these guns were smeared in the fat of pig and
cow.
3. The cow was sacred for Hindus and the pig was prohibited for Muslims.

8. What were the immediate causes for the First War of Independence?
Answer: The British started providing "Royal Enfield" guns, a type of new and
improved guns.
2. A rumour spread that the bullets of these guns were smeared in the fat of pig and
cow.
3. The cow was sacred for Hindus
[Link] pig was proh ibited for Muslims.
5. This became the immediate cause for the mutiny.

9. Make a list of the reasons for the failure of the revolt.

Answer: The reasons for the failure of 1857 mutiny are.
The revolt did not spread to the whole country.
There was no proper direction or proper leadership for revolt.
Many provincial kings an account of their loyalty to British they did not support the
struggle.
There was lack of strategy, expertise among soldiers.
Lack of discipline, arms among Indian soldiers.
The struggle was intended to Protect the interests of a few rather than getting freedom
for the country. Unity among British forces.
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10. What were the features of the declaration of the British Queen in 1858?
Answer: Non pursuance of regional expansion.
Providing a stable government for Indians. Equality before the law.
The agreements entered by the company with the local Kings were accepted.
Non-interference of the government in religious issues of Indians.

HISTORY:7
THE FREEDOM STRUGGLE

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The Indian National Congress was established in the year _ _ _ _. (1885)

2. The person who talked about the 'Drain theory' was . (Dadabhai
Nooroji)
3. 'Swarajya is my birth right' was declared by _ _ _ _ _. (Balagangadhar Tilak)
4. The Ali brothers started the _ _ _ _ movement. (Khilafut movement)
5. Separate nation for Muslims was proposed by _ _ _ _ _. (M.A. Jinna)
6. The Lahore Session of the Indian National Congress that took place in 1929 was
presided by _ _ _ _ _. (Jawaharlal Nehru)
7. Ma had tank and Kala ram temple movement was organised by _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
(Dr.B.R. Ambedkar)
8. The Jhansi regiment of Indian National Army was leaded by _____.(captain
Lakshmi.)
9. The place where Gandhiji carried out the Salt Satyagraha was_ _ _ _ _. (Dandi)
10. Quit India movement was carried out in the year_ _ _ _ _.( 1942)

II Fill in the blanks with given alternatives:

11. Founder of the Indian National Congress was _ _ _ _ b) [Link]

a) Mahathma Gandiji b) [Link] c) Balagangadhara Tilak d) Gopalkrishna Gokhale

12. Publisher of 'Maratha' Paper was _ _ _ _. (c Balagangadhara Tilak)

a) Jawaharlal Nehru b) Ras Bihari Boss c) Balagangadhara Tilak d) [Link]

13. Swaraj Party was established in the year _ _ _ _.( a 1924 )

a) 1924 b) 1923 c) 1929 d) 1906

14. President of Indian National Congress Haripura session was _ _ _ _ ( d)

Subhashchandra Bose)
a) Sardar valbha Bhai Patel b) Dr. [Link] c) Lal Lajapath Roy d) Subhashchandra
Bose
15. Iron man of India was _ _ _ _. (d) Sardar Valbahi Patel
a) Bhagath Sing b) Chandrashekar Azad c) Abu I Kalam Azad d) Sardar Valbahi Patel

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Ill Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

16-Which were the organizations in India before the establishment of the Indian
National Congress?
Answer: The Hindu Mela.
All Indian Association.
Poona Public Sabha.
The Indian Association

17- What were the demands put forward by moderates to the British?
Answer: Development of Indian industries.
Cutting down of military expenditure.
Providing good education.
Programmes for poverty alleviation

18- Analyse the drain theory.

Answer: Explained by Dadabai Navoroji.
Explained the drain of resources of India into England.
By increasing the import and reducing the export, the British facilitated the draining
out of precious Indian resources into India.

19- Name the revolutionaries in freedom movement.

Answer: Aurobindo Gosh.
V.D. Saavarkar. Rajaguru .
Ras Bihari Gosh.
Kudiram Bose.
Ramprasad Bismil.
Bagath Singh.
ChandrashekarAzad.

20- Explain the role of Balagangadhar Tilak in the freedom struggle.

Answer: Tilak was a radicle leader.
Opposed British policies.
Opposed the partition of Bengal.
Tilak called for boycotting of foreign goods.
Tilak encouraged Indians to use local goods.
Tilak declared "Swaraj is My Birth Right.
Tilak organised common people through Ganesh, Shivaji & Durga celebration.
Tilak published 'Kesari' & 'Maratha' newspapers.
Tilak triggered national movement through 'Geetharahasya' book.

21- What were the reasons for withdrawing of partition of Bengal?

Answer: Explosive Protest from Indians.
Swadeshi movement.

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Ban of European goods from Indians r,

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22- Describe Chowri-Chowra incident.
Answer: Held on February 5, 1922.
Held at Chouri Chaura of Uttar Pradesh.
3000 farmers assembled in front of the police station.
The police started shooting. Angered people attacked the police station.
Set fire to the station.
Twenty-two policemen died.
23- Describe the Salt Satyagraha.
Answer: Started by Gandhiji.
Gandhiji began this on 12th March 1930.
March began from Sabarmati ashram to Dandi.
Gandhi wrote a letter to the Viceroy demanding eleven points.
Gandhiji demanded to remove tax on salt Irwin refused this demand.
Gandhi covered 375 kms on foot and reached Dandi.
Broke the law by holding a fistful salt without paying the tax.
Gandhiji popularised Charka.
Thousands of people participated in the Salt Satyagraha.
Many leaders were arrested.

24- What were the reasons for the failure of the Quit India movement?
Answer: On the 8th august 1942 congress started the movement.
Gandhiji gave a call to Indians ,,Do or Die".
In this contest Gandhiji, Nehru and all leaders were imprisoned.
There is a lack of leadership to movement.
By utilising transport and telecommunication British suppressed the movement.
Muslim league did not participate in struggle.
There is a lack of proper directions to movement.

25- Name the revolutionaries who took part in the Indian freedom struggle.
Answer: [Link], Aurobindo Ghosh, Shyamji Krishna Verma, Madam Cama,
Khudiram Bose, Ramaprasad Bismil, Bhagat Singh and Chandrashekar Azad.

26- What was the result of the second Round Table Conference?
Answer: Ambedkar pressed for a separate electro! constituency for untouchables.
2. This was opposed by Gandhi.
3. The resulted in the ideological difference between them.
4. The 2nd round table conference ended without any conclusion.
5. British Government announced to provide separate electro! constituency for the
untouchable
6. Implements 'communal award' in 1932.
7. Mhathamma Gandhi opposed this
8. Started 'Fasting Unto death'

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27- Give an account of the achievements of Subhash Chandra Bose in the
independence struggle.
Answer: He was a revolutionary fighter.
People call him as Nethaji.
He engaged himself in organizing the Indians.
He toured cities like Vienna, Berlin, Rome, Istanbul to organise Indian.
He tried to get the help of Hitler.
Founded the Congress Socialist Party.
Became the president of Haripur convention. Founded 'Forward Block'.
Founded 'INA in Tokyo. He called for 'Delhi Cha lo'.
He said, "Give me your blood; I'll get you Indian Independence".
Attacked India from Burma border.
A fierce battle between INA and the British army fought.
Later Subhash died in plane crash .

28- Describe the tribal revolts in the Indian freedom struggle.

Answer: Tribals revolted were Santala, Kola Munda, Halagali Beda's.
The tax and forests policies of British were the reasons for tribal revolts.
Due to permanent Zamindari system, tribal people became landless.
The Zamindars, Money lenders became the exploiters of the Santhala tribe
Tribal were forced to pay the tax.
Santhalas were upset by tax policies.
Santa las decided to loot the Zamindars and the money lenders.
Centres of revolt were Bhathpur, Barahath and Rajmahal.
The tribal people killed their enemies.
Kola and Munda revolted against the Zamindars.

HISTORY:8
INDIA AFTER INDEPENDENCE

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The first Home Minister of India was _ _ _ _ _ _. (Sardar vallabhai pate I)

2. The first President of India was . (Dr Babu Rajendra Prasad)
3. Pondicherry joined India as a Union Territory in _ _ _ _.( 1963)
4. The linguistic organization of India took place in . (1953)

II Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

5- What were the problems faced by India after Independence?

Answer: Refugee's crises.
Communal violence.
Formation of government.
Integration of princely states
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6- How did the country deal with the problem of refugees?

Answer: The country started the refugee's camp in West Bengal, Orissa, Tamil Nadu,
Karnataka and kerela states and provides the shelter, employment, land, education
and health care to refugees.

7- Describe the manner in which Pondicherry was liberated from the French.
Answer: Congress started an agitation.
The communist and other organization also urged for the liberation of Pondicherry.
Finally, France government leaves the Pondicherry.

8- How was Goa liberated from the Portuguese?

Answer: In 1955 satyagrahis started liberation movement of Goa.
In 1961 Indian army entered and took Goa under its control.

9- Why was the state re-organisation commission formed by the government of India
in 1953?
Answer: In 1953 the government formed Justice Fazal Ali Commission in which Fazal Ali
was the Chairman, K.M .Panickker and [Link] were the members.
In 1953 Andhra Pradesh became the first state to be formed based on language. As per
the report of the Commission, the State Reorganisation Act came into force in 1956.

HISTORY:9
WORLD WARS AND INDIA'S ROLE

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. World War I ended in the year_ _ _ _. (1919)

2. Versai lles Pact was signed in the year _ _ _ _. (1919)
3. Italian dictator was _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . (Mussolini)
4. The leader of the Nazi Party in Germany was _ _ _ _ _ _. (Hitler)
5. World War II started in the year _ _ _ _.(1939)
6. As the head of Mysore Lancers _____ was sent to the war field. ( Regimentdar
B. Chamaraja Urs)

II Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

7- Explain the immediate cause for World War I.

Answer: Austrian Prince Archduke visited Serbia.
Archduke was murdered.
Austria declared war on Serbia.

8- 'Nazi ideology destroyed Germany'. Justify this statement.

Answer: Hitler nurtured ultra-Nationa lism.
The Nazism advocated that Germans are the superior race of the world.

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Declared Jews, Communists, Socialists are the non-Aryans.

Hitler declared non-Aryans are unfit to live.
Appointed 'Gobbles' to spread the theory of Nazism.
Used his 'Brown Shirts' to spread the theory of Nazism.
Created violence & confusion.

9- What were the causes for World War II?

Answer: Treaty of Versailles.
Failure of League of Nations.
Fall of Poland.
Rise of dictatorship in Germany & Italy.
Formation of rival alliances

10- Name the Commandants of Mysore Lancers.

Answer: A.T. Tyagaraj, A. Lingaraja Urs, Subbaraja Urs, B.P. Krishne Urs, Mir Turab Ali,
Sardar Bahadur, B. Chamaraja Urs and regimentdar B. Chama raj a Urs and Col. J.
Desiraja Urs.

11- What were the result of the World War II?

Answer: The war ended in 1945 and resulted in many political changes all over the
world.
Many countries which were under the hold of England became independent.

12- Where is Tin murti chowk?

Answer: New Delhi

13- How did Britain utilise the resources of India during the second world war?
Answer: England utilised the agrarian products and industrial goods for the war.
The ordinance factories upgraded their technology and expanded the volume of output
of war -related industrial goods.
Thus, quantitative and Qualitative development of weapons somewhat raised the
readiness of the Indian troops during the latter part of the II world war.

--~__..POLITICAL SCIENCE:1
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION - AN INTRODUCTION
--
I. Fill in the blanks in the following incomplete sentences
1) The father of public administration is _ _ _ _ _ _. (Woodrow W ilson)
2) The word Public administration was first used by _ _ _ _ _. (Alexander
Hamilton)
3) The members of UPSC are appointed by_ _ _ _ _. (The President)
4) The Indian constitution _ _ _ _Article mentions about state Public service
commission. (315)

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II . Discuss in groups and answer the following questions:

5) Public administration is very essential at present. Discuss.

Answer: The life cycle of human beings depends on Public Administration. It is the
heart of a state. There is no state without Public Administration.
• The holistic development of human society and the survival of civic society depend
on effective Public Administration.
• It takes care of providing basic facilities, education, employment opportunities,
protects the state and ensures economic equality.

6) Public administration provides services from birth to death of a person. Justify the
statement.
Answer: It maintains civil order and peace by protecting the life and property of
citizens.
It takes care of providing basic facilities, education, employment opportunities,
protects the state and ensures economic equality. It provides numerous services like
this.

7) Explain about the types of recruitment.

Answer: According to Staff Administration experts, there are two types of recruitment:
A. Direct Recruitment (External Recruitment)- Recruiting eligible candidates through
competitive examinations.
B. Internal Recruitment (Recruitment by promotion)- Selecting the eligible in-service
personnel to higher positions.

8) What is the role of state in maintaining law and order? Explain

Answer: The rule of law is essential for the protection of all.
Law and order are mentioned in the 7th schedule of the constitution (state list).
So, maintaining law and order is one of the main duties of the state.
The Central Government has the constitutional power to direct the states in
maintaining the law and order.

POLITICAL SCIENCE:2
CHALLENGES OF INDIA AND THEIR REMEDIES

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1 Developing deep attachment with the place of living is called _ _ _. (Regionalism)
2 The Right to information act was implemented in the year . (2005)
3 According to 2011 census the literacy rate was _ _ _. (74%)
4 The first woman judge of Supreme Court of India was _ _ _ _. (Fathima Beevi)

II Discuss in groups and answer.

5- What are the measures that can be undertaken to control communalism?

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Answer: Strengthening the secular principles in all fields.

Developing a secular nationalism that inspire interfaith equality.
Treating all citizens equally.
Implementing confirms civil code, Adopting Secular principles in Education.
Enforcing orderly legal system, Developing a strong nationalism spirit.
Creating awareness among people about communal harmony.

6- Mention the steps taken to eradicate illiteracy.

Answer: 'Sarva Siksha Abhiyan' has been launched in 2001 to provide free education
for children of 6-14 years.
It provides education to girls, physically challenged and Priority for women awareness.
In 1988 'National Literacy Mission' has also been established by Government of India
to make illiterates literates.
'Sakshara Bharath' programme has been launched to eradicate illiteracy.
Recently through Article 21A of our Constitution education is made as fundamental
right.
Right to Education-2009 has been guaranteed.
Compulsory free education has been implemented for the children between 6 and 14
years.

7- What are the measures undertaken by the government of India to eliminate Gender
discrimination ?
Answer: The ministry of women and child welfare have been started at the centre and
States to improve education and development of women.
Women violence protection domestic Act 2005 was enacted. " Prohibition of sexual
harassment of women in working place" Act 2013 has implemented.
Helpline number 1091 facility for women provided.

8- Which are the methods to be undertaken to solve problems due to the rise of
population explosion?
Answer: Literacy, technical education, agriculture development, industrial progress,
increasing exports creation of additional employment opportunities in urban and rural
areas are the methods or ways to solve the problems caused by over population.

9- Who are Gender Minorities? What initiatives have been taken to eliminate
discrimination of Gender Minorities?
Answer: Physically and mentally, individuals who had feel and act opposite to their
genitial behaviour are called gender minorities.
In 2014, the Supreme Court gave a landmark judgment regarding the gender minority.
The Government of India has enacted the Protection of Rights of Transgender Minority
Protection Act-2019.
Government of India under the Ministry of Empowerment and Justice has
implemented a sub-project 'Integrated Rehabilitation for the Welfare of Gender
Minority Persons'.

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 10- Make a list of programmes implemented to eradicate poverty.
Answer: BPL cards are issued to the poor families.
Five-year plans in India are directed to eradicate poverty and increase percapita
•
income.
Jawahar Rozgar yojana, Rural Employment Guarantee Programe, Pradhan Mantri
Gramodaya Yojanas are some of the schemes undertaken to reduce poverty.
Ours is a country with vast natural as well as human resources.
Proper utilization of these resources on productive lines could reduce poverty in ou r
country.
Increase in production and proper distribution of wealth can be achieved by economic
reforms.

11- Profiteering results in various negative consequences. Justify the statem ent.
Answer: profiteering increases economic crimes in society.
It leads to creation of more black money, encourages unethical business transactions
and leads to rise in prices.
That further leads to increase in inflation and increases poverty.
Most of the income of people goes into the hands of few wealthy merchant class.

12- What is meant by smuggling? Give your suggestions to control it?

Answer: smuggling means to take things into or out of a country secretly in a way that
is not allowed by the laws.
Suggestions: Proper awareness among the citizens has to be created that smuggling is
an anti-national and economically a crime.
Social boycott of smuggled goods has an effect to check and control smuggling.

POLITICAL SCIENCE:3
INDIA'S FOREIGN POLICY AND GLOBAL CHALLENGES

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1 The architect of Indian foreign policy is _ __ _ _ . (Jawaharlal Nehru)

2 The world Human Rights Day is celebrated on . (lOTh December)
3 India as a peace-loving country advocat e . (disarmament)

II- Discuss in group and answ er the following questions.

4- What is foreign policy?

Answer: A policy to regulate one country"s interaction with other countries.

5- Which are basic principles of India's foreign policy?

Answer: 1. Opposition t o colonialism

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2. Opposition to imperialism
3. Opposition to Racial discrimination
4. Policy of Non-Alignment
5. Priority for the progress of African and Asian Countries
6. Support for disarmament
7. Support to United Nations (UNO) and world peace

6- Which are the challenges faced by world after the second world war?
Answer: Denial of human rights.
Armament race.
Economic inequality.
Racism and.
Terrorism

7- Mention the measures taken by India to protect human rights.

Answer: India has always championed the cause of universal human rights.
It provided for fundamental rights Constitution itself and thereby played a vital role in
throwing light on this issue.
In UN general assembly India always upheld the cause of basic rights of human beings.
National commission for Human Rights has been established.
National Women's commission was established.
National backward commission was formed

8- Arms race is a way for global destruction, in this backdrop mention the result of
arms race.
Answer: Arms race appears to be a dangerous.
Threats of war appear.
Nuclear fear.
Insecurity.
Fear of third world war.
Creates instability.

9- What are the features of economically backward nations? Explain the reasons for
their backwardness.
Answer: Features: Poverty and unemployment rates are high.
In adequate utilization of natural resources.
Poor quality of education.
Ill health and malnutrition are high.
Lack of technology, lack of proper infrastructure is found in these countries.
Reasons: Backward in science.
Lack of technology.
Agricultural backwardness.
Lack of transportation Lack of education facility.
Ill-health.

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Shortage of food. r -.
Low per capita.
L .I
National income.

10- Mention the measures under taken by India to remove economic inequality among
backword countries.
Answer: Creation of employment.
Expansion of industries.
Expansion of service sector.
Equal distribution of income and wealth.
Employment guarantee programmes.
Population control.

11. Describe the effects of terrorism.

Answer: It creates fear
Such acts are based on religious, political or ideological goal causing heavy damage to
men and materials.
It creates heavy psychological impact.
It causes negative impact on civilized society and governments.
Terrorism is a political tactic which creates fear complexities
and glorifies the ideology of the Terrorist Organizations.

12. What measures undertaken by India to tackle challenge of terrorism?

Answer: Our Central Government as well as state Governments are continuously
venturing to control terrorism and thereby protect men and property.
Anti-terrorist forces are set up specially trained to combat terrorism .
Many a time our Defence Forces are pressed into action to throw-out terrorism .
India has even assisted the neighbour countries like Sri lanka to restrain terrorist
activities.
As a peace-loving nation India is against terrorism.

POLITICAL SCIENCE:4
WORLD ORGANIZATIONS

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1- UN has been established in _ _ _ _. (1945)

2- The Headquarters of UN is situated in the city of _ _ _ _.(Newyork)
3- The organ of the UN resembling the Cabinet is _____. (Security Council)
4- Tenure of Judges of International Court of Justice is years. (Nine)
5- The head office of FAO is at _ _ _ _ _ _. (Rome).
6- International Court of Justice is at _____. (Hague)
7- The present Secretary General of UN is _____. (Antonio Guterres)
8- World Health Organisation has been started in the year _ _ _ _. (1948)

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9- SAARC has been established in the year _ _ _ _. (1985)

II- Discuss in group and answer in Two or Three sentences.

10- Who are responsible for the formation of UN.
Answer: The persons responsible for formation of UN are.
Winston Churchill of England.
Joseph Stalin of Russia.
Franklin D Roosevelt of America

11- Which are the main organs of UN?

Answer: General assembly.
Security council.
Economic and social council
Trusteeship council.
International court of Justice.
Secretariat

12- Who are the permanent members of Security Council?

Answer: USA, England, France, Russia, China.

13- What are the objectives of WHO?

Answer: Population explosion control.
Environment protection.
Eradication of hunger and malnutrition.

14- Prepare the list of activities of International Labour Organization?

Answer: Social security of labours.
Health security of labours.
Maternity benefits to women labour.

15- Expand the word SAARC.

Answer: South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation.

Ill- Discuss in group and answer in 6 to 10 sentences.

16- List out the objectives of UN.
Answer: To maintain international peace and security.
To develop friendly relations among nations.
To establish faith in fundamental human rights.

17- Explain the formation of General Assembly.

Answer: It is a general body consisting of all members of UNO.
Each country can se nd 5 members.
In its first session they elect a president and 17 vice presidents.

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 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

18- What are the activities of Economics and social Council?

Answer: Solutions to housi ng problem .
Eradication of refugee's problem .
Observance of human rights

19- List out the achievements of UN in maintaining world peace.

Answer: Peace keeping operations.
Solutions to disputes like Suez Canal, Iran, Kashmir, Korea, Palestine.
Achieving disarmament.

20- What are the functions of UNESCO.

Answer: Promotion of science.
Protecting world heritage.
Promotion of education and culture.
Development of technica l education

21- Explain the role of IMF in solving the economic problems of the World .
Answer: It also aims to bring sound balance of payments situations.
It also grants long term loans.

22- List out the objectives of Commonwealth of Nations.

Answer: Upholding of democracy.
Assisting to eradicate poverty.
Promotion of sports, science, culture.
Liable to world organization.

23- Explain the European Union.

Answer: It is union of 27 European countries.
It is established in 1992 according to Maastricht treaty.
It implements a common single market, a single currency.

Ore:anisation Head auarter

UNO Newyark
International court of justice Heague in Netherla nd
Food and Agriculture Organization Rome
WHO, ILO, WTO Geneva
UNESCO Paris
I.M.F. (International Monetary Fund) Washington
I.B.R.D. (International Bank of Reconstruction and Washington
Development)
SAARC Katmandu

SOCIOLOGY:1
SOCIAL STRATIFICATION

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 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 101" ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1- 'Truly the whole mankind is one' is declared by _____. (Pampa)
2-'Untouchability is a stigma on Hindu Society'. This was told by ___ (Mahatma
Gandhi)
3- Section _ _ _ _ of the Constitution declares that practice of untouchability is a
punishable offence. (17)

II Discuss the following in groups and write the answers:

4- What is meant by social stratification?
Answer: The method of dividing people into different strata and then assigning
different roles and status in the society is called as Social Stratification.

5- How has social stratification been created?

Answer: social stratification was created by the society on the basis of income,
education, caste, colour, gender, occupation, intelligence etc.

6- What is meant by prejudice?

Answer: Prejudice is the opinion a person forms about another person or community
even before he gets to know them .

7- What are the constitutional and legal measures undertaken to eradicate

untouchability? Explain.
Answer: 1) The Article 17 of the Indian Constitution prohibits Untouchability.
2) The government of India has implemented Crime Act" in 1955.
3} Civil Rights Protection Act was implemented in 1976
4) According to this act, practicing untouchability is a crime.
5) Universal rights to vote and participate in election has also been provided.
6) Reservation has been given in the field of education and employment for Scheduled
Castes and Tribes scheduled along with backward classes.
7) The Act of 1989 has given some specific responsibilities for the governments in the
eradication of Untouchability. 8) Equality to all

8- What are the suggestions to stop the social evil of untouchability?

Answer: Creating awareness among people against the social evil of untouchably
Providing education to the people of depressed classes
Spreading the teachings of social reformers and thinkers in the society.

Articles
Article-17 Prohibits of Untouchability
Article 19 Right speak and right to express
Article 21 Living is a fundamental right
Article -24 Prohibition of Child labour
Article 51 International peace and co-existence

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 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL S
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Amendment 73 Uniform system of Panchayat L .I
'•
Article 371 Eradication of re~ional imbalance •
•
Article 371 J Eradication of regional imbalance in Karnataka I

SOCIOLOGY:2
WORK AND ECONOMIC LIFE
I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Division of labour leads to . (Specialization)
2. Workers without special training are called . (Unorganized workers)
3. Workers who have special training and expertise are called (organized
workers)

II Answer the following in one sentence each :

4- What is 'Division of labour'?
Answer: The work being done by people depending on their interests, abilities, age,
experience, skill and gender is called Division of labour.

Ill Discuss the following in groups and answer them:

9- Explain the nature of discrimination in labour.
Answer: In most countries of the world including India, men are offered better jobs.
Similarly, higher responsibilities and remuneration
Women get lesser responsibilities and remuneration .
Nowadays, women are taking up employment in huge numbers. However, there is
discrimination in the remuneration given to them. Though they do exactly the same
kind of work as men, the fact that they are being paid less is nothing but exploitation.

11- What are the differences between organized and unorganized workers?
Organised Sector Labourers Unorganised Sector Labourers
- Legal provisions - Paid leave
- Specific work - No specific work
- Employment security - No employment security
- Fixed wages and allowances - No fixed wages and allowances
- Fixed time duration - No fixed time duration
- Mandatory to pay taxes - No tax provisions
- Medical facilities - No medical facilities
- Paid leave - No paid leave

Paid work Unpaid work

- Work provides wages, salary or material - Activity without material benefit
benefits - Work for mental satisfaction
- Ploughing in fields, working in factories, - Painting picture for own
teaching in schools etc. for material benefit. satisfaction.

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Meaning of 'Unemployment': Unemployment is a situation where a person does

not find work in accordance to his capacity or qualification.
Problems/causes/ Effects Measures
reasons
- Overpopulation Poverty, - Population controlling methods
- Mechanization _ill health _crimes, - Encouragement to cottage
-Too much of _corruption, industries
division of labour _family disintegration, - Agricultural development
- Social inequality _cheating deception, - Educational reforms
- Insufficient capital _robbery, - Five-Year Plans
- Illiteracy _prostitution etc. - Encouragement to vocational
- Lack of Vocational education
education. - Rural development programmes
-Employment-guarantee programmes

SOCIOLOGY:3
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOUR AND PROTESTS

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Chipko movement took place in _ _ _ _ _ State. (Uttar Pradesh)

2. The leader of the Narmada agitation is . (Medha Patkar)
3. Or. Shivaram Karanth agitated against the Nuclear power station.
(Kaiga)

II Answer the following in one sentence each :

4- What is 'Collective behaviour'?

Answer: When man is a member of a group, he behaves in a manner totally different
from the way he behaves when he is alone. This kind of behavior is called 'collective
behaviour'.

5- Who is the leader of 'Chipko' movement?

Answer: Sunderlal Bahuguna and Shri Chandiprasad Bhatt.

6- What is self-help group?

Answer: Self-help group is derived from self-awareness, self-motivation, and mutual
trust
to fulfil the economic and social necessities by their own efforts and co-operation .

7- What is labour movement?

Answ er: The movements carried out through Labour organisations to uphold the
dignity of labourers and to protect the interest s of labourers are called labour
movements.
PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-202 5-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

Ill Answer the following in two or three sentences after discussing them in groups:

8- What does collective behaviour include?

Answer: mobs, rumours, propaganda, public opinion, revolution, social movements etc

9- What is a 'mob'? Give examples.

Answer: Assembly of people around a common interest without any expectation or
planning is called a mob
For ex: a group of people assembled near a theatre to buy tickets,
an assembly of people around an accident scene. etc

10- Describe the nature of a mob.

Answer: Mob is a temporary assembly of people.
In this, people assemble at a specific place.
Members of a mob are influenced very easily by mutual feelings, opinions and acts.
There is a possibility of display of suppressed feelings.
Sometimes such displays assume violent form

11- Describe the meaning and nature of environmental pollution.

Answer: The soil, air, water and biosphere around us getting polluted with toxins and
chemicals is called environmental pollution
Nature: Developed nations are destroying the environment for the purpose of their
luxurious life.
The unbridled growth of cities, proliferation of industries, technological progress,
expansion of transport system etc. are destroying the forests and polluting the
environment.

12- Explain the importance of women's self-help groups.

Answer: Women's Self-Help Groups empower the women socially and economically.
These self-help groups, by increasing educational awareness, have helped women to
lead an independent life.
These groups are modern forms of government's commercial organization.
These groups enable women to get suitable representation in development projects.

SOCIOLOGY:4
SOCIAL CHALLENGES

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Article ___ of the Constitution prohibits employing children for work. (24)
2. The 'Prohibition of Child Labour Act' came into practice is in the year _ _ _.
(1986)
3. The National Policy was framed in _ _ _ . (2016)
 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

4. The Prohibition of Dowry Act first came into effect in ____. (1961}
5. Protection of Children from sexual offenses (POCSO} act came into force in
_ _ _ .(2012}

II Answer the following in one sentence each:

6- Mention any two social challenges plaguing India.

Answer: Child marriage.
Child labour.

7- What is child labourer?

Answer: The children below the age of 14 years are working fort he financial
consideration,
and then it is called Child Labour.

8- What is the meaning of female foeticide?

Answer: Killing the female foetus in the womb itself is called female foeticide.

9- What is female infanticide?

Answer: 'The inhuman practice of killing the female baby after it is born is female
infanticide.

10- What is Child Marriage?

Answer: The marriage take place between a boy of below 21 years and a girl who is
below 18 years is known as child marriage.

Ill Discuss the following in groups and answer the following:

11- Mention the causes for the problem of child labour.
Answer: Poverty.
Greed of the industrialists.
Failure to implement compulsory and universal education.
Lack of social environment. Agricultural crisis & drought.
Migration

12- What are the consequences of child labour?

Answer: Affects the physical and psychological growth of children.
2. child labour suffer from various ill health.
3. They become illiterates.
4. They miss their basic rights.
5. This crisis leads to child marriage
[Link] trafficking among children.

13- Explain the measures for eradicating the problem of child labour.
Answer: Child labour act -1986.

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Harsh punishment to greedy industrialists. r ,

Free & compulsory education to children .
L .I
Fine to the employer.

14- What are the evil effects of dowry system?

Answer: Dowry diminishes women's self-respect,
dignity and stature. It leads to domestic conflicts.
It also creates animosity between men and women.
Due to this evil, immorality and violence increase.
Family relationships suffer.

15- What are the solutions for the problem of dowry?

Answer: The Central government enacted a 'Prohibition of Dowry Act' in 1961.
Under this Act, marrying under the condition of being provided dowry is prohibited .
Those who violate this law are fined Rs.5000/- penalty or sent to jail for 6 months.
Sometimes both the penalties are imposed .

16- What are the effects of Child Marriage?

Answer: The holistic development of child stunned .
Maternal mortalities are increased.
Girl become widow at a young age.
The children socialization also stunned.

Ch"ld
I Iab our, v·10Ience on women, Ch"ld I marriage, Fema Ie f oe t·1c1.d e, Dowry.
•

Causes Effects Remed ies

1- Poverty 1- Physical exploitation 1- Education
2- Illiteracy 2- Mental torture 2- Proper implementation of
3- Inequality 3- Violation of human laws
4- Discrimination rights 3- creating awareness
5- Migration of 4 - Social insecurity 4-Formation of Child Rights
families 5- cause early death Protection Units
6- Debt 6- Sexual harassment 5- Children Grama Sabha
7- Lack of proper 7- 111 health 6-Formation of Child Protection
implementation of 8- Restrict Social committees.
law economic mobility 7-Formation of child right clubs
8-Social welfare programs

GEOGRAPHV:1
INDIA - GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND PHYSICAL FEATURES

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The name 'India' is derived from the river _ _ _ _ _ . (Indus)

2. The total area of India is _ _ _ _ _ sq. kms. (32,87,263)

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3. In the central part of India _ _ North latitude passes. (23 ½ 0 )

-· - J
II
4- The coast line of India with major land mass is ____ kms. (6,100}
5- The Indian physiography has been divided into _ _ _ _ major parts. (4) r .,
6- Greater Himalaya is also called _____ • (Himadri) L .I
7- The highest mountain peak in the world is _ _ _ _ _ (Mount Everest)
8- The North Indian plain is made up of soil. (Alluvial soil)
9- The Western Ghats in Karnataka are also called (Sahyadri)

II Answer the following after discussing them in groups:

10- In which part of the Asian continent is India situated?

Answer: South-East

11- In which hemisphere of the earth is India located?

Answer: Northern hemisphere

12- Which is the southern tip of main land of India?

Answer: Kanyakumari

13-Which is the southern most point of India?

Answer: Indira Point

14- What is the other name for the foothills of the Himalayas?
Answer: Siwalik

15- Which is the recently-formed landmass in India?

Answer: Siwalik range

16- What are the advantages of Himalayas?

Answer: They act as natural frontiers
Have thick forests Attract tourists.
They are the store house of minerals.
They protect India from cold winds.
Birth places many rivers.
Home of medicinal plants.
Home of wild animals.
Stop monsoon winds & cause rain

17- Explain the extend of peninsular Plateau?

Answer: The total area is around 16 lakhs sq .km.
It stretches from the Aravalli mountains in the north to Kanyakumari in the south.
It extends approximately 1400 kms.
from the Western Ghats in the west to the Rajmahal hills of Jharkhand in the east.

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18- Write about the Shivalik range.

Answer: Lowest ranges of Himalayas. r .,
Known as outer Himalayas. L .I
Extended from Jam mu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh.
They have Doons
19- 'The Northern plains are called deposited plains. Why?
Answer: They are very suitable for irrigation and agriculture
2. As it has pernnial rivers and vast fertile alluvial soil.
3. Its level land supports a network of roads, railways and means of communication.
4. They are useful for industrialization, urbanization and trade.
5. A number of pilgrim centres are located here

20- Mention the differences between western and eastern Ghats

Eastern Ghats Western Ghats

- Mahanadi Valley to the Nilgiri hills - Tapi Valley to Kanyakumari
- Not continuous - continuous
- Not very high -high
- Separated by river valleys - not separated
- more rainfall

Eastern Coastal Plains Western Coastal Plains

- River Suvarnarekha to Kanyakumari - Rann of Kutch to Kanyakumari
- Between Eastern Ghats and Bay of - between Western Ghats and Arabian
Bengal Sea
- Broader - narrow
- Northern Circar and Coromandal Coast - Konkan, Karnataka and Malabar coast
- Deltas are present - Deltas are absent.

Andaman and Nicobar Islands Lakshadweeo Islands

i) They are in Bay of Bengal i) They are in Arabian sea
ii) Formed by hard volcanic rocks ii) Formed by corals
iii) 204 Islands iii) 43 Islands

Importance
Northern mountain/ peninsular plateau Northern plain/ Coastal plain
1-Birth place of many rivers 1-helped to agriculture
2-any hill stations are there 2-Development of transport and
3-store houise minerals communication.
4-they helped to generate hydroelectricity 3-Development of trade
power. 4-Development of industries.

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PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL sr•r••~r

r .,
INDIA- GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND I L .I
PHYSICAL FEATURES 1
12
1
1. 23.5Tropic of Cancer
2. 82.5 East Longitude __, 3 ? ~ 4,
3. Dehli I
4. Mount Everest (The Highest pea! ___ ~ _____1__ n __
of the world) I
5. K2 (Gadwin Austin-The highest ........... 1

peak in India) J
6. Nilgiri 'I •
7. Indira Point (The southern most I '
Point)) 'Q. 6, I
8. Indira Col ( The northernmost •• · 1 ••
1
Point) ·

INDIA- GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND

PHYSICAL FEATURES

9. Ganga river
10. Western Ghats
11. Vindhya mountains 9
12. Satpura hills 14

13. Aravali mountains

14. Malwa plateau
15. Anaimudi (The Highest peak in
10 16
South India ) •
•

16. Western Ghats

\ g:'
17. Kanyakumari '··'I,,/'• • \
•
15
is
~
18. Pak Strait •• •
•• '•\
9 11
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INOIA- GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND

PHYSICAL FEATURES

19. Prayag / Allahabad

20. Malabar coast
21. Canara coast 19~

22. Konkan coast

23. Coramandal coast
24. Utkal coast
22
25. Chilika lake
,•
26. Pulicat lake 21

27. Lakshadweep
27~
28. Gulf of Mannar 20

GEOGRAPHY:2
INDIA - SEASONS

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Highest temperature region in the country is _ _ _ _ _. (Rajasthan's ganganagar)

2. Due to local temperature and conventional currents rainfall occurs.
(conventional rainfall)
3. The area receiving very less rainfall in the country is _ _ _ _ _. ('Roily' in
Jaisalmar of Rajasthan .)
4. The area receiving the highest rainfall in the country is___. (Meghalaya's
'Mawsynram')

II- Answer the following quest ions in brief.

5- Which type of climate is experienced by India?

Answer: Tropical monsoon Climate

6- Why convectional rainfall occurs during retreating monsoon seasons?

Answer: The sun rays fall Vertically on the Southern hemisphere. As a result, there is a
drop in the temperature in the Northern hemisphere. Hence this area becomes an area
of high pressure and the South-West monsoon winds start receding.

7- What are the factors influenced on climate of India?

Answer: latitude, height from the sea level,

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Distance from the sea, r ,

Direction of winds, L .1
Mountain ranges,
Ocean currents.

8- ' Indian agriculture gambling with the monsoon winds.1 Discuss.

Answer: The South-West monsoons control the agriculture of India which is the main
occupation of Indians.
Failure of rainfall leads to drought.
When rainfall is heavy there are floods, they also cause destruction to life and
property.

Ill. Match the following.

i. Kala baisaki .............................. West Bengal
ii. Andies..................................... Uttar Pradesh
iii. Coffee blossom ...................... karnataka
iv. Mango showers ..................... Kera la

( INDIA - SEASONS )
1. Ganeanaear (Hottest place in
lndla) vl
3
2. Mawsynram (Hiehest rainfall
region in India)
3. Ruyll

4 . South-West Mansoon w inds

5. North-East Mansoon wind

GEOGRAPHY:3
INDIA - SOILS
Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The soil deposited by rivers is called _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (Alluvial soil)

2. Black soil area is called ______. (Deccan Trap)
3. In Rajasthan _ _ _ _ soil is also mainly found. (Desert Soil)
4. The widely spread soil in India is _ _ _ .(Alluvial Soil)
5. For growing ragi and oil seeds, _____ soil is suitable. (Red soil)

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 ■ ■

L .I
II Answer the following questions in brief :
6-What are the types of soils found in India?
1. Alluvial soil
2. Black soil
.... .,. ..,. -
3. Red soil
4. Laterite soil
S. Desert soil and
6. Mountainous soil.

10- Which type of soil are found in the Himalayan mountains?

Answer: Mountain soil.

Soil erosion
Transportation of surface soil by va rious natural forces (winds, waves) is called soil
•
erosion.
Reasons/ Effects soil conservation Importance
Causes
1. -Accumulation of silt Prevention of soil Soil erosion leads to
Deforestation in the river beds and from erosion and accumu lation of silt
2. Over grazing causing floods protecting of that leads to infertility
3. Unscientific -It changes the river fertility of the soil i) floods
methods of course is known as soil ii) change of course of
•
cultivation . -The storage capacity Conservation. raver
4. Over of reservoirs gets -Contour bunding. iii) reduction of
irrigation etc. reduced -Gully control storage capacity of the
Even -The loss of fertility and bench reservoirs, tanks
manufacture the agriculture terracing. iv) the volume of
of bricks, tiles production gets -Contour farming. water percolating
and pots use reduced -Encouragement down gets reduced
the top layer -Ground water level is of afforest ation. v) natural springs dry
of the lowered. -Control of up
soil leaving -Vegetation covers livestock grazing vi) effects the
behind dries up and drought -Construction of production of
•
depleted soil. increase. check dams etc ... agriculture .

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Types of soil
Soil Soil Formed Sq Crops States
km
Alluvial [Link] llli1s The sediments 15 Wheat, Uttar Pradesh,
soil deposited by the lakh Paddy, Bihar, West
river and sea km Sugarcane Bengal,
waves Jute. Odisha,
Punjab,
Haryana and
Assam
Black The weathering 5.46 cotton, Maharashtra,
•
soil of igneous rock. lakh Jowar Madhya
•
The basalt rock onions Pradesh,
North
Karnataka.
111,.-t "141'
Red Weathering of 5.2 Ragi, largest portion
soil granite, gneiss lakh millets, of the
and others ground peninsular
crystalline rocks. nuts. plateau

Laterite In tropical areas 2.48 Tea, Western

soil under the lakh coffee, ghats,
conditions of rubber vindhyas,
high satpuras
temperature and
rainfall
Desert Under desert 1.48 Dates North west
soil and semi desert lakh Rajasthan,
conditions. less Punjab,
rainfall and high Haryana
-.
IIQI IA M~
_,., temperature.
Mountainous On the slopes of 2.85 Tea, Himachal
soil Mountains and lakh coffee, Pradesh,
hills covered by fruits. Manipur,
..
,. .
. ,\,J ~---;~ • forests. western
,lOUKTAIH SOIL ·• Ghats.

GEOGRAPHY:4
INDIA - FOREST RESOURCES

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

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1. The forests found in Assam and Meghalaya are _ _ _ _ _ type of forests .

(Evergreen forests).
2. The Himalayas have _ _ _ _ kind of forests. (Alpine forests)
3. The Ganga river delta is also called _ _ _ _ _ _. (Sundarbans)
4. Jim corbet National park is in _ _ _ _ _ _ _ state. (Uttarakhand)
5. According to the National forest policy _ _ _ _ _ % of forest area is required for
a healthy environment. (33%}

II Answer the following after discussing them in groups:

7- What is the total forest area of India?

Answer: According to the India State of Forest Report 2021 (ISFR) India has 713789 sq.
kms of forest area.
Forest
The total plant life growing naturally in an area is called forest or natural vegetation .
Causes/reasons Effects Protection/ measures Importance
expansion of Climate change Protection of forests from 1) Pure air, food
agriculture, acceleration human beings, animals and fodder is
animal-grazing, -Biodiversity loss and natural disasters are provided.
construction of -soil erosion called Conservation of 2) It brings good
roads and rail -water cycle forests. rainfall.
routes, disruption --Protecting the forest 3) It controls soil
•
irrigation -reduced air trees against diseases; erosion.
projects, quality planting saplings; 4) It is the shelter
forest fires, -desertification sowing seeds; house for animals
mining forest -Economic loss guarding against illegal and birds.
fires -displacement of cutting of trees; 5) Medicinal plants
indigenous avoiding grazing of are found in
-Increased domestic animals in abundance.
disease risk forests; 6) It attracts
motivating people to plant tourists.
saplings; 7) It provides
creating awareness among employment
people about trees and opportunities.
encouraging them to 8) It controls
protect them; ecological balance.
implementing the social
forestry projects speedily
and successfully.

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Types of fore st

Types of Types of for est Features States Trees

forest
Evergreen 1-Forests are dense Asam, Teak,
forests and the trees grow to a Nagaland, rosewood
great height. 2-the Meghalay, ebony,
trees and plants do not Tripura, Mahogany,
shed their leaves Manipura. Gurjan,
during the year at the Champa.
same time. 3-rainfall -
more than 250 cm.
Deciduous 1-Trees shed their Western Teak, sal,
monsoon leaves during spring ghats, Sandalwoo
forests and early summer. 2- Maharashtr d, mango,
monsoon fore st . a Karnatak, neem.
3-rainfall- 75-250 cm. Kerala.
Tropical Scrub with short Rajasthan, Cacti,
Grassland coarse grass, thorny Punjabparts Palms,
trees and bushes of the Acacias,
Rainfall:60 to 75cm Western euphorbias
Ghats and
cardamom
hills .
Mangrove
forests
--• PICHAVAIIAM
1-Found in wet marshy States: West
areas, in river deltas Bengal,
Rhizophora,
Canes,
,_.AN GflOYE ,o,-nT

and along the sea Tamilnadu, Screw,

coast washed by t ides. Andoman Pine,
2- rainfall-250 cm to and Palms,
above. Nikobar. Sundari etc
Desert On account of Scanty, Punjab, Jhand,
forests rainfallvegetation Hryana, Khair, Kiko,
consisyts of scattered Rajasthan Babul, Cacti
trees and thorny and Deccan and Khejra .
bushes. Rainfall: less Plateau.
than SO cm.
Alpine Grow on the slopes of Himalayas Oak,
forests of the mountain 2- at the and to a chestnut,
Himalayas heightof1800to3000 small extent ash, beech,
mts 3-rainfall- 150cm in the ine, cedar,
to 250 Niligiri hills. spruce, fir,
deodar, and
walnut.

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 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL S
r .,
GEOGRAPHY:S L .I
INDIA-WATER RESOURCES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The Sorrow of West of Bengal is _ _ _ _ . (Damodar River)
2. The Sorrow of Bihar is _ _ _ _ _ river. (Kosi)
3. Biggest irrigation project of Karnataka is _____. (Tungabhadra project)
4. Pampa Sagara Dam is in _____ district of Karnataka. (Vijayanagara district)
5. Hirakud project is built across _ _ _ _ _ river. (Mahanadi)

II Answer the following questions in brief:

6. What is irrigation? What are the types of irrigation?
Answer: supply of water to agriculture from canals, wells and tanks artificially or
manually
Types: canals, wells and tanks.

7. What is multi-purpose river valley project? What are its objectives?

Answer: The river valley projects which provide multiple benefits.
The objectives:
Providing water for irrigation
Providing water for domestic use
Providing water for industries
Providing water for fisheries
Providing water for navigation
To control floods
To prevent soil erosion
To provide water for afforestation.

8- Name the hydro-electric power projects of Karnataka.

Answer: Shivanasamudra,
Tungabhadra,
Jog, Bhadra,
Alamatti, Kali {Supa Dam)

9- ' Rain water harvesting is compulsory today'. Why?

Answer: Water is very precious. Although India has vast water resource, it is most
unevenly distributed.
Rainfall is coufined to the rainy season.
Even in areas of heavy rainfall, water shortage is seen during the summers. The only
solution to the drought condition prevailing in India is 'Rain Water Harvesting'.

10- What is National Power Grid?

Answer: Supply power from surplus states to deficit states.

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PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCll'N,.i:

Ill. Match the following projects in 'A' with states 'B' r,

i. Bhakra dam ............................... Govinda Sagar L .I
ii. Tungabhadra dam................... Pampa Sagar
iii. Almatti dam............................ Lal Bahadur Shastri Sagar
iv. Narayanapura dam ................. Basava sagara.

MULTIPURPOSE RIVER VALLEY PROJECTS

Projects Features
Oamodar 1-first multipurpose river valley project of the country.
River Valley 2-designed on the lines of Tennessee ValleyAuthority(TVA) in USA.
Project 3- 'Sorrow of Bengal' causing devastating floos during the rainy
seasons and damaged crops and human settlements.
4- 4dams at Tilaia, Konar, Maithon and Panchet hill.
5- 3 thermal power station at Bokaro, Ourgapur and Chandrapura.
Joint venture Jharkhand and west Bengal
Bhakranangal 1- This project comprises of two dams at Bhakra and Nangal acrss the
Project river Sutluj (Himachal Pradesh) and four power houses.
2- Bhakra dam is 226 meters high and it is a highest gravity dam in
India.
3- The reservoir created by the dam is called "Gobind Sagar"
Joint venture: Punjab Haryana, Rajasthan
Kosi Project 1-Built across river Kosi near Hunuman Nagar in Nepal
2-The project has been executed by India but the benefits are shared
both by India and Nepal.
Joint venture: India and Nepal
Hirakud 1-This project comprises of the construction of three dams on river
Project Mahanadi at Hirakud, Tikarapara and Naraj
2-two hydro power stations
longest dam in India
Place: Odisha
Tungabhadra It comprises a dam and three hydel power houses
project A dam has been constructed across river Tungabhadra, a tributary of
Krishna, at Mallapuram near Hosapete in Ballari district of Karnataka.
Joint venture of: Karnataka, and Andhra Pradesh
Nagarjunasag It is built across river Krishna near Nagarjunakonda in Telangana.
ar Project
Upper Krishna -Biggest project in North Karnataka.
2-it comprises of two dams namely Almatti, and Narayanpura and
Hydel power house.
3-Almatti dam in Basavana bagewadi taluk.
4-Narayanapura dam in siddapur village in Muddebihal taluk of
Vijayapura district.
Karnataka: Bagalkot, vijayapura, Kalburgi, Yadgir, and parts of
Belagavi districts benefits from this project.

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Narmada The dam is constructed between Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh and a
Valley Project decision was arrived at by the NPA on the distribution of water.
Narmada river has totally 23 dams across its length and Sardar
Sarovar, Narmada Sagar and Narmada Upper Projects are the main
ones.

5- Aims and objectives of Damodar, Bhakra Nangal, Hirakud, Kosi, Tungabhadra,

Nagarjunasagar, Upper Krishna, Narmada Valley Project
Answer:1- Flood control
2- Supply of water to Agriculture
3- Supply of water to Industry
4- Generation of Hydro Electricity
5- Fishing
6- Afforestation
7-Control of soil erosion
8-Domestic use

THE IMPORTANT MULTI PURPOSE RIVER

VALLEY PROJECTS OF INDIA

1. Dam_pdar River Valley Project

2 . Bhakranangal Project (Govindasagar,
The highest multi purpose valley
project)
3. Kosi Project
4. Hirakud Project ( The longest dam on
,.-
India)
5. Tungabhadra Project {Pampas~ara)
6. Nagarjuna Sagar Project
1. Upper Krishna Project
8. Narmada Project
9. Rihand Project
10. Chambal Project

GEOGRAPHY:6
INDIA - LAND USE AND AGRICULTURE
I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:
1. Utilising the land for a variety of purposes is known as _ _. (land use)
2. Growing Two-three crops on the same plot in a year is called . (Mixed Farming)
3. Farmers growing crops only to sustain themselves is called farming.
(Subsistence farming)
4. Progress in the horticultural field is known as _ _ _ _ _ . ( 'Golden Revolution'.)
5. The state is the largest producer of paddy in India is . (West Bengal)
6. The crops grown during summer is also known as farming. (Zaid farming)
II Answer the following after discussing them in groups:
7- What are the factors that influence land use?

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Answer: 1. relief features 2. climate 3. soil 4. population density, 5. socio-economic and

technical factors.
Types of land use
[Link] sown area Area sown more than once in an agricultural year.
42.2% of the total reported area of India.
[Link] area under forest.
21.71% of the total reported area in India.
[Link] of land for used for non-agricultural purposes. Like, Human settlements, roads,
purposes other railways, canals, mountains, sandy waste etc.
than cultivation
[Link] land It is the land left uncultivated.
8.2% of the reported area in India.
[Link] Grasslands are diminishing continually with the expansion of area
being taken up for agriculture.
6 Other. land which was earlier used for agriculture is now left uncultivated
uncultivated due to certain changes in the chemical composition of the soil which
land have rendered it unsuitable.

8. What is 'Agriculture'? What are the types of Agriculture?

Answer: Tilling of the soil for raising food crops and raw materials needed by human
beings is called Agriculture
Types:
1. Intensive Growing 2-3 crops on the same plot in a year is called Intensive
farming Farming.
[Link] Farmers growing crops for their own use is called Subsistence
farming Farming.
a- Sedentary It is settled agriculture.
Farmin2
b- Shifting Sometimes people do not settle down in any particular area, but cut
cultivation down forests and engage in farming.
[Link] Agriculture practiced to commercial purpose is called Commercial
farming Farming.
[Link] Mixed farming is the raising of crops and cattle-rearing, poultry,
farming beekeeping, pig-rearing, silk farming, aquaculture etc.
[Link] Horticulture involves cultivation of fruits, vegetables and flowers. It
farming consists of crops which yield harvest in a very short period.
6. Plantation It refers to the cultivation of a single crop over a large area for
Farming exoorts.
[Link] Farming A method of farming carried on in areas which receives scanty rainfall
and where irri2ation is either absent or limited.
8. Humid The cultivation of crops in areas which receives sufficient rainfall,
Farming croos are grown without the helo of irrigation.
9. Irrigation A method of farming under which crops are grown with the help of
Farming irrigation.

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PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH EN GLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-202S-26 DIGITAL SOCIALS

Crop seasons: The proportion of area under different crops at a particular period of
time.
Kha riff or early Rabi or post monsoon crop Zaid or summer crop
monsoon crop
South-west monsoon North-east monsoon or rabi Summer or jade crops
or kharif crops crops

Crops
Crops Types of crops Tempera Annual Soil First Position
ture Rainfal Position in the
I in India world
Paddy Food crops: 25°C 100- Fertile West Second
The crops which 200 alluvial Bengal
are grown to ems soil and
provide food for clayey soil
people.
Wheat Food crops: 10° to 50to sand- Uttar Second
The crops which 15° C 70cms mixed Pradesh
are grown to clay and
provide food for black soi l
people.
Sugarcane Commercial crops: 21° to 100- Fertile Uttar Second
The crop that is 26° 150 loamy soil Pradesh
grown for sale. ems mixed
with black
soil
Tobacco Commercial crops: 21° to 50cms sandy soil Gujarat Third
The crop that is 27° C
rown for sale.
Cotton Fibre crops: 20° to 75 to Black soil Gujarat Third
The crops which 25° C 150 and loamy
provide raw ems soil
materials for
textiles industry.
Tea Beverage crops: Average 150- Hill slopes Assam Second
The crop which are tempera 200 with
used to produce ture of ems sand-
stimulating drinks 21° C mixed
black soil

-- GEOGRAPHY:7
INDIA - MINERAL AND POWER RESOURCES
 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-202S-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The wonder metal of the 20th century is _ _ _ _• {Bauxite ore)

2. The largest producer of gold in India is . {Hatti)
3. Mica is also called ' ' in Kannada. {Kage bangara)

II Answer the following after discussing them in groups:

4- What are the important mineral resources available in India?

Answer: Iron ore, manganese ore, bauxite ore, mica and [Link], petroleum and
atomic minerals.

5. Which are the types of manganese ore?

Answer: Pyrolusite, Psilomelane, Magnatite, Branite and Holyandite.

6. What are the uses of Mica?

Answer: manufacture of telephones, telegraph, wireless service, glass, colour varnish,
artificial rubber, dynamos and chemical industries. Mica is also called 'kage bangara' in
Kannada.

7. Which are the important atomic minerals?

Answer: Uranium, Thorium, Berylium, Lithium

8- What are non-conventional energy resources? Explain their importance.

Answer: Solar Energy Wind Energy Tidal Energy Geo-thermal power Bio-gas.
They are renewable, pollution free and eco-friendly.
They can be conveniently supplied to urban as well as rural areas.
They are capable of meeting the requirements of power in India, In recent years rate of
energy consumption has increased.
Thus, there is urgent need to develop of alternative power resources in India

[Link] suggestions of your own to eradicate the power scarcity.

Answer: Using of non- conventional energy resources.
More importance to Hydro-electric power generation.
Use of alternate local energy resource .
Producing energy from solid waste.
Educating the people to minimise the use of energy resource.

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 PERSEVERAN CE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

[ NU CLEAR STATIONS ]
1. I ar~ UL

2. fulna Pratap Sa_g_a r

3. ~lea~a.m ~ 5
?1
4. Narora
96
5. Sur-at 3 '
, .........
~

INDIA- MINERALS AND POWER RESOURCES

AND I NDIA - MAJOR INDUSTRIES

1. Hatti

2. Dlgbol
3. Bombay High
4. Naharkathlya 3') f
6

5. Bhadravatl ')1
r;.') ?
6. Mumbai (Manchester of India) 7

7. Bengaluru (SIiicon City)

GEOGRAPHY:8
INDIA - TRANSPORT AND COMMUNICATION

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The name of the international airport of Bengaluru is_ _ _. (Kempegowda

international airport)
2. For the development of villages and agriculture _ _ _ _ _ transport is necessary.
(Road transport)
3. The _ _ _ _ port is called Gateway of India. (Mumbai port)
4. The tea port of India is _ _ _ _. (Kolkata)

fl, A 01 IVCA"-I A ACCT T 'CAruco t::UAI 10 urr:u c r u n n , rA k fTnMJu1CI\IT DAI f ADI co, 1 n11 en I o ... - ....
 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-202 5-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

II- Answer the following questions in brief:

5. What is the importance of roads in India ?

Answer: India is a country of villages and is predominantly an agricultural nation.
Roads are very important for the development of villages and agriculture.
Movement of agricultural produce by farmers to the markets is possible only by
roadways.
Essential commodities required by the villagers are transported with the help of roads.
Road transport feeders rail ways. Roads Provide the movement of goods.

6. What are the four types of major Roads?

Answer: 1) National Highways, 2) State Highways, 3) District Roads and 4) Village
Roads.

7. What is meant by Golden Quadrilateral Project?

Answer: The Golden Quadrilateral Highways links the major metropolitan cities of the
country like Delhi - Mumbai - Chennai and Kolkata through 4/6 lanes of national
highways.
[Link] a list of major ports in India.
Answer:
ports on the west coast ports on the east coast
1-Kandla [Link]
2. Mumbai [Link]
3. Jawaharlal Neharu Port 3. Ennore
4. Mormugoa 4. Visakhapatnam
5. New Mangaluru 5. Paradip
6. Kochi 6. Haldia
7. Kolkata
8. Port Blair

MAJOR PORTS

P-r:- ... 1 . l<andla

~ 2. Mumbcti (Gate way of
lndla)
-
&f • 3 . Nhavasheva
z
a - 4. Marmagoa
s
C - • S. New Mangalore 4

r,-
s
• 6. Kochi

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 .--- --.
PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 1 0TH ENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIEN CE NOTES-202S-26 DIGITAL SOCIALS L .I

MAJOR PORTS

7 . ~lcor l l_l
- ~a.
'"ff ChennaL
,c• . 9. Vlshakhapatnam
•
c , 10. Paradeep
,t- •11. Kolkata {T he Tea p o rt of
India)
-
m . 12 . H
.....!!.!l qjj\ 8

9. List out the problems of road transport in India?

Answer: 1. Many village and district roads become unfit for transportation during the
•
rainy season.
2. Road transport is also the cause of environmental pollution, increased density of
vehicles and accidents.
3. Roads are subjected to severe wear and tear due to rain, floods and cyclones every
year.
4. Construction and management of national and state highways are inadequate.
5. Scarcity of the basic needs along the roadside in seen all over the country.

10- What are Communication Media ? Which are they?

Answer: Communication Media refers to the means of delivering and receiving data or
information. Postal service.
Telecommunication.
Radio and television .
Newspapers.
Satellite.
Computer network.
Internet and email.

11- Mention the importance of Communication.

Answer: Importance: Helps in sending Messages from person to person and place to
place quickly.
Helps in creating awareness among the people.
Helps to know about natural hazards and disasters,
Helps in weather forecasting.
It helps in the progress of trade, industry, agriculture etc.
It provides entertainment.
It provides day to day information of the world .
Provides employment to many.
 I. .I
_\/ERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10THENGLI SH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL S

They educate the people.

Helps to strengthen the unity and integrity.

12. How is GPS different from GIS?

Answer:
GPS GIS
The main objective of this system is to The system which can collect the
indicate the location of a stationary or information, accumulate and enable use
moving object or person through when required, modify and show the
pointing out the latitude, longitude and data of the earth's surface is called
height above the sea level. Geographical Information System (GIS).

13- Write about Remote Sensing Technology.

Answer: In the modern technology Remote sensing is very important.
In collect information regarding the earth surface.
It gathers information about distance without physically touching the objects.
This is called Remote sensing.
Arial and satellite photos are from the Remote sensing.

S1. Name of the Airports Place

No.
1. Indira Gandhi International Airport Ne\v Delhi
2. Chatrapathi Shivaji Maharaj International Air- rv1umbai
port
3. Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose International Air- Koll(:otta
port
4. Chen nai Internation al Airp-0rt Chennai
Bengaluru
5. Kempego'Arda International Airport
(Devanahalli)
6. Mangaluru International Airport tv!angaluru
7. Sardar Vallababai Patel International Airport Ahmedabad
8. Lokapriya Gopinatha Bardoli Internation al Air- Guwahati
port
9. Cho"'dary Charan Singh International Allport Lucknow
10. Rajeev Gandhi International Airport Hyderabad
11. 11anohar Internation al Airport ~iiopa (Goa)
12. Maharshi Valmild International Airport Ayodhya

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 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10THENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

[ MAJOR AIRPORTS ]
~
... •....
Sahara and Santa Cruz Airport -
Mumbai
\
- -r. Indira Gandhi International Airport z
- Dehli
\
.. :r. Sy bhasf:l Chandra Bose Airport -
Kolkata
1
\
--- • Anna ( Mee_nambakkam) Airport -
Chennal
\
- ~. ~ ymp~2Y!~~- Airport - Bengaluru
5 4

[ MAJOR AIRPORTS ]
\ - Hyderabad
◄-

~ -·- Ahmedabad
~
vc- Panaji
\
-v;- Amritsar
\ 6
....___'"O, Guwahati
8
\ :,.:. Thiruvanan_tap41~m

GEOGRAPHY:9
INDIA - MAJOR INDUSTRIES

I Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. Bengal iron company of west Bengal is located in ____. (1870 at Kulti)

2. Manufacturing of cloth from various kinds of fibres is called _ _ _ industry.
(Textile)
3. The first paper industry of India was located on bank of _ _ _ _ river. (Hoogly)
4. ISRO was established in the year _ _ _ _ .( August 15th, 1969)

II Answer the following after discussing them in groups:

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 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10™ ENGLISH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIEN CE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

[Link] a list of industrial zones.

Answer: Certain areas of the country have more concentration of industries.
There are 8 main industrial zones in the country. They are: [Link] Region [Link]-
Pune Region 3. Ahmedabad-Vadodar Region [Link] Valley Industrial Region
[Link] Industrial Region [Link] Capital Region [Link]-Guntur
Region [Link] -Thiruvananthapuram Region.

[Link] are the places of Iron and steel industry?

Answer: Tata Iron and Steel Plant- TISCO- at Jamshedpur of Jharkhand.
2. Indian Iron and Steel Company- llSCO - Berhampur, West Bengal
3. Visveswaraya Iron and Steel Company - VISCO - at Bhadravathi, Karnataka
4. Iron and Steel Company at Bhilai, Chattisgarh
5. Iron and Steel Company at Rourkela, Orissa
6. Iron and Steel Company at Durgapur, West Bengal
7. Iron and Steel Company at Bokaro, Jharkhand
8. Iron and Steel Company at Salem, Tamil Nadu
9. Iron and Steel Company at Vishakapatnam, Andhra Pradesh.

[Link] are the factors influencing the location of an industry?

Answer: Availability of raw material
Availability of energy resource
Availability of Labours
Good transport facility
Good market facility
Technology and government policies
Land Availability at low cost
Port facility

[Link] are the raw materials used in paper industry?

Answer: Soft wood.
Bamboo.
Cellulosic pulp.
Sabai grass.
Straw of paddy.
Bagasse.
Cotton lint Rags.

9. Explain the distribution of cotton textile industries in India.

Answer: widely distributed over 76 town and cities
Concentrated mainly in Cotton growing areas
Located in Maharashtra, Gujarat, TamilNadu and Karnataka.
Largely concentrated in Mumbai.
Mumbai is known as 'Manchester of India' and 'Cotton polis of India'

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r ,
10. What are the effects of biotechnology on agriculture? L .I
Answer: Due to development of bio-technology the great revolution was started,.
agriculture.
Through the procedure of grafting in plants and animals and by the use of new seeds,
medicines fertilizers, organic fertilizers, developed hybrid seeds, soya beans, maize,
cotton etc. have been developed.
Recently plant bio- technology, environment, bio- diversity and being used.

11. What are the changes resulting from the use of advanced technology?
Answer : Advanced technology is used in telephone,
internet communication, defence department,
weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching,
Lunar projects like chandrayana,
transparent in city administration in government offices (eg: Nemmadi, Aadhar etc.),
development of global economic syst em, educational, social and economic affairs and
elections.

12. What are the main achievements of ISRO?

Answ er : 1) The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT). was introduced by Indian
space organization (ISRO) for enhancing better experience in search - rescue operation.
2) India was the first country to reach MARS for the first time through ISRO.
3) India was the first country to land on the South - pole through the satellite launched
by ISRO.

Ill. Match the following:

i. Mumbai........................ Manchester of India

ii. Bengaluru ................... Silicon Valley
iii. Bhadravathi. ............. Vishveshwarayya Iron and Steel Industry
iv. Belagavi district ........ Sugar industries.

- Factors influence the location of Industries, Iron and Steel industry,

Aluminium Industry, Cotton Industry, Sugar Industry, Paper Industry.
Answer: 1-Supply of raw material
2-supply of labour
3- Supply of water
4-Supply of electricity
5- Supply of capital
6- Transport and communication
7-Market facility
8-Government policy
9-ldeal climate

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PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL St,c ..-.c

10. What are the effects of biotechnology on agriculture?

Answer: Due to development of bio-technology the great revolution was started in
agriculture.
Through the procedure of grafting in plants and animals and by the use of new seeds,
medicines fertilizers, organic fertilizers, developed hybrid seeds, soya beans, maize,
cotton etc. have been developed.
Recently plant bio- technology, environment, bio- diversity and being used.

11. What are the changes resulting from the use of advanced technology?
Answer: Advanced technology is used in telephone,
internet communication, defence department,
weapons and nuclear bombs, satellite launching,
Lunar projects like chandrayana,
transparent in city administration in government offices (eg: Nemmadi, Aadhar etc.),
development of global economic system, educational, social and economic affairs and
elections.

12. What are the main achievements of ISRO?

Answer: 1) The Indian National Satellite System (INSAT). was introduced by Indian
space organization (ISRO) for enhancing better experience in search - rescue operation.
2) India was the first country to reach MARS for the first time through ISRO.
3) India was the first country to land on the South - pole through the satellite launched
by ISRO.

Ill. Match the following:

i. Mumbai. ....................... Manchester of India

ii. Bengaluru ................... Silicon Valley
iii. Bhadravathi .............. Vishveshwarayya Iron and Steel Industry
iv. Belagavi district ........ Sugar industries.

- Factors influence the location of Industries, Iron and Steel industry,

Aluminium Industry, Cotton Industry, Sugar Industry, Paper Industry.
Answer: 1-Supply of raw material
2-supply of labour
3- Supply of water
4-Supply of electricity
5- Supply of capital
6- Transport and communication
7-Market facility
8-Government policy
9-ldeal climate
PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLI SH M EDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-202S-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL S L .I

GEOGRAPHV:10
INDIA - NATURAL DISASTERS

Answer the following after discussing them in groups:

[Link] are natural disasters?
Answer: Naturally-occurring destructive incidents resulting in loss of human life and
property are called natural disasters.
Examples: - Cyclones, Floods, Landslides, Coastal erosion and Earthquakes

[Link] are the effects of cyclones?

Answer: Causes loss of life and property
Cause damage to buildings.
Cause damage to transportation.
Cause damage to communication system.
Disrupt power supply. Destroy crops, vegetation, animals etc.

3. What are floods?

Answer: Floods refer to the inundation of land by river water.

4. What is Landslide?
Answer: The sl iding of land mass along steep slopes of hills or mountains is called
landslides

[Link] is Earthquake.
Answer: An earthquake is a violent vibration in the Earth's crust

[Link] are the causes of floods? Describe flood-prone areas in India.

Answer:
Natural Causes Man-made Causes
Heavy rainfall Deforestation.
Melting of snow Faulty irrigation
Tropical cyclones Agricultural practices.
Cloud burst Breaching of barrages
Blockage of free flow river water Rapid urbanization.
Accumulation of silt in rivers

flood-prone areas: Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Uttarakhand, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal,

Assam, Gujarat, Karnataka and some regions in the Himalayas are the major flood-
prone areas.

[Link] is Coastal Erosion? Mention its management.

Answer: The erosion of the land by sea waves in the coastal area is known as coastal
•
erosion
Management of coastal erosion including.
 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10™ ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-202S-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIENCE

Prohibiting sand mining.

Construction of retention walls across coast.
Stocking of large rocky boulders along the coast.
Growing of Mangrove trees along the coast.

8. Write about the effects of earthquake and precautions to be taken.

Answer: Effects:
It causes large scale deaths.
Crops get totally destroyed.
Transports links and electricity supply affected badly.
Spread of infectious diseases.
Precautions:
Restricting construction of multi-storied buildings.
Restricting construction of large Dams and reservoirs.
Restricting underground mining.
Restricting urban growth.

Cyclones, floods, landslides, earthquakes, Coastal erosion.

Causes Effects Measures
1-Heavy rainfall [Link] of property [Link]
2-Tropical cyclones [Link] of life protection
3-Silting river beds [Link] of forest [Link] shelters
4-Deforestation 4. Loss of crops [Link] medical
5-Faulty irrigation and [Link] of diseases assistance
agriculture practices [Link] down of [Link] of food and water
6-Urbanisation. communication system [Link] warnings
[Link] of essential [Link] mining
•
services [Link] .

INDIA CYCLONE & EARTHQUAKE

REGIONS

1. ~[Link]

2. lathore

3. Kangra
- 9s
1
92
4. Dwaraka

5. Surat

6. Kachar-

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ECONOMICS:1
ECONOMY AND GOVERNMENT

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words :

1. In the 20th century, governments brought into practice _ _ _ _ _ _ to enable

economic development. (economic plans)
2. The organization which formulates the five-year plans in India is _ _ _ _ _ _.
(National Planning Commission)
3. In the 11th five-year plan, _ _ _ _ _ _ was given priority. (Inclusive growth)
4. The Pioneer of the Green Revolution was _ _ _ _ _ _. (Dr. M.S. Swaminathan)
5. The government encourages farmers to adopt _ _ _ _ _ system of farming in
order to make farming environment-friendly and stable. (organic)
6. NITI Aayog was established on _ _ _ _ _( 1st Jan 2015)

Answer the following in one sentence each:

[Link] is 'economic planning' .

Answer: 'The conscious and wise process through which the government, with certain
specific objectives, utilizes the country's resources in a profitable manner in order to
secure maximum satisfaction of its people is called economic planning'

[Link] is the 'Father of Indian Economic Planning'?

Answer: Sir Visveswaraya

[Link] is the organization that approves five-year plans?

Answer: National Development Board

[Link] is 'Green Revolution' ?

Answer: The quick progress that took place in the production of food grains in India in
1967-70 has been termed the green revolution

[Link] is 'Post-Harvest Technology' ?

Answer: The improved technology that is used to procure, process and market
agricultural produce is called 'Post-Harvest Technology' .

[Link] is the Present Chairman of NITI Aayog?

Answer: Shri Amitabh Kant

Ill. Answer the following in 5-6 sentences.

13. How has the role of governments increased in welfare states?
Answer: With the rise of 'Welfare States' in the 20th century, the scope of
governments'
involvement got extended. They came forward to provide many facilities like food,

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PERSEVERAN CE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 1 0™ ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-20 2S-26 DIGITAL SOCIAL SCIE NCE

clothing, shelter, education, health, hygiene, transport, communication etc. to the

citizens. As the Government began involving itself in the economic activities of the
people. It began to gain more importance in the process of economic development.

14. What are the objectives of five-year plans?

Answer: 1. Increasing the production to the maximum extent possible.
2. Increasing the employment opportunities.
3. Reducing the economic disparities.
4. Ensuring economic stability.
5. Modernising the economy etc.

15. List out the achievements of five-year plans.

Answer: In the period between 2001-2010, per capita income has grown at an average
rate of 5.6 per annum.
The production has increased five times during the plan period, and reached 257.4
million tonnes in 2011-12.
Immense progress has been recorded in the fields of science and technology.
Hence in order to include everyone in the process of growth. Inclusive growth has
become the priority of 11th and 12th five-year plans.

[Link] are the factors that led to the Green Revolution?

Answer: The Green Revolution was the consequence of using 'high yielding seeds'. In
the beginning of 1960, Dr. Norman Borlaug a German agricultural scientist conducted
many experiments in Mexico, the result of which was the discovery of high-yielding
wheat grains. Mexico and Taiwan made use of this grain and achieved immense
success in the production of wheat.
Agricultural production dropped drastically in India Dr. M.S. Swaminathan in the year
1965-66 due to severe drought. There was a grave scarcity of foodgrains. To resolve
this problem, in 1966, the Indian government initiated the usage of high-yielding
variety seeds of wheat in the states of Punjab, Haryana, Delhi, Rajasthan and Eastern
parts of Uttar Pradesh.
As a result, production of wheat increased immensely.

17. What are the remedies for the problems faced by agricultural sector?
Answer: In order to solve the problems in agricultural sector efforts are made to
promote organic and natural farming in Indian agriculture.
The nature friendly techniques of productions is the need of the hour.
Government is making its efforts to further increase the agricultural production
through this technique.

[Link] are the objectives of NITI Aayog?

Answer: 1) To evolve a shared vision of national development priorities, sectors and
strategies with the active involvement of states.
2) To faster co-operative federalism through structured support initiatives and
 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10TH ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-202S-26 DIGITAl SOCIAL SCIENCE

mechanisms with the states on a continuous basis, recognising that strong states make
a strong nation.

- 'ECONOMICS:2
RURAL DEVELOPMENT

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The true development of India is the development of its villages'. This was said by
_ _ _ _. (Mahatma Gandhiji)
2. After the 73rd Amendment to the Constitution, _ _ _ _ levels of panchayat raj
institutions have came into existence. (a three-tier)
3. Panchayat institutions operate under _____ principles. ((Decentralization))
4. in order to bring together poor rural women and make them financially independent
_ _ _ _ _ _ have been brought into existence. ((Women Self-Help Groups))

II. Answer in one sentence each:

5. Explain the meaning of 'Rural Development'.

Answer: Rural development is improvement of the social and economic status of the
rural by proper utilization of the locally available natural and human resources.

[Link] is meant by 'Decentralisation of Power'?

Answer: Providing administrative power and responsibility in development of villages.

[Link] the three levels of panchayat raj institutions.

Answer: Grama panchayat
Taluk panchayat
Zilla panchayat

[Link] any two housing programmes.

Answer: Indira Avas Yojana, Ambedkar- Valmiki housing programmes

[Link] work of women is not considered labour?

Answer: Home service

Ill. Answer the following questions in five to six sentences each:

[Link] is the economic situation in the rural areas of India?

Answer: Poverty has increased
Dependency on agriculture
The people work in the primary sector
The gap between urban and rural areas is increasing gradually
Most of the people are illiterate -, Lower per capita income

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[Link] briefly the significance of rural development.

Answer: The significance of rural development as follows
To eradicate poverty, unemployment and illiteracy
To facilitate education and health
To bring development in agriculture
To provide facilities like irrigation, transport and market yards
Development in cottage industries
Development of SC/ST and OBC people

[Link] Gandhiji's concept of 'grama swarajya' in the light of decentralization.

Answer: To develop self-reliant, self-sufficient, and prosperity.
To stop all kinds of exploitation.
To uphold human dignity and independence.
To nurture human values.
Compassion and co-operation.
All round development of rural sector.

[Link] is the role of panchayat raj institutions in rural development?

Answer: It can facilitate the drinking water, roads, drains, hospitals, schools to rural
Areas
They promote development of human resource by encouraging education, technical
and vocational training, expansion of health and hygiene.
It provides employment by nurturing rural productive activities like fishery, bee
keeping, poultry.

ECONOMICS:3
PUBLIC FINANCE AND BUDGET

I- Fill in the blanks :

1. The government manages the public finance through _ _ _ _ _ _. (Fiscal policy)

2. In the budget, when the government's revenue is more than its expenditure, it is
called _ __ _. (Surplus Budget)
3. The person who presents the Central Government Budget in the Lok Sabha is
_ _ _ _ _ _. (Finance Minister)
4. The revenue generated by the government through internal and external loans is
_ _ _ _ _ .(Capital)
5. GST Stands for _ _ _ _ _ _ . (Goods & Service Tax)

II. Answer the following in one sentence each:

[Link] is meant by Public Finance?

Answer: Income and expenditure of public authorities.

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[Link] do you mean by Budget?

Answer: The statement of estimated income and expenditure of a year.

[Link] the meaning of Deficit Budget.

Answer: The expenditure is more than the revenue

[Link] are Direct Taxes?

Answer: The tax is paid by an individual on whom it is imposed. Ex: income tax, wealth
tax and stamp duty

[Link] fiscal deficit in the form of a formula.

Answer: Fiscal deficit= (Revenue receipts +Non-debt capital Receipts) - Total
expenditure.

Ill. Answer the following in five-six sentences each:

[Link] the differences between personal finance and public finance.

Answer:
Personal finance Public finance
• Personal or private finance relates income • Public finance relates to the income
and expenditure of one person or one and expenditure of the government.
family. • In public finance, the government
• In private finance, individuals calculate calculates its expenditure first and then
their income before hand and then spend it adjusts its income accordingly.
accordingly. • Public financial matters are discussed
• Personal financial transactions are kept in the legislative houses.
confidential. • When the government saves money,
• When an individual or a family saves growth is stunted. Hence governments
money, it will supplement their prosperity. always try to show more to show more
expenditure on developmental works.

[Link] briefly the significance of public finance.

Answer: The government formulates methods to equitably distribute the country's
wealth .
It also calculates the labour and capital investment to maximise the production .
It also ensures a balanced growth in all spheres of the economy.
To eradicate the poverty and un employment.
To regulate the financial upheavals and commodity prices.
To bring financial stability.

[Link] the plan expenditure of the Central Government.

Answer: Under the Central Planned Expenditure, the government spends money on
three types of services and development. They are:

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1. Financial services -Agriculture and agriculture-related activities, industry,

communication, fuel, science and technology, rural development etc.
2. Social services - Education, health, hygiene, family welfare, drinking water supply,
housing, social welfare etc.
3. General services -The expenditure incurred on maintenance of peace, law and
order.

14. Explain the aspects of non-tax revenue of the Central government.

Answer: The source of non-tax revenue of central government includes.
The net profit earned by the Reserve bank of India.
The net profit generated by the Indian Railways.
The revenue generated by the department of Postal and Tele communications.
The revenue generated by the public sector industries.
The revenue generated by coins and mints.
Various types of fees and penalties.

[Link] is fiscal deficit? Mention the four kinds of fiscal deficit.

Answer: In the budget, if the government's expenditure is more than its revenue
receipts and non-debt capital receipts, it is called fiscal deficit.
The four kinds of fiscal deficit:
a) Budget deficit.
b) Revenue deficit.
c) Primary deficit.
d) Fiscal deficit.

BUSINESS STUDIES:1
BANK TRANSACTIONS

Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The word 'Bank' has been derived from the French word _____ . (Banque)
2. The Banker's Bank is _ _ _ _ _ _ . (Reserve bank of India)
3. An example for Nationalised bank is _ _ _ _ _ _ . (Canara bank)
4. The National saving certificates are issued by _ _ _ _ _ _. (Post offices)
5. The type of account where any number of transactions can be made with Bank is
_______ . (Current account)
6. The deposits for a fixed term can be deposited in _ _ _ _ _ _ account. (Term
deposit account)

I- Answer the following questions after d iscussion with your friends.

[Link] is a bank?
Answer: Bank is a inst itute which collects the deposits and lending the loan to
consumers.
 PERSEVERANCE IS THE KEY TO SUCCESS 10™ ENGLISH MEDIUM SOCIAL SCIENCE NOTES-2025-26 DIGITAL SOCIALS
r,
[Link] out the characteristics relating to bank transactions. L .I
Answer: 1) Dealing with Money
2}1ndividual/Firm/Company
3} Acceptance of Deposits
4) Lending Loans
5) Payment and Withdrawal
6) Agency and Utility Services
7) Profit and Service Orientation
8} Ever Increasing Functions
9) Connecting Link
10) Banking Business
11) Name Identity

9. What are the functions of a bank?

Answer: Accepting deposits from public.
Lending loans to public.
Transferring money from one place to another.
Discounting of bills.
Hiring safe deposit lockers.
Conducting foreign exchange transactions.

[Link] the relation between the bank and its customers.

Answer: General relationship
Primary relationship
Subsidiary relationship
Agent and principal relationship.
Special relationship
Obligations to honour cheques
Obligations to maintain secrecy of accounts.

11. " The number of saving bank account holders is increasing" - Give reasons.
Answer: Opened by salaried persons or by the persons who have a fixed regular
•
income.
It can be opened by the students, senior citizens, pensioners etc.
It helps to save money.
No restriction on the number and amount of deposits.
Money can be withdrawn either by cheque or through a withdrawal slip

[Link] are the advantages of opening a bank account?

Answer: Helps in making payments.
Helps in collection of money.
Helps holders get loa ns.
Helps in smooth financial transactions.
Helps holders to get safe deposit locker facility. It facilitates safe custody of money.

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BUSINESS STUDIES:2
ENTREPRENEURSHIP

I- Fill in the blanks with suitable words:

1. The word entrepreneur has come from the French word ____ . (Entreprende)
2. The process of action an entrepreneur undertakes to establish an entreprise is called
_ _ _ _ _ . (Entrepreneurship)
3. District Industrial Centres were started in the year _ _ _ _ (1978)
II. Discuss the following questions in group and then answer.

[Link] is an entrepreneur?
Answer: An innovator of new ideas in business

5." Entrepreneurship is a creative activity". How?

Answer: It is the ability to create and build something.
It is a knack of sensing the opportunity where others see chaos.
It is a mind to seek opportunities.
He derives benefits by setting up a venture.
It is an innovative activity.

[Link] are the characteristics of Entrepreneurship?

Answer: Creativity.
Innovation.
Dynamism.
Leadership.
Team building.
Problem solving.
Risk taking.
Decision making.
Commitment.
Self Confidence.

[Link] the importance of an entrepreneur.

Answer: Stimulates the economic progress.
Mobilize the savings of the public.
Create employment opportunities.
Promote countries export.
Introduces new methods.
Increases the National income.
Expand domest ic market.
Introduce new products to markets.

[Link] is the part played by the District centres in the development of Enterprises?

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Answer: Promotion of new industrial estates.

Allotment of raw materials.
Financial assistance under self-employment schemes.
Technical support for project report.

BUSINESS STUDIES:3
CONSUMER EDUCATION AND PROTECTION

I. Fill in the blanks with suitable answers:

1. The other name of the Consumer is ..................... (User/ Customer/ the king of
market)
2. Person giving goods or services for money is called .................. (Consumer)
3. The Consumer Day is observed on ................. every year. (March 15)
4. In the case of compensation less than one crore the complaint has to be su bmitted
to the .............................. (District Forum)

II. Answer the following questions in one word or sentence each:

[Link] is called a consumer?

Answer: A person who buys goods or hires or avails services for a consideration called
price of Wages.

[Link] is the main aim of Consumer Movement?

Answer: every consumer to get quality goods and services

[Link] is the Right of every Consumer?

Answer: The right of every consumer is get quality goods and services.

[Link] did Consumer Protection Act come into force in India?

Answer: 1986.

[Link] appoints the President of the District Consumer Forum ?

Answer: State Government appoints the president of the district consumer forum.

Ill. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences each :

[Link] are the problems faced by consumers?

Answer: The problems faced by consumers are.
Adulteration of goods.
Hike in price.
loss in weight
Low quality goods.

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[Link] are the causes for consumer exploitation?

Answer: Interference of middle men.
Trade malpractices in market,
Ambition of profiteering.

[Link] the four important aims of the Consumer Protection Act.

Answer: Safety and quality of goods.
Avoiding production and sale of dangerous goods.
Prevention of Trade Malpractices in the market.
Supervision on Quality, Weights, Measures and Price.
Creating awareness to the consumers

13. Mention three stages of Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission/ Court?

Answer: 1) District Consumer Disputes Redressa l Commission
2) State Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission
3) National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission.

14. What are the methods to follow to file a complaint in consumer court?
Answer: A handwritten application should submit to the court.
It should be clear with address phone number.
The particular of the goods by which the losses incurred and the amount of loss should
be. specified clearly.
The bill/receipts should be enclosed.
There is no need of lawyers.
The consumer himself or herself can argue.

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