c- - -- ------- --- ---- .•••.•..•.•••..•.

"'0' - •....•.•.•.•
Illustrative Example 23-4 Design a Sarda type fall for a canal from the following data:
.. Uls JOcumecs Uls . 20].50
(i) Discharge DIs = ]0 cumecs . (ii) Full supply level Dls =
Uls 200.00
(iii) Drop= ],25 m
(iv) Bed level Dls =
Uls 9·0m Uls ]·50 m
(v) Bed width Dls= 9.0m· (vi) Full supply depth DIs = ].50 m
(vii) Bligh's creep coefficient = 8
Neglect the velocity of approach. Use Bligh's theory.
Solution 1. Crest wall As the discharge is less than 14 cumecs, a rectangular crest wall is provided.
Length of crest = bed width = 9,0 m
Let us assume the top width B as 0'8 m.
From Eq. 23'34, Q = 1'835 L H3/2 (H/B)1I6
or 10 = 1'835 x 9'0 x H312 (H/O'8)1I6
or or H 0,72 m
If5/3= 0,585 ==

R.L. of crest = U/S FSL - H = 201·50 - 0,72 = 200·78

Height of crest above dls bed, d = Crest level - Dls bed level
or d = 200·78 - 198·75 = 2'03 m
Top width of crest wall, B = 0·[Link] = 0,55 ..[2:03 = 0'78 m, say 0,80 m.
Therefore, the assumed top width is correct.
Now H + d = D2 + HL = 1'50 + 1'25 = 2'75 m
. H+d 2·75
Bottom WIdth, B 1 = ---c;- = 2.24 = 1· 23 m, say 1· 25 m
 Provide VIs pitching for a length of 3 m at a slope of 1 in 10 just VIs of the crest wall.
1. Cistern From Eq. 23'22, the depth of cistern,
1 . 1 1
x = '4 (EHL)213 = '4 (H HL)213 = '4 (0'72 x 1'25)2/3 = 0·23 m, say 0·25 m
R.L. of cistern = D/s bed level - x = 198'75 - 0,25 = 198·50
From Eq, 23'21, the length of cistern, Lc= 5 .JHx HL
or Lc =5 .J 0·72 x 1·25 = 4'74m, say 4,75 m.
3. Impervious floor Maximum seepage head (Hs) = Crest level - D/s bed level
or Hs = 200'78 - 198·75 = 2·03 m
Total creep length, L = C Hs = 8 x 2'03 = 16'24 m, say 16'25 m
1·50
Depth of U/S cutoff = D 1 13 + 0,6 = -- 3 + 0·6 = 1·1 m
Depth of D/s cutoff = D2/2 + 0'6 = 1'50/2 + 0,6 = 1'35, say 1·5 m.
Width of U/S and D/s cutoffs = 0,30 m
Vertical creep = 2 ( 1'1 + 1'5) = 5·2 m
Length of impervious floor (b) = 16'25 - 5'20 = 11'05 m
Minimum length of dls floor, ld =2 (D2 + 1'2) + HL
or ld = 2 (1'5 + 1'2) + 1'25 = 6,60 m
Length of U/S floor = 11·05 - 6,6 - 1·25 = 3·20 m
r_ZP.Q:z~_~0.8~ SUBSOIL HG.L. Fig. 23·47 shows the details of the floor.
'-------~ --L Thickness of impervious floor (0)
198.50
•.... :, .....
-1-~, D/S BED Residual head at the dls toe 9f the crest wall

hr = 0'25 + (200.78-198.75)
16~25 x ..(6.60+ 3.0)
I h
3·2m
.•••.••
11.25m
~
415m
6'60m
_I
--::-::--PI ~, or r =. 145 m
11·05m 1·45 ~I
FiE. 13·47 Thickness of floor = 2.24-1.0 = 1'17~, say 1,20 m
Provide 0'2 m brick on edge over 1·20 m thick concrete. The bricks on edge are in cement mortar
and are therefore impervious.
[Note: While calculating the thickness of floor by Bligh's theory, the factor 4/3 has not be used
because 0·2 m thick brick on edge provides additional safety.]
(b) Residual head at 2 m from the toe of the crest wall.

h r = 0,25
, + (200.78-198.75)
16.25 (4,6 + 3'0) = 1·20 m

Thickness of floor = (2.~~01'0) = 0'97 m, say 1,0 m

Provide 0'2 m thick brick on edge ~ver 1'00 m thick concrete,
(c) Residual head at 4,75 m from the toe of the crest wall

= 0·25+ (200. . 78-198·

16.25 75) (1'85+3'00)=0'86m
hr
Thickness of floor = 0.86/1.24 = 0.70 m
Provide 0'2 m thick brick on edge over 0,70 m thick concrete.
(d) Residual head at end of d/s floor.
 hr = 16.25 75) x 3,0 = 0,37 m
(200. 78-198·
Thickness of floor = 0'37/1'24 = 0'3 m
Provide 0·2 m thick brick on edge over 0,4 m thick concrete.
U/S floor The uplift pressure on the Uls floor will be counter-balanced by the weight of water and
soil. Provide a nominal thickness of 0'40 m.
4. U/S wing walls Provide Uls wing walls splayed at an angle of 45° (i.e. slope 1:1), starting from
the Vis edge of the crest wall. Continue these walls into banks of the canal till they are embedded for
a minimum distance of 1 m from the F.S.L.
Top level of Uls wing walls = 201·50 + 0,50 = 202·00
5. D/s wing walls Length of d/s wing walls with a vertical face, measured from the crest wall,
= 6.J ExHL =6.J HxHL = 6.J0·72xl·25 = 5,70 m
Keep it 6,60 m, i.e., upto the end of impervious floor.
The dls wing walls are then warped from the vertical face to 1:1 slope on a splay of 3: 1
Length of warped wall = 3 (1'5 + 0·5) = 6·00 m
Total length of dls wing wall = 6,6 + 6,00 = 12·6 m
Top level of D/s wing walls = 200·25 + 0'50 = 200'75
6. D/s bed pitching From Table 23'2,
. Length of pitching = 6 + 2 HL = 6 + 2 x 1·25 = 8,50 m
The b'ed pitching is provided horizontal upto the end of d/s wing for 6,0 m and theremaining2'50m,
sloping at 1 in 10. One curtain wall 0,3 m thick and 0'6 m deep is provided at the end of bed pitching ..
7. D/s side pitching Provide 20 cm thick side pitching, consisting of one brick on edge over one
flat brick. The side pitching is warped from a slope of 1:1 to 1·5: 1.
It is supported on a toe wall, 0,4 m thick.
Depth of the toe wall = 1'512 = 0,7 m, say 0,8 m
Fig. 23 ,48 shows the detailed plan and section.

200-75

U/S BED I
b I, I III

_0 P; TCHING PITCHING' )I WALL

BF ISIC::-
1 I~J 10 IiI'I! ~PROF!LE
;";T:::
b~6m
~
'-CURTAIN V

25m ~3m THIC

O·L,m

II
II
I
II
I I

Fig. 23·48
 Illustrative Example 23·5 Design a Sarda type fall for a channel from the following data:
.. Uls 50·0 cumecs .. Uls 203.50
s
(i) Full supply dIscharge D"I = 50 0 . cumecs (Ii) Full supply level = DI s =
Uls 35m
(iii) Drop = 1·50 m. (iv) Bed width Dls = 35m
Ujs 2·00 m
(v) Full supply depth Djs = 2.00 m (vi) Side slope = 1:1
(vi) Safe exit gradient = 1/5. Use Khosla's theory .
• Solution 1. Crest wall As the discharge is more than 14 cumecs, provide a trapezoidal crest wall.
Length of crest = bed width = 35 m.
From Eq. 23'35, Q = 1·99 LH3fl (H/B)1/6
Now H+d =H L +D 2 =1'50+2'0=3'50m •

Top width, B = 0'55 .J H + d = 0'55~ = 1'03, say 1-10 m

Therefore, 50'0 = 1'99 x 35 x H3fl (H/l'1O)1I6
or JPi3 = 0,729 or H = 0,83 m
Q 50·0
Velocity of approach, Va = A = 2(35+2)- 0,68 mls
Head due to velocity of approach, ha = (0'68)2/19'62 = 0'02 m
Dls TEL = D/S
- FSL + h a = 202-00 + 0'02 = 202·02
From Eq. 23'35, Q = 1·99 x 35 x E3fl (E/B)1/6
or . 50,00 = 1·99 x 35 x E3fl' x (E/1'IO)1/6
or E = 0,83 m
U/S TEL =.D/S TEL + HL = 202'02 + 1·50 = 203'52
Crest level = VIS TEL - E = 203·52 - 0,83 = 202'69, say 202·70
Height of crest above Dls bed, d = 202·70 - 200·00 = 2·70 m "
Height of crest above U/S bed = 202'70 - 201·50 = 1'20 m
Provide a trapezoidal crest wall, with top width 1'10 m, and U/S slope of 1:3 and dls slope of 1:8.
The top surface of the crest is capped with 20 em thick concrete.
2. Cistern Length of cistern, Le =5 (EHL)lfl = 5 ( 0'83 x 1'5)lfl = 5,58 m say'5-6Q m

Depth of cistern, x = ± (EHL)213;= 0'25 (0'83 x 1'5)2/3 = 0'29 m say 0'30 m

R.L. of cistern = DIS bed level- x = 200'00 - 0,30 = 199·70
Height of crest wall above cistern level= 202'70 - 199'70 = 3,0 m

Bottom width of crest wall, B1 = 1·10 + ~ x 3 + ~ x 3 = 2·475 m, say 2-50 m.

U/s pitching Provide U/S bed pitching for a length equal to D1 = 2'0 m. The pitching should slope
down towards the crest at a slope of I i~ 10.
Drain pipes of 25 em diameter at 4 m centre to centre are provided in the crest wall at the U/S bed
level for drainage purpose during the closure of the canal.
J. Impervious floor
Depth of VIs cutoff, d1 = (DI3) + 0,60 = 2'0/3 + 0·6 = 1'26, say 1'30 m
Depth of Dls cutoff, d2 = (D/2) + 0,6 = 2·0/2 + 0·6 = 1·60 m.
Provide VIs cutoff wall, with 1'30 m depth and 0'3 m width.
 Provide D/s cutoff wall, with I·GO m depth and 0,3 m width.
H, I .
Now GE = d; n Ji
where H, = seepage head = crest level - d/s bed level = 202·70 - 200'()() = 2·70 m
2·70" I
From Eq. (al

1/5 ~ 1+
1-6] l+a2 n,{i or 1- ~ N 1
Now A= 2 = 7,21. Therefore, a= 13,39.
Total length (b) = a d2= 13,39 ,x 1·60 = 21·42 m, say 21·45 m
Minimum length of d/s impervious floor = 2 ( D + 1'2) + HL
or ld = 2 ( 2·0 + 1'2) + 1·5 = 7'9 m
Length of u/s floor, • Iu = 21,45 - 2'50":" 7'9 = 11'05 m
Fig. 23,49, shows the impervious floor

Fig. 23·49
Uplift pressure calculations .
(a) U/S cutoff wall d1 = 1·30 m, b = 21,45, a = 21,45/1-30 = 16'50, A = 8'77

o/E = 7cos-
100 1 -1.-
(A - 2) = 21· 9 %. o/C1 = 100 - <PE = 78,1%

-;r -A.- ::::15·3%. o/D1 = 100 - 15·3 = 84,7%

o/D = 100 cos _1(A.-l)
Assume the thickness of U/S floor as 0,40 m.

Correction for thickness = + (84.7-78,1)

1.30. x 0'4 = +. 2·0

Correction ;or mutual interference = + 19 (d; D) ~ .

= 19 (0.9+0.9)
21.45' x V~ 2f45 = +0. 3
Corrected <Pc
1
= 78·1 + 2·0 + 0'3 = 80,4%
(b) D/s cutoff wall d2 = 1'60 , b = 21,45, a= 13·41 , A = 7'22

<PE = 7COS
100 -1.-
-1(1.-2) = 24,3%

<P -;r
D = 100 COS-I(A.-I)
------y- = 17 '0%
Assume the thickness at the end of d/s floor as 0,60 m.

Correction for thickness = - (24 . 31.- 60

17 . 00) x O· 60 = -2· 7%

Correction due to mutual interference = _( d ; D) ~

 =-19 ( . 1.0+1.0)
21.45 V ~ /"IT = -0·4%
Corrected = 24·3 - 2·7 - 0·4 = 21·2%
<l>E

Thickness of floor (a) At d/s toe of crest wall

uplift pressure = 21·2 + (80 .4

21.45
- 21.2 ) x 7·9 = 43·0%
Residual head = 0·3 + 0·43 x 2·7 = 1.46 m
. 1·46
Thickness offloQr = 2.24-1.0 = 1·18 m, say 1·20 ill.
Provide 0·2 m thick brick on edge over 1·0 m thick concrete. Total 1·20 m thick.
[Note. Because the uplift pressure has been calculated [(') Khosla's theory, there is no need of
~dditional thickness.]
(b) At 3m from d/s toe crest wall

Uplift pressure = 21·2 + ( 80 .4

21.45
- 21.2 ) x 4·9 = 34·7%
Residual head = 0·3 + 0·347 x 2·7 = 1·23 m
. 1·23
Thickness of floor = 2.24 _ 1.00 - 1·00 ill
Provide 0·2 ill thick brick on edge over 0·80 m thick concrete.
(c) At 5·60 m from d/s toe of crest wall

Uplift pressure = 21·2+ (80.4-21.2)

21.45 .X.2·3=27·5%
Residual head = 0·3 + 0·275 x 2·7 = 1·04 m
Thickness of floor = 1·04/1·24 = 0·84 ill, say 0·85 m
Provide 0·2 m thick brick on edge 0·65 m thick concrete.
(d) At end of d/s floor uplift pressure = 21·2 %
Residual head = 0·212 x 2·7= 0·57 m
Thickness of floor = O·57/1·24 = 0·46 in, say 0·6 m
Provide 0·2 m thick brick on edge over 0·4 m thick concrete.
U/S wing walls Radius = 5 to 6 times H = 4·15 m to 4·98 m, say 4·5 m.
Provide U/s wing walls having segmental portion with radius 4·5 m and subtending an angle of 60°
at the centre and starting from the U/s edge of the crest wall. The wings should be carried along straight
linestangential to the segment and embedded in the earthen banks of the channel for a minimum distance
ofI m from the line of F.S.L.
Top level of U/s wing wall. = 203·50 + 0·50 = 204·00
D/s wing walls Length of the d/s wing wall with a vertical face = 6.J E H L = 6 J 0·83 x 1·5 = 6·70 m
The wing walls are then warped to a slope of 1:1 at a splay of 3: 1.
Top level of wall = 202·00 + 0·50 = 202·50
Height of wall above bed = 202·50 - 200·00 = 2·50 m
Length of warped wing with a splay of 1 in 3 = 2·50 x 3 = 7·50 m
Total length of D/s wing wall = 6·7 + 7·5 = 14·2 m
D/s bed pitching From Table 23·2, length of dls bed pitching = 9 + 2 HL = 9 + 2 x 1·5 = 12·0 m
Provide horizontal pitching upto the end of masonry wing walls for a length of 6·3 m and then
slopingat 1 in 10 for a length of 6 m.
Provide 0·2 m thick dry brick pitching on 0·1 m thick ballast.
\
 Provide one curtain wall 0,75 m deep and 0,4 m wide at the end of d/s bed pitching.
Dls side pitching The side pitching is warped from a side slope of 1:I to 15:1.
Provide 0·2 m thick dry brick pitching.
Minimum length = 3 D2 = 3 x 2'0 = 6,0 m.
The side pitching is curtailed at an angle of 45° from the end of the bed pitching in plan.
Toe wall Thickness = 0,40 m. Depth = DI2 = 2'0/2 = 1·00 m
The side pitching is supported on the toe wall, 1·0 m deep and 0'4 m wide, between the bed pitching
and side pitching.
Roughening Devices (a) Staggered Friction blocks
Discharge intensity, q = 50/35 = 1'43 cumecslm
Critical depth, de = [(1'43)2/9'81]113 = 0'59, say 0,60 m
Size of blocks = 1·2 x 0,6 x 0,6 m. Spacing = 1·2 m
Distance of the first row of 20400
blocks for d/s toe of the crest
wall UIS BED 201.5202.70-

19970 CURTAIN
= 1·5 de = 0,9 m. WALL
Spacing between two rows
= de = 0,6 m
(b) Staggered cube blocks Size STRAIGHT
of blocks.
= DilO = 2110 = 0·2 m
Provide 0·2 x 0·2 x 0'2 cube
blocks. Spacing between blocks
=0·2m.
TOE WALL
Provide one row of stag-
gered blocks at the end of d/s
floor and the second at a dis-
tance of 0·2 on its upstream.
Fig. 23·50 shows the
detailed plan and L - section. (b) PLAN Fie. 23·50
23-14 DESIGN OF A STRAIGHT GLACIS FALL
In a straight glacis fall, a glacis (i.e. sloping floor) is provided on the d/s of the crest. A hydraulic
jump is formed on the glacis for the dissipation of energy. The complete design of a straight glacis
consists of the design of the following main components.
1. Crest 2. Cistern
3. Impervious floor 4. Uls wing walls
5. Dls wing ",<iUS 6. Dls side protection
7. Roughening devices.
Fig. 23' 51 shows the L - [Link] of a straight glacis fall.
1. Crest (a) Crest length For an unflumed fall, the crest length is kept equal to the bed width of
the canal.
If the fall is to be combined with the bridge or a regulator, it is generally flumed. The minimum clear
length of crest, expressed as a percentage of the canal bed widtb, is kept as given in Table 23·3.
 lUustrative Example 24·3 Design an aqueduct for the following data. Design the transitions by
Mitra's me(hod.
1. Canal (i) Full supply dis9harge = 35,00, cumecs. (ii) Full supply level = 200· 00
(iii) Canal bed leve,i = 198·50. (iv) Depth olwater = 1·50 m
(v) Bed width = 22·00 m. (vi) Side slope = 1,5:1
2. Drainage (i) High flood discharge = 350 cumecs. (ii) High flood level = 196·50
(iii) Bed level = 193·50. (iv) General ground level = 199·00
Constant depth in transition = 1·50 m. Flumed width = 12 m
Assume the following parameters.
Manning's rugosity coefficient = 0·015. Splay in contracting transition = 2:1
Splay in expanding transition = 3: 1. LaceY's silt factor = 1·0
 Free board in canal = 0.50
The super-structure consists of an R.c.c. trough.

Solution 1. Drainage waterway Required

L = 4.75 {Q = 4.75
waterway 350 =
by L~Cey's theory,
88.86 m
Let us provide 10 spans of 8 m each. Let the thickness of piers be 1.50 m.
Total waterway between abutments = 10 x 8 + 9 x 1.5 = 93.50 m > 88.86 m (O.K.)
2. Canal waterway Flumed width = 12 m

Length of expanding
contr~cting transition,
transition, with
with aa splay
splay ofof 3:1, Lc = (22;
2: I, Le 12 )x) x 32 = 15 10m m
Let us provide a trough with two
equal compartments of 6 m each. The
two compartments are separated by
\ .• 13·4m· .1
an intermediate wall 0.4 m thick. Let -.j .•
o.~m 6m---1 0·4I.•• m
ROAD
6m .,0·5m ~
200.50 'WMU j.
the sidewall be 0.5 m thick. Let us
i
.&
rr CANAL ,:. , '. ",
provide a free-board of 0.75 m above .~. F S.L 20000 20~OO ::; 10:]5
the normal depth of 1.50 m of the ~c4 :.
,,; 19850 ~.
canal below the slab of inspection
PIE
road slab on one compartment. R~~:-~···i •. ,.;: <~::"":'."'" ·':"'C,." :";~;'o;'":.........•.
: Ii,'
Bottom level of the inspection HF L. 19650. _
road slab = 200.00 + 0.75 = 200.75.
Fig. 24.13 shows the cross-section DRAIN --Jloo-
of trough. The entire section will be
constructed monolithically in R.C.C. ..."'A~.R,~,~t!f~q?~~JJh,J~~l~
Let the thickness of the trough CROSS SECTION
slab be 0.50 m.
Level of the underside of trough Fig. 24.13.
slab = 198.50 - 0.50 =
198.00. H.F.L. of drain-
age = 196.50.
Headway (or clear-
ance) below the under-
side of trough slab
= 198.00 - 196.50
= 1.50 m
Length of the barrel
= 12 + 0.50 x 2 + 0.4
= 13.40 m.
Height of the
opening, of barrel =
198.00-193.50 = 4.50 m.
Velocity in barrel
350
=
3x (10 x 8) 0/5 F:S,L

= 1.46 m/s m~\~~ oms

Fig. 24.14 shows the
plan and section of the IJ A-A
aqueduct.
 3. Design of transitions In the "transitions, the side slopes of the canal will be warped from 1:5:I
to the vertical.
(a) Section 4-4 Area of flow = (22 + 1·5 x 1·5) x 1.5 = 36'375 m2
35 .
Velocity = 36.375 = 0,96 mls
Velocity head = (0'96)2/19'62 = 0,047 m, say 0'05 m
TEL= F.S.L. + Velocity head = 200'00 + 0,05 = 200'05
Water surface level = 200'00. Bed level = 200'00 - 1'50 = 198-50
(b) Section 3-3 Area of flow = 12 x I-50 = 18'0 m"2
Velocity = 35/8 = 1-94 mls
Velocity head = (1.94)2/19'62 = 0'19m
Loss of head in expanding transition = 0,3 (V32 - v.,2)/2g

. = 0·3 (1.9421?62
-0-962) = 0,04 m
TEL 3-3 = TEL at 4-4 + Loss of head = 200-05 + 0,04 = 200·09
Water surface level = 200·09 - 0·19 = 199·90
Bed level = 199·90 - 1·50 = 198-40
(c) Section 2-2 Area of flow in flume = 12 x 1'50 = 18-0 m2
Wetted perimeter = 12 + 2 x 1'5 = 15'0 m.
Hydraulic radius = 18/15 = 1'2D m

From Manning's formula, V = ~ R2/3(hf / L)1/2

1
or 194 0-015 x (1'20) 213 (hf /93'5)l/2'or hf = 0,06 m
. :0>--
TEL at 2-2 = 200·09 + 0,06 = 200·15. Velocity head = 0·19 m
Water surface level = 200·15 - 0'1 = 199·96 c:j

Bed level = 199·96 - 1·50 = 198'46

(d) Section 1-1 Loss of head in contracting transition = 0-2 (V22- v.,2)/2g

he = 0·2 (1.942
.19.62
-0.962) = 0,03 m
TEL at 1-1 = 200'15 + 0,03 = 200'18
Water surface level at 1-1 =200'18-0'05=200-13
Bed level at 1-1 = 200·13 -1,50 = 198-63
(e) Determination of base width (i) Contracting transition
Be Bf Lf 22 X 12 X 10 2640
From Eq. 24'19, Bx= Lj Be -x(Be -Bf) = lOx 22-x(22-12) = 220-lOx
The values of Bx are determined for different values of x in the table below.
x (m) o 2 4 6 8 10
..{f(om 2-2)

Bx (m) 12·00 13·20 14·67 16·50 18·86 22·00

(ii) Expanding transition

BeBfLf 22x12x15 3960
FromEq.24-19, Bx- LfBe-x(Be-Bf) = 15x22-x(22-12) =330-IOx
The value of Bx are determined for different values of x in the table below.

-----
x (m) 12
J315 0
622·00
14·67
12·00
13·20
8,86

Hz (m)

4. Bank connections The bank connections are provided as shown in Fig. 24·14.
 IllustrativeExample 24·4 Design a syphon aqueduct for the following data:
(a) Canal (i) Full supply discharge = 50 cumecs. (ii) Full supply level = 201-80
(Hi) Water depth = 1·80 m. (iv) Bed level = 200·00
(v) Side slopes = 1,5:1. (vi) Bed width = 36 m
(b) Drainage (i) Maximum flood discharge = 450 cumecs. (ii) High of flood level = 200·50
(Hi) Bed level = 198·00. (iv) Natural ground level = 200·00
Assume other data, if required.
Solution 1. Drainage waterway From Lacey's equation, P = 4,75 JQ = 4'75 .J 450 = 100·76 m
Let us provide 10 spans of 9 m each. Let the width of pier be 1·50 m
Total water way = 10 x 9 + 9 x 1'5 = 103 m> 100,76 m (O.K.)
Let the velocity in the barrel be 2 mls.
Area of flow = 450/2 = 225 m2

Height of barrel = 1~:59 = 2'50 m

Provide 10 rectangular barrels, each 9 m wide and 2'50 high (Fig: 24'15).
2. Canal waterway Let the flumed width be 18 m. The trough c!lrrying the canal is divided into three
compartments, each 6 m wide. Let the intermediate walls be 0,4 m thick and the outer walls be 0,5 m thick,
Let the bottom slab be 0,5 m thick. An inspection road 6m wide shall be provided on the extreme left
compartment.
Providing a free board of 0,5 m, the height of trough = 1·80 + 0,50 = 2'30 m
Bottom level of road slab = 200·00 + 1'80 + 0·75 = 202·55
Bottom level of trough slab = 200'00 - 0,50 = 199·50
Top level of impervious floor = 199'50 - 2·50 == 197'00
 Fig. 14·15

3. Head loss through the barrel From Eq. 24.7, h = 1 + fl + h - -

( R
L}V22g
For a square entry, fl = 0.505 '
From Table 24.2, for cement plaster, h= a (I + bl R) = 0.00316 (1 + 0.0301 R)

where R = hydraulic radius = 2 ~9 x+ 22~5) = 0.98

Therefore, h = 0.00316 (I + 0.03/0.98) = 0.0032
L = length of barrel = 6 x 3 + 0.4 x 2 + 0.5 x 2 = 19.80 ill

V = velocity through barrel = M 45~ u = 2.0 mls

Therefore, h = ( 1 + 0.505 + 0.0032 x 1~9880) x 1~~2 = 0.31 m

U/S HFL = 200.50 + 0.31 = 200.81
4. Uplift pressure (a) Uplift pressure on the underside of trough

The level of H.G.L. after entry = 200.81 - 0.505 x ( 1:':2 ) = 200.71

Uplift head (h) = 200.71 - 199.50 = 1.21 m
Uplift pressure = wh = 1.21 x 9.81 = 11.87 kN/m2
Self weight of concrete slab = 0.5 x 24 = 12 kN/m2
As the downward weight is greater than the uplift pressure, it is not necessary to provide any top
reinforcement and anchorage .•
(b) Uplift pressure on the impervious floor
Let us assume the thickness of floor as 0.80 m.
Bottom level of floor = 197.00 - 0.80 = 196.20
(i) Static head due to wrr. When the water table rises to the bed level of drainage,
static head (hi) = 198.00 - 196.20 = 1.80 m
(ii) Seepage head. Maximum seepage head = F.S.L. - Bed level of drainage = 201.80 - 198.00 = 3.80 m
Let the length of impervious floor in the canal bed beyond the trough be 18 m. Let the length of
impervious floor in the drainage bed beyond the barrel be 5.50 m.
 9 19·80
Total creep length = 18+2"+-2-+5.50 = 37,9 m
3·80
Residual seepage head upto the centre of span of the first barrel = 37.9 x 15.4 = 1.54 m
Total uplift head = 1·80 + 1·54 = 3,34 m
Self weight of floor = 0,8 x 24 = ·19'2 kN/m2
Uplift pressure = 3'34 x 9'81 = 32'77 kN/m
Net uplift pressure = 32'77 - 19·20 = 13,57 kN/m2
The necessary reinforcement should be provided at the top of floor to resist this uplift pressure.
Alternatively, the floor should be designed as a raft.
Total length of impervious floor
Length of floor under trough = 19·80 m
Length of U/s cut water = l'OOm
Horizontal length of d/s ramp = 5-00 m
Length of D/s cut water = 0-50 m
Length of horizontal floor on U/s = 1'00 m
Width of Uls cutoff = 0,50 m
Total length = 27-80 m
Cutoff walls Normal scour depth, R = 0'47 (Q/f) 1/3 = 0'47 (450/1'0) 1/3 = 3'60 m
Scour level on U/s = 200'81-1-5 x 3-60 = 195'41, say 195'40
Scour level on D/s = 200-50 - 2-0 x 3-6 = 193-30.
Provide D/s cutoff will upto a level of 193-30
Protection works Depth of Uls cutoff wall from bed,
d1 = 198-00 - 195·40 = 2·60 m
. Length of Uls protection = 2d1 = 5'20 m
Provide 0,40 m thick brick pitching. The pitching should be preceded by a toe wall, 0,4 m thick and
1·0 m deep at the U/S end.
Depth of D/s cutoff wall from bed, d2 = 198-00 - 193'30 = 4-7 m
Length of D/s protection = 2d2 = 9·40 m
Provide 0,4 m thick brick pitching. The pitching should be followed by a toe wall, 0-4 m thick and
1·50 m deep at the d/s end.
Design of canal transition Let us adopt a splay. of 2: 1 in contraction transition ~nd a splay of 3: 1
in expansion transition. (See Fig. 24.11).

Length of contraction transition

-.. = 2 x..-2-
(36-18) = 18 m

Length of expansion
. transition = 3 x (36-18)
-2- = 27 m
Levels at salient section (a) Section 4-4
, Area of flow = (36 + 1·5 x 1-8) x 1'80 = 69,66 m2
Velocity = 50/69'66 = 0,72 m/s
Velocity head = (0'72)2/19-62 = 0·026 m
TEL at 4-4 = 201'80 + 0·026 = 201'826
Bed level = 200'00. Water level = 201'80
(b) Section 3-3
Area of flow = 18 x 1'80 = 32'40 m2
Velocity = 50/32'40 = 1'54m/s
Velocity head = (1'54)2/19-62 = 0·121 m
 Loss of head in expansion transition, he = 0.3 ( 1.54: 9~6~·722 ) = 0.028 m
TEL at 3-3 = 201.826 + 0.028 = 201.854
Water surface level = 201.854 - 0.121 = 201.733
Bed level = 201.733 - 1.800 = 199.933
·22

(c) Section 2-2 Loss of head due to friction in flume, h'J = N V L

R
18 x 1.80
where R = . __ = 1.50 m, L = 103.0 m, N = 0.016

Therefore h. = (0.016)2(1.54)2 x 103.00 = 0.037 m

X
J (1.50)4/3
TEL at 2-2 = 201.854 + 0.037 = 201.891
Water level at 2-2 = 201.891 - 0.121 = 201.770
Bed level at 2-2 = 201.770 - 1.80 = 199.970

(d) Section I-I Loss of head in contraction transition = 0.2 ( 1.54:9~6~·722 ) = 0.019 m
TEL at 1-1 = 201.891 + 0.019 = 201.910
Water level at 1-1 = 201.910 - 0.026 = 201.884
Bed level at 1-1 = 201.884 - 1.800 = 200.084
Let us design the transition by Chaturvedi's method.
(i) Contraction transition From Eq. 24.18,
_
L f B3/2
e 3/2 _ 18 x (36)-312 3/2
x - 3/2 3/2 [1 - (B/Bx) ] - 3/2 3/2 [1 - (I8/Bx) ]
Be - Bf (36) - (18)
or I- 0.0359 x = 76.37/B~/2

76.37
or Bx = [ 1 _ 0.0359 x ]V3
.The widths Bx are calculated in the table below:
x(m) o 3 6 9 12 15
Bx 18 m 19.42 21.16 23.35 26.20 30.14

(ii) Expansion transition x = 27 X (36)3/2

(36)3/2 _ (I 8)3/2 [1 - (18/ Bx)3/2]

or
Bx = [ 1-0.0239x
76.37 ]V3
Design a syphon aqueduct for the following data
(i) Discharge of the canal : 25 cumecs.
(ii) Bed width of the canal : 20 m.
(iii) Depth of water in the canal: 1.5 m.
(iv) Bed level of the canal: 160.00 m.
(v) High flood discharge of the drainage: 400 cumecs.
 (vi) High flood level of the drainage: 160.50.
(vii) Bed level of the drainage: 158.00
(viii) General ground levei : 160.00.
Solution.
Since the size of the drainage is quite large, type III aqueduct
will be economical, and, hence, is adopted. The canal section will
be fIumed and the canal water will be taken in a concrete trough.
Step 1. Design of drainage water-way
The wetted perimeter of the river is found by Lacey's P-Q
formula:
P = 4.75Q
= 4.75 v400 = 95 m.
Provide 13 spans of 6 m each, separated by 12 piers each
of 1.25 m thick.
Length of clear water way
= 13 x 6 = 78 m
Length occupied by piers
= 12 x 1.25 = 15 m
Total length of water way
= 78 + 15 = 93 m
Let the velocity through syphon barrels = 2 m/sec.
:. Height of barrels required
400
= 78 x 2 = 2.56 m
Provide rectangular barrels 6 m wide and 2.50 m high
Actual velocity through barrels
400
= 6 x 2.50 x 1.3 = 2.05 m/sec
Step 2. Design of. canal water-way :
Type III aque<!uct will be adopted.
Bed width of the canal = 20 m.
Let the width be reduced to 10 m
Providing a splay of 2 : 1 in contraction the length of contraction·
transition
~o- 10
=- 2- x2=10 m
Providing a splay of 3 : 1 in expansion, the length of expansion
transition.
 = 20 - 10 x 3 = 15 m
2
Length of the flumed portion from abutment to abutment
=93 m.

In the transitions the side slopes of the canal section will

be warped from the original slopes of 1 i :1 to vertical.
Step 3 : Design of levels at different sections
Refer Fig. 19:5
(a) At Section 4-4

Area of section with 1 i :1 side slopes

= (B + 1.5D)D
= (20 + 1.5 x 1.5) 1.5
= 33.4 m2
Q 25
= V=-=-=075m/sec
Velocity of flow A 33.4 .

Velocity head = V2 = (0.75)2 = 0029 m

2g 2 x 9.81 .
RL. of bed = 160.00 m (given)
RL. of water surface
= 160.00 + Water depth
= 160.00 + 1.5 = 161.5 m
RL. of T.E.L. = 161.5 + 0.029 = 161.529 m
(b) At Section 3-3
Area of trough = 10 x 1.5 = 15 m2

/. Velocity = ~ = ~ =:= 1.665 m/sec.

"2 2
Velocity head = ~ = (1.665) = 0 141
2g 2x 9.81 . m.
Loss of head in expansion, from Section 3-3 to 4-4

= 0.3( V3 2;; V42)

= 0.3 (?141 - 0.029) = 0.034 m
 Elev. of T.E.L., at 3·3
= T.E.L. at 4 + Head loss
= 161.529 + 0.034 = 161.563
RL. of water surface at 3
= T.E.L. - Velocity head
= 161.563 - 0.141 = 141.422 m.
.. RL. of bed, to maintain constant water depth
= RL. of water surface - Water depth
= 161.422 - 1.5 = 159.922 m.
(c) At Section 2-2
Hydraulic mean depth' in the trough
A 15
=R=-=----=
P 10 + 2 x 1.5
1.155
Now V=N
~R2/3 SI/2 (Manning's formula)
V2N2
S =---.r13
R
where V = Velocity of flow in the trough
S = Required slope
N = Rugosity· coefficient == 0.016
S = (1.665)2 (0.016)2
(1.155)4/3
= 5.85 X 10-4
Length of trough (flumed portion)
=93 m
:. Head loss in trough
= 93 x 5.85 x 10-4 = 0.054 m.
.. RL. of T.E.L. at 2

= RL. ofT.E.L. at 3+ Head loss in trough

= 161.563 + 0.054 = 161.617 m
RL. of water surface at 2
z: 161.617 - 0.141 = 161.476 m
 RL. of bed, to maintain constant water depth
= RL. of water surface at 2 - Water depth
= 161.476 - 1.S = 159.976 m.
(d) At Section 1-1
Loss of head in contraction transition from section 1-1 to
section 2-2
2 2
V2-VI
=0.2 _ where VI = V4 and V2 = V,

2 x -9.81
= 0.2 [ (1.665)2 (0.75)2 ]
= 0.025 m
RL. of T.E.L. at 1 = RL. of T.E.L. at 2 + Head loss
= 161.617 + 0.022 = 161.639 m..
RL. of water surface
= RL. of T.E.L.

= 161.639 _ (0.75)2
2 x 9.81
= 161.639 - 0.029 = 161.610 m.
RL. of bed, to maintain constant water depth
= 161.610 - 1.5 = 160.110 m.
Step 4. Design of contraction transition
The transition will be designed on the basis of Chaturvedi's
formula :

X - L -Eo 1_ !!1.
- Bd/2 - 3/2
BF2 { ( B ) 3/2
Bx
where Bo = 20 m
Bf= 10 m
L=1Om

X = 10
-- (20)3/2 - .- {_1 ( Bx
10 ) 3/2

or
X = 15.45
. {1 - 10 3/2
(Bx) ,.}
The values of x of for various values of Bx are calculated
from the above relation, and are tabulated below :
 ,Bx 018
20
19
13
12
11
17
16
15
1410
7.06
6.08
2.12
4.97
3.73
'10
8.5
9.20
7.84
9.6Q,

The distance x is measured from the flumed section, as shown

in Fig. 19.5
Step 5. Design of expansion transition
The expansion transition will also be designed on the basis
of Chaturvedi's formula:

x= L B3/2
A.A 0 u [ l-(i)B 3/2]
Here L = 15 ; Bf = 10; Bo = 20 .

x = 1_5_(20)3/2 { 1- (1~)3/2} /

~ = ,23.15 { 1 - (Bx)
10 3/2}
.
The value of x for various values of Bx are calculated from
the above relation, and are tabulated below:

Bx 014.4
3.18
11.75
15
13
12
19
17
10.6
9.12
7.46
13.80
12.75
5.60
16
14
18
11
10
2015

Step 6. Design of the trough

Plumed water way of canal = 10 m. The trough carrying
the canal water will be divided into two compartments, each 5 m
wide separated by a 0.3 m thick partition wall. The road way, 5
m wide shall be carried over one of the compartments. The height
of the trough \vill be kept equal to 1.5 m + 0.5 =2 m. The entire
trough section will be constructed in monolithic reinforced concrete
and can be designed by the usual structural methods. The outer
walls and the bottom slab of the trough may be tentatively kept
equal to 0.4 m thick. Thus, the outer width of the trough(and, hence,
the length of the syphon barrel) = 10 + 0.3 + (2 x 0.4) ::::::11:1 m.
Step 7. Head loss through syphon barrels
The loss of head through the syphon barrels can be calculated
from the Unwin's formula:
L V2
h=(l+/I+h-)-R 2g
where v= Velocity through barrels
= 2.05 m/sec.
It = Coefficient of loss of head at entry
= 0.505

fz=a(l+~)
a = 0.00316 and b = 0.030 for cement plaster.
R =A = 6 x 2.5 = 0.765
P 2 (6 + 2.5)
L = Length of barrel
= 11.1 m.
Substituting these values, we get

h= [1 + 0.505 + 0.00316 x (1 + 0.765

0.030) (.1.!:l)
0.765 x 9.81 ]
2(2.05)2
= 0.32 m.
Downstream H.F.L= 160.50 (given)
.. u/s H.F.L. = d/s H.F.L. + Loss of head
= 160.50 + 0.323 = 160.823 m.
Step 8. Uplift pressure on the roof
R.L. of bottom of trough = R.L. of canal bed = Slab thickness
= 160.00 - 0.40 = 159.60 m.
Loss of head at the entry of the barrel

_ V2 _ (2.05)2 _ .
- 0.505 2g - 0.505 - - -. - 0.108 m.
Uplift on the roof=160.823 - 0.108 - 159.60=1.115 m.
or Uplift pressure = 1.115 tlm2•
The trough slab is 0.4 m thick, and exerts a downward load
of 0.4 x 2.4 = 0.26 t/m2 .
The balance of the uplift pressure= 1.115 - 0.96= 0.155t/m2
has to be resisted by the be'nding action of the trough slab, and
for this, suitable reinforcement has to be provided at the top of
the slab. Since the trough as a whole is heavier than the total upward
force, no anchorage to piers is necessary. When the water level
in the drainage is low, trough. slab is to be designed for the full
water load of the canal, and suitable reinforcement should be provided
at the bottom of the slab.
 Step 8. Uplift on the Door of the barrel and its design
(a) Static head
RL. of barrel floor = RL. of bottom of trough slab
- Height of barrel
= 159.60 - 2.50 = 157.10 m.
Let the tentative thickness of the floor be equal to 0.8 m.
:. RL. of bottom of floor = 157.10 --0.8 = 156.30 m
Drainage bed level = 158.00 m (given)
Assuming the subsoil level water upto the bed level of the
drain, the static uplift, on the floor
== 158.00 - 156.30 = 1.70 m

(b) Seepage head

The residual seepage head at the centre of the first barrel
(point B) can be calculated with reference to Fig.19.9. The seepage
line, according to Bligh's theory, will follow the path ABC. Neglecting
the floor depression or floor thickness the various lengths are as
follows:
(i) Length of u/s transition = 10 m.

l
CANAL

I
II
IOml
I
II
II
3m'
6m .i.L _ _____ •.• JJ::
p.

IIm-+-i1m ~..,
C8
1Lt:)
C(C(
u?:
uc(
I-r :;)0::
Q.o

~
1
6m IL.'"
OX
0'"
Z ,~
..,0

FIG. 19.9. SEEPAGE HEAD.

 (ii) Half the barrel span = 3 m.
(iii) End of drainage floor from the centre of barrel, assuming
a total length of 22 m = 11 m.
:. Total creep length= 24 m.
Creep length upto the centre of the barrel = 13 m.
Total seepage head = Canal F.S.L. - R.L. of drainage bed
= 161.5 - 158.00 = 3.50 m
Residual seepage head at B

= 3.50 ( 1 - ~~ ) = 1.6 m
Total uplift = Static head + Seepage head
1.70 + 1.6 = 3.3 m
==

Provide thickness of the floor equiC to 0.8 m ; the uplift

resisted by the self-weight = 0.8 x 2.24 = 1.79 t/m2•
:. Balance to be resisted by the bending action
= 3.30 - 1.79 = 1.51 t/m2.
Suitable reinforcement will have to be provided at the top
of the floor to counteract the. bending action.
Note. The length of the floor has been kept as 22 m on
the following considerations :
(i) Length of, the floor under the barrel= 11.1 m
(ii) Extra floor to accommodate the piers on both sides, keep
ing the projection of the piers to be 0.9 m
= 1.8 m
(iii) Horizontal length of the d/s ramp joining to the
bed level, at a slope 1 : 5 (158.00:'" 157.10)
=4.5 m
(iv) Width of d/s cut off beyond ramp = 0.5 m
(v) Length of the extra floor to the u/s of the piers
= 4.1 m

Total = 22 m
The cross-section of the syphon aqueduct is shown in Fig.
19.10.
 CANAL
R.L.162·00
R.L.161·50
U/S H.F..L.
160·823m ~:~O'4m
OIS H.F.L. 160· 50
~ ...•...
,.-'".•. '.•... ,. '.:! ,"
.•
-+ORAIN 0·4m
O/SBED158·00

::J_155·30
--i0'4mI---Sm ---l O'Sm
1--4-lm--lo·g'-\4----- 11-1
-----..[Link] --l0'5m\. 7m ·11+-
l>4m

FIG. 19.10 CROSS-SECfION OF SYPHON AQUEDUCf.

 Step 10. Design of cutoff and protection works for the drainage
floor.

The scour depthR = 0.47 (~ ) 1/3 = 3.46 m

= 0.47 (400
-1- ) 1/3 = 3.46 m
Depth of u/s cutoff, below H.F.L.
= 1.5R = 1.5 x 3.46::::::5.2 m
RL. of bottom of u/s cutoff
= u/s. H.F.L. - 5.2
= 160.823 - 2.5 = 155.623
::::::
155.62 m
Depth of d/s cutoff, below H.F.L.
= 1.5R = 1.5 x 3.46 = 5.2
:. RL. of bottom of d/s cutoff
= 1/s H.F.L. - 5.2 = 160.50 - 5.2
= 155.30.
Length of d/s protection consisting of 40 cm brick pitching

= 2.5 (RL. of d/s bed - RL. of bottom of d/s cutoff)

= 2.5 (158.00 - 155.30) = 6.76 m ::::::
7 m.
The pitching may be supported by a toe wall 0.4 m wide
and 1.5 m deep at its d/s end . Length of d/s protection consisting
of 0.4 cm brick pitching = 2 (RL. of u/s bed - RL. of bottom
of' u/s cutoff)
= 2 (158.00 - 155.62) = 4.76 m:::::: 5m.
This pitching may be supported by a toe wall 0.4 mwide
and 1 m deep at its u/s end.
The cross-section of the syphon aqueduct is shown in Fig.
19.10.
Worked Example 10.1
Design a siphon aqueduct for the following data:
Canal Stream

Discharge (m3s-1) 30 500

Bed level (m AOD) 200.00 198.00
Canal FSL (m AOD) 202.00
Bed width (m) 25.00
Canal side slopes 1.5:1 V
Stream HFL (m AOD) 200.50

The general terrain level is 200.00m AOD.

Solution

DRAINAGE WATERWAY

Perimeter P = 4.75Q1/2 (regime width, equation (9.9» ""106m. Providing

12 piers of 1.25m thickness, we have 13 spans of 7 m each. Therefore
waterway provided = 13 X 7 + 12 X 1.25 = 106m (satisfactory). Assuming a
maximum velocity through the siphon barrels of 2ms-I, height of
barrel = 500/(13 X 7 X 2) = 2.747 m. Provide rectangular barrels, 7 m wide
and 2.75 m high (shown in Fig. 10.5).

CANAL WATERWAY

Since the drainage width is large (106m at the crossing) it is economical to

flume (concrete, n = 0.014) the canal. Adopt a maximum flume ratio of OS
Therefore the flumed width of the canal (trough) = 0.5 X 25 = 12.5m. Provid-
ing a splay of 2:1 in contraction and a splay of 3:1 in expansion (Hinds, 1928),

length of transitions in contraction = 12.5m,

length of transitions in expansion = 18.75 m.

The length of the trough from abutment to abutment = 106m.

DESIGN OF FLUMED SECTION WITH TRANSITIONS

Referring to Fig. 10.3, the following results can be obtained to maintain a

constant depth of flow of 2.0 m (given). The calculations are achieved from
section 44 and proceed towards section 11 as tabulated below:
 flume (trough)

---. IEf

12

average side
splay I in 2
\'

(Le. L.: contraction and expansion transition lengths. Length of deflector = y, L.;
triangular wedge shaped with its height equal to UIS FSL)

Fig.10.3 Transition with cylindrical inlet and linear outlet. Lc and I." are
contraction and expansion lengths

Section

44 33 22 11

Width (m) 25.00 12.50 12.50 25.00

Area of flow (m2) 56.00 25.00 25.00 56.00
Velocity (ms-1) 0.536 1.20 1.20 0.536
Losses (m) (expansion) (friction) (contraction)
0.017 0.017 0.012
Water surface level
(mAOD)
Velocity head (m) 0.015 0.073 0.073 0.015
TEL (m AOD) 202.015 ~ 202.032 ~ 202.049 ~ 202.061
Flow depth (m) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00
Bed level (mAOD) 202.000
200.00 ~ t 201.9591
199.959 t 201.9761
199.976 t 202.4061
200.046

Note that the contraction loss = 0.2(V~ - Vi)/2g; the expansion loss = 0.3
(V~ - VD/2g; the flume friction loss = qnzLf/Rjl3 (the suffix f denotes the
flume, and 0 the original canal- Vf = V3 = Vz; Vo = V4 = VI)'

DESIGN OF TRANSITIONS

For a constant depth of flow the transition may be designed such that the
rate of change of velocity per metre length of transition is constant. This
approach yields ,the bed width of the transition at a distance x from the
flume section as
which, modified after experimental studies (UPIRI, 1940), gives

where L is length of the transition.

The following table shows the calculated geometries of the transition
provided:

Bx (m) 12.5 15.0 17.5 20.0 22.5 25.0

x (m) o 4.64 7.69 9.73 11.31 12.5 (contraction)
x (m) o 6.96 11.53 14.59 16.96 18.75 (expansion)

The transitions are streamlined and warped to avoid any abrupt

changes in the width.
Transitions with a cylindrical inlet with an average splay of 2:1 and a
linear outlet with a splay of 3:1 provided with flow deflectors (Fig.10.3;
Ranga Raju, 1993) have been found to perform better than lengthy curved
expansions.
As the flow is accelerating in a contracting transition and the energy
loss is minimal any gradual contraction with a smooth and continuous
boundary should be satisfactory, e.g. an elliptical quadrant is an altern-
ative to a cylindrical quadrant for inlet transitions. The bedline profile for
an elliptical quadrant transition has the equation

and the length of transition given by

At any location (x) from flume end of the transition y is computed and the
bed width B x calculated by

The side slope (m) of the transition (m = 0 for flume section and m::::: 2 for
canal side slope) and bed elevation may be varied linearly along the trans-
ition length.
The expansion experiences considerable energy loss and care must
be exercised in designing a hydraulically satisfactory transition.
On the basis of theoretical and experimental investigations Vittal
and Chiranjeevi (1983) proposed the following design equations for bed
width and the side slopes of an expanding transition. The bed widths Bx
n¥n f;"nrl h"
where

n = 0.80 - 0.26m~/2

and the transition length, L = 2.35(Bo - Br) + 1.65moYo, Yo being the flow
depth in the canal, and mo its side slope. The side slopes (m) along the
transition are given by

Using the constant specific energy condition in the transition between

canal and flume the depth in the flume, Yr, and depths (Yx) along the trans-
ition length can be obtained. The energy balance between adjacent sec-
tions within the transition with expansion loss as 0.3(Vf- Vf+l)/2g gives the
bed elevations to be provided at successive sections so that the specific
energy remains constant throughout the transition. Worked example 10.2
provides detailed design calculations for an expanding transition based on
the Vittal and Chiranjeevi method.

WATER SURFACE PROFILE IN TRANSITION

The water surface in the transition may be assumed as two smooth para-
bolic curves (convex and concave) meeting tangentially. Referring to
Fig. lOA, the following equations give such profiles in transitions:

inlet transition, Y = 8.96 X 1O-4x2;

outlet transition, Y = 2.33 X 1O-4x2•

12
L
x
_~.!Il FSL_202.~j
yI/2

I flume FSL 20 I. 976

I,

Fig. 10.4 Water surface profile in transition (inlet)

A highway 6m wide is provided alongside the canal by dividing the flume
into two compartments by a 0.3 m thick partition. The entire trough (flume
section) can be designed as a monolithic concrete structure. Provide side
walls and a bottom slab of about O.4m (to be fixed by the usual structural
design methods).

SIPHON BARRELS

Thirteen barrels, each 7m wide and 2.75m high, are provided; assume that
the effective roughness, k = 0.6 mm (concrete). The length of the barrel,
L = 12.50 + 0.30 + 2 X 0.40 = 13.60m. The head loss through the barrel,
hf = (1.5 + AL/4R) VZ/2g. The velocity through the barrel, V = 500/(13 X
7X2.75)=1.998ms-1• The hydraulic radius, R=7x2.75/{2(7+2.75)}=
0.987 m. Therefore the Reynolds number = 4 VR/v = 8 X 106 and k/4R =
1.5 X 10-4• Hence, from Moody's chart, the friction factor A = 0.015, giving
hf= 0.316m. Therefore, the upstream HFL = 200.500 + 0.316 = 200.816m
AOD.
The uplift pressures on the roof of the barrel are as follows. The RL
of the bottom of the trough = 200.00 - 0.40 = 199.60m AOD. The entry
loss at the barrel = 0.5VZ/2g = 0.102m. Therefore the pressure head inside
the barrel just downstream of its entry = 200.816 - 0.102 - 199.600 =
1.114m=l1kNm-z.
The most critical situation arises when the canal is empty and the
siphon barrels are full. The weight of the roof slab = 0.4 X 2.4 X 9.81
= 9.42kN m-z (assuming the relative density of concrete to be 2.4). Hence
the roof slab needs additional reinforcement at its top to resist the unbal-
anced pressure forces (uplift pressures).
The total weight of the trough (when empty) needs to be checked
against the total upward force and suitable anchorages to piers provided, if
necessary. Equally, the trough floor slab has to be checked when it is car-
rying water at FSL and the level in the drainage is low, i.e. barrels running
part full.
The uplift on the floor of the barrel (assuming the barrel floor thick-
ness to be 1m initially) is as follows:

RL of the bottom of the barrel = 199.60 - 2.75 - 1.00 = 195.85m

AOD;

RL of the drainage bed = 198.00m AOD.

Therefore the static uplift on the floor = 198.00 -195.85 = 2.15 m (the
worst condition with the water table as the drain bed level). The seep-
age head (a maximum when the canal is at FSL and the drainage is
empty) = 202.00 -198.00 = 4.00m.
In spite of the three-dimensional seepage flow pattern, Bligh's creep
length may be approximated as follows. Creep flow commences from the
beginning of the upstream transition (downstream of this the floor is
impervious) and enters the first barrel floor; from its centre the flow
follows downstream of the drain and emerges at the end of the impervious
concrete floor of the barrel. Therefore the total creep length can be
approximated as

inlet transition length +! barrel span +! length of barrel impervious

floor.

Let us assume that the total length of the impervious floor of the barrel is
25 m, consisting of the following:

length of barrel = 13.60m

pier projections, 2 X 0.8 1.60m

downstream ramp (1:5), 1.15 X 5 5.75m
upstream and downstream cut-offs, 2 X 0.3 0.60m
total floor length = 21.55m

Therefore provide the upstream floor (1:3) length = 25.00 - 21.55 = 3.45 m.
The total creep length = 12.5 + 7/2 + 25/2 = 28.5 m. The creep length up to
the centre of the barrel = 12.5 + 7/2 = 16.0m. Therefore the seepage head
at the centre of the barrel = 4(1- 16.0/28.5) = 1.75m. The total uplift
is then 2.15 + 1.75 = 3.90m = 38kN m-2, and the weight of the floor =
1.00 X 2.4 X 9.81 = 23.54kN m-2• Hence additional reinforcement has to be
designed to resist the unbalanced uplift forces.

UPSTREAM AND DOWNSTREAM PROTECTION WORKS

The scour depth, Rs (regime scour depth, equation (9.10)) = 0.47(500/1)1/3

= 3.73m. The upstream cut-off below HFL = 1.5R = 5.6m. Therefore

RL of upstream cut-off wall = 200.816 - 5.60 = 195.00 (say) m AOD.

The downstream cut-off below HFL = 1.75Rs = 6.53 m. Therefore

RL of downstream cut-off wall = 200.50 - 6.53 = 194.00 (say) m

AOD,

downstream apron length = 2.5(198.00 -194.00) = 10m,

upstream apron length = 2.0(198.00 -195.00) = 6m.

The detailed layout (longitudinal section) of the design is shown in Fig. 10.5.
 d/s HFL 200.500
199,600

13,60m
0,3 0,8 0,3 0,3

Fig. 10.5 Longitudinal section of the siphon aqueduct; all dimensions In

metres
Worked Example 10.7
Design a Sarda-type fall using the following data: full supply dis-
charge=28m3s-l; upstream FSL=100.00m AOD; downstream FSL=
98.50m AOD; upstream bed level = 99.00m AOD; downstream bed
level = 97.50m AOD; upstream bed width = 6.00 m; downstream bed
width = 6.00m; drop, Hdr = 1.50m; safe exit gradient of the subsoil = 1 in 5.
Solution
CREST DESIGN

Adopt a rectangular crest (Fig. 10.18). B = 0.55dI!2; for a trapezoidal crest,

B = 0.55 (H + d)1!2 and H + d = Dl + 99.00 - 97.50 = 2.5m. Hence B (trape-
zoidal crest) = 0.87m. Choose a rectangular crest, width B = 0.80m.
Adopting a crest length of L = 6m, equation (10.51) gives the head over
the crest,

H=0.43m.

Check for B: the crest level = 100.00 - 0.43 = 99.57 m AOD.

Therefore d=99.57-97.50=2.07m and B=0.55d=0.79m. Therefore a
crest width of 0.8m is satisfactory.
The base width, Bl = 1.25 m (equation (10.50) with 5s = 2.0). The
velocity of approach (assuming a 1:1 trapezoidal channel) = 2.8/(6 + 1)1
= 0.4ms-1• Therefore the upstream total energy level (TEL) = 100.000
+ 0.008 = 100.008m AOD, and E = 100.008 - 99.57 = 0.438m.
The depth of the cistern, dc=0.19m (equation (10.55», and the
length of the cistern, Lc=4m (equation (10.54». The RL of the cistern
bed = 97.50 - 0.19 = 97.31m AOD.

IMPERVIOUS FLOOR DESIGN (WORKED EXAMPLE 9.1 PROVIDES DETAILED

CALCULATIONS)

The maximum seepage head, Hs = d (with no water downstream, and the

upstream water level at crest level). Adopting nominal upstream and
downstream cut-off depths of 1m and 1.5m respectively, the base length of
the impervious floor for the exit gradient of 1 in 5 is approximately 13 m.
The length of the impervious floor downstream of the crest is approxi-
mately 6 m (equation 10.56». The upstream floor thickness (nominal
thickness of 0.3m) at the toe of the crest is approximately 1.5m, and at 5m
from the toe it is approximately 0.14m; adopt a minimum of 0.3m.
Appropriate energy-dissipating devices (for large discharges) and
upstream and downstream bed protection works must be provided. The
detailed layout of the design is shown in Fig. 10.17.
Section
Example 18.1. Design a Sarda type fall for the following data:
u/s
(i) Full supply discharge : d/ s = 40 cumecs
. u/s _ 218.30 m
(ii) Full supply level . d/s- 216.80m
u/s 1.8 m
(iii) Full supply depth d/s- 1.8m
u/s 26m
(iv) Bed width
d/s - 26m
u/s 216.50m
(v) Bed level
d/s - 215.00m
(vi) Drop 1'.5 m
 Design the floor on Bligh's theory taking coefficient of creep
= 8. Check the design by Khosla's theory and make changes if necessary.
Safe exit gradient may be taken equal as 115.
Solution
Step 1. Calculation of Hand d
Since the discharge is more than 14 cumecs, trapezoidal crest
will be adopted. The discharge is given by

Q=1.99LH 3/2 (H)B 1/6 ...(1)

Hence L = width of canal = 26 m
Q = 40 cumecs.
B = 0.55 V H + d .
But H + d = D + drop in the level
H + d = 1.8 + 1.5 = 3.3 m (2)
B = 0.55 VH + d = 0.55 Y33 = 1.0 m (3)
Substituting the value of B in (1), we get
40 = 1.99 x 26 J-t 3/2 + 116)
(1.0)1/6
H5/3 = 40 x 1 = 0.774
1.99 x 26
From which H = (0.774)3/5 = 0.86 m ...(4)
Substituting this in (2) we get
d = 3.3 - H = 3.3 - 0.86 = 2.44 m
Height of crest above bed =D - H = 1.8 - 0.86 = 0.94 m
Step 2. Design of crest
A trapezoidal crest will be adopted.
Top width B (found in step 1) = 1 m
uls batter = 1 : 3
d./s batter = 1 : 8
Assuming canal side slope 1 : 1, velocity of approach is given
by
40
Va = ----- = 0.8 m/sec
(27 + 1.8) 1.8
_Va2 -~
Velocity head
- 2g - 2 x 9.81
= 0.032 m
.. u/s. T. EL. = uls F. S. L. + velocity head
= 218.30 + 0.032 = 218.332 m
 [Link] crest = u/s F. s. L. - H
= 218.30 - 0.86 = 217.44
Value of E = u/s T. E. L. - R L. of crest
= 218.332 - 217.44 = 0.892m
Step 3. Design of cistern
i
Depth of cistern

Length of cistern
=x =
= i (E HL)2/3

(0.892 X

= Ie = 5 (EHL)I/2
1.5)2/3 = 0.304m

= 5 (0.892 X 1.5)1/2
= 5.8 m
Keep the length of cistern= 6 m
R L. of bed of cistern = R L. of d/s bed - x
= 215.00 - 0.304 = 214.696 m.
Keep the cistern at R.L. 214.69 m.
.'. Final value of x = 215.00 - 214.69 = 0.31 m.
Step 4. Design of impervious floor
Seepage head = Hs = d = 2.44 m
Blil;!:'s coefficien.~ = 8
.'. Length of impervious floor = C x Hs = 8 x 2.44
... or Creep length = 19.5 m
Provide u/s cut of dl = 1.0 m and d/s cut off d2 = 1.6 m. The
vertical length of creep = 2(1 + 1.6) = 5.2 m.
... Length of horizontal impervious floor =19.5-5.2 = 14.3 m
Provide 15 m length of impervious floor.
Minimum length of impervious floor to the d/s of toe of
the crest wall = ld = 2(D + 1.2) + HL
= 2(1.8 + 1.2) +1.5 = 7.5 m
Provide ld = 8 m. The balance of the length = 15 - 8 = 7 m
is to be provided under and u/s of the crest.
Calculation for uplift pressure and thickness
Total creep length = 15 + 2(1 + 1.6) = 20.2 m
(i) The uplift pressure under the u/s floor will be counter-
balanced by the weight of water, and hence no thickness
is required. However, provide a minimum thickness of
0.4 m.

(ii) For other points, the maximum vertical ordinate between

the Bligh's [Link] and· the floor level gives the uplift
pressure.
 Maximum unbalanced head under the toe of the crest
= 1.66 m
This can also be found by calculations as under

Static head
= 2.44 ( 1 - 7 +2~0~ 1.0) + x
= 2.44 (1 - 0.446) + 0.31 = 1.66 m
.. Thickness required

Provide 1.40 m thick cement concrete floor overlaid by 0.2

m brick pitching.
(Note: While working out the thickness, the expression has
not been multiplied by the safety factor 4/3, since the additional
.0.2 m brick pitching will provide the addition safety.)
(iii) Provide a minimum thickness of 0.6 m overlaid by 0.2
m thick brick pitching, at the d/s end of the floor.
(iv) The thickness of the floor at intermediate points may
be varied as per requirements of uplift pressure.
Step 5. Checking of Door thickness by Khosla's theory
E . d' G 1 Hs
Xlt gra lent E= -;yr d2 ..

1_ 1 2.44
"5 - 1t Vi 1.60
1 1 1.60
7r Vi ="5 x 2.74 = 0.131.
From Khosla's exit gradient curve (Plate II); we get
~ 1
a = 10.5 correspom':ng to 7r VA. = 0.131
:. b = a. d2 = 10.5 x 1.6 = l6.8 m.
Length actually provided by Bligh's theory = 15 m only,
which is less than required. Hence, either the length is to be increased
by 2 m or the depth of cutoff is to be increased.
Let us increase the depth of cuttoff d2 to 1.80 m.
Keep b = 15 cm (same as before)
 b 15
a = dz = 1.80 = 8.33.
From the exit gradient curves, for a = 8.33, we get
1
nV1 =0.15

1
GE =
;vr Hs
dz
2.24 1
= 0.145 x 1.80'= s:L
Permissible exit gradient = 1/5. Hence, safe.
Calculation of pressures
(i) V/S cutoff
dl = 1.0
b = 15

1 _ dl _ 1 _ 00666
a-b-E- .
= 100 - 24 = 76 %
ll>c 1

= 100 - 17 = 83 %
ll>D 1
~sume a thickness of floor = 0.4 m at the u/s

Corrected ll>c 1 = 76 + 83 -_ 76 x 0.4 = 78.8 %

(ii) D/S cutoff wall

dz = 1.8 m
b = 15

~ = ~z = i'~= 1.i2
= 31 %
4lEZ
= 21.5 %
ll>DZ

Assuming a thickness of d/s floor = 0.6 m.

31 - 21.5'
Corrected 4lEZ = 31 - 1.8 x 0.6 = 27.8 %.
Thus the pressure on the floor varies (linearly) from 78.8%
at the u/s to 27.8% at the d/s.
Calculation of thickness
(i) Provide a minimum thickness of 0.4 m for the u/s floor.
(ii) Thickness at the d/s toe of crest :

% Pressure = (27.8 + 78.8;; 27.8 x 8) = 55 %

 Maximum static head
= 0.55Hs + x = 0.55 x 2.44 + 0.31
= 1.67 m
Thickness required
= 1.67 = 1.67 = 1 35 m
1 2.24 - 1
p - .
Thickness provided by Bligh's theory is 1.40 m.
:. Provide 1.40 m thick cement concrete floor overlaid by
0.20 m thickness brick pitching, for a length of 30 m.
(iii) At 3 m from the d/s toe of crest
% Pressure = 27.8 + 78.8:-_ 27.8 x 5 = 44.8 %
Maximum static head
= 0.448 Hs +x = 0.448 x 2.44 + 0.31
= 1.40 m
.. Thickness required
1040 113
= 2.24 - 1 =. m.
Hence, provide a thickness of 1.20 m cement concrete overlaid.
by 0.2 m thick pitching, for a length of 3 m ([Link] to the end
of cistern).
(iv) At 6 m from the d/s toe of crest

% Pressure = 27.8 + 78.8:-_ 27.8 x 2 = 34.6

:. Maximum static head
= 0.346 x 2.44 = 0.842 m
(The value of x has not been added here since the'.Cistern
ends at 6 m.)
Th~~k . d 0.842 0 59
•. ness rqUlre
IC = 224 _ 1 =. m
Hence, provide a thickness of 0.6 m cement concrete overlaid
by 0.2 m thick pitching, for the last 2 m length of the floor.
Summary of floor thickness
(i) U/s floor : 0.4 m,
(ii) D/s toe of crest to 3 m d/s : 1.40 m,
(iii) 3 m to 6 m from d/s toe : 1.20,
(iv) Last 2 m : 0.6 m.
 Step 6. Design of d/s wings
Keep the d/s wings vertical for a length of
6 x VE HZ = 6 V 0.892 x 1.5 :::::7 m.
Then the wings may be warped to 1 : 1 slope, at a splay
of 1 in 3. Height of top of d/s wings above the bed
= water depth + F. B.
= 1.8 + 0.5 = 2.3 m
:. Horizontal projection of this on 1 : 1 slope = 2.3 m. Using
a splay of 1 : 3, length of warped wing, measured along the centre
line of canal = 2.3 x 3 m = 6.9::::: 7 m.

The section of the wing wall have been shown on Plate VIII.
Step 7. Downstream pitching
(a) Bed pitching. From Table 20.1, length of bed piching for
H = 0.86 m is equal to (9 + 2 x 1.5) = 12 m. This may be provided
horizontal upto the end of masonry wings and then sloping at 1
in 10. Thus length of sloping pitching = 7 m and length of horizontal
pitching = 6 m.
(b) Toe-wall. Provide one toe wall of 1 m depth and 0.4
m width.
(c) Side pitching. The side protection has been provided,
consisting of 0.2 m thich brick on edge. This has been warped to
slope of 1 i:
1. The side pitching is curtailed at an angle of 45°
from the end of bed pitching in plan. Support the side pitching
on a toe wall 0.4 m thick and 1 m deep.
Step 8; Energy dissipators
Energy dissipators are not provided for small discharges. How-
ever, for large discharges, additional dissipators should be provided.
The dissipators consists of two rows of friction blocks in the cistern,
and two rows of cube blocks just at the d/s end of impervious floor.

Critical depth de = ~2)

o ( 113

Here 40
q = 26 = 1.53 cumecs/m

de - _ [~~]1I3
9.81
=0.7 m
 (a) Size and position of friction blocks
(i) Length of block 2de = 2 x 0.7 = 1.4 m
(ii) Width of block = de = 0.7 m
(iii)Height of block = de = 0.7 m
(iv) Distance from toe of crest = 1.5 de = 1.05 :::::;
1 m.
Provide two rows, staggered, at a distance of 1 m from the
toe of the crest.
(b) Cube blocks

(i) Length 1~ D = 0.08:::::;0.2 m

(ii) Width = 110D = 0.2 m

(iii) Height = 110D = 0.2 m.
Provide two rows, staggered, at the end of impervious floor.
Step 9. U/S approach
Radius of uls wings = 6H = 6 x 0.86 :::::;
5 m.
Provide wing wall segmental with 5 m radius, subtending an
angle of 60° at the centre, and the carried tangentially into the
berm. The complete details of the fall are shown in [Link] (Plate
VIII)
 UIS WING 218·AOm
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DIS SED 216' -t
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SECTION 3-3 SEcTION 4·4

FIG. 18.10. PLATE VIII. SARDA FALL [ TO FACE PP 764 ]