CE0021
MODULE #3.1
FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES
• CONTINUITY PRINCIPLE
Law of
Conservation
of Energy
Bernoulli’s Equation
➢ No Head Loss (Ideal Condition)
E1 = E2
v12 P1 v22 P2
+ z1 + = + z2 +
2g γ 2g γ
➢ With Head Loss
E1 - HL = E2
v12 P1 v22 P2
+ z1 + − HL = + z2 +
2g γ 2g γ
Applications of
Bernoulli’s Energy
Equation
Measurement of Flow of Fluids
➢ Bernoulli’s principle can be used to develop
devices for measurement of fluid
➢ These devices will be the focus of the next
discussions.
Device Coefficients
Coefficients are used to describe the efficiency
of flow measurement devices
➢ Coefficient of Discharge
➢ Coefficient of Velocity
➢ Coefficient of Contraction
Coefficient of Discharge
➢ The coefficient of discharge (c) is the
ratio of the actual discharge to the
theoretical discharge
➢ c = Qactual / Qtheoretical
Coefficient of Velocity
➢ The coefficient of velocity (cv) is the ratio
of the actual velocity to the theoretical
velocity
➢ cv = vactual / vtheoretical
Coefficient of Contraction
➢ The coefficient of contraction (cc) is the
ratio of the contracted section of a
stream (jet) to the area of the opening
through which the fluid flows.
➢ cc = Ajet / Ao
Coefficient of Contraction
Ajet Vena Contracta
-The point at which the
area of the jet is the smallest.
-Located approximately at
Aopening D/2 after the opening
Device Coefficients
➢ Theoretical values are obtained assuming
that there is no head loss in the device.
➢ c = cc x cv
Devices
Measurement Devices
➢ Nozzle
➢ Pitot Tube
➢ Venturi Meter
➢ Weir
➢ Orifice
Nozzle
Nozzle
➢ Converging tube
attached at the
end of the hose or
pipe to increase
the velocity of the
jet.
Nozzle
❶ ❷
➢ Set-up Bernoulli’s equation between point 1 and 2
Pitot
Tube
Pitot Tube
➢ named after Henri Pitot
➢ is a bent L-shaped tube used to measure flow
velocity
h
h1 h2
❶ ❷
Stagnation Point
Pitot Tube
➢ By Bernoulli’s equation (HL= 0);
E1 = E 2 2
2 2 0 v 1
v1 P1 v2 P2 + = h2−h1 v1= 2gh
+ = + 2g
2g γ 2g γ Velocity head
v12 is transformed
P1 P2 +=h into pressure
head in the
= h1 = h2 2g stagnation
γ γ point
Pitot Tube in a Pipe
P1 v12 P1
γ +
2g γ
❶ ❷
Venturi
Meter
Venturi Meter
➢ a practical instrument for measuring fluid flow.
➢ By italian Giovanni Battista Venturi
Inlet Throat Outlet
❶ ❷
Deflection
Manometer
Mercury
Venturi Meter
➢ The increase in the
➢ Assuming HL = 0 velocity head is equal
2 2 to the decrease in
v1 P1 v2 P2 pressure head
+ = +
2g γ 2g γ ➢ This is known as the
Venturi’s Principle.
2
v2 2
v1 P1 P2 ➢ To determine P1 & P2,
− = − take the sum of the
2g 2g γ γ
pressures in the
manometer
Sample
Problems
Problem 10
A glass tube with a 90° bend is open at both ends. It is
inserted into a flowing stream of oil (SG=0.90) so that
one of the opening is directed upstream & the other is
directed upward. If oil outside the tube is 50mm higher
than the surface, determine the velocity measured by
the tube.
Problem 2
A pitot tube having a coefficient of
velocity=0.98 is used to measure the
velocity of water at the center of a pipe.
The stagnation pressure head is 5.67m
and the static pressure head in the pipe is
4.73m. What is the velocity?
Problem 3
A 150 mm diameter venturi horizontal meter is installed in a 450 mm
diameter water main. The deflection of the mercury in the differential
manometer connected from the inlet to the throat is 375mm. (a) Determine
the discharge neglecting head lost (b) If HL=300mm water, find the
discharge, (c) what is the meter coefficient?
❶ ❷
y
375mm
Mercury
Problem 4
A vertical venturi meter, 150 mm in diameter is
connected to a 300 mm diameter pipe, the
vertical distance from the inlet to the throat
being 750mm. If the deflection of mercury in
❷
the differential manometer connected from
the inlet to the throat is 360mm. Determine
the flow of water through the meter if the 750mm
meter coefficient is 0.68. Determine the head ❶
loss from the inlet to the throat. y
360mm
Problem 5
Neglecting losses, calculate the
discharge through the Venturi
meter shown. Air
D1 = 30omm 250mm
D2 = 150mm
❶
❷
SEATWORK
1.)
2.)
Source: Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics by RK Bansal
Weir
Weir
Weir
Weir
L.S. CREST
vA H
UPPER NAPPE
d
P
LOWER NAPPE
WEIR
Weir
P – Height of Weir
H – head of fluid over the
weir
d – depth of flow
vA – velocity of approach
Types of
Weir
Types According to Crest Type
1) Broad Crested Weir
➢ Liquid passes and slides over the
surface of the crest
Broad Crested Weir
a) Round Upstream Corner
WEIR
Broad Crested Weir
b) Square Upstream Corner
WEIR
Types According to Crest Type
2) Sharp Crested Weir
➢ Crest is considerably thin
Sharp Crested Weir
a) Rectangular Weir
a.1) Suppressed Rectangular Weir
(Width of Channel = Length of Weir)
H L – length of weir
d P – height of weir
P H – head over the weir
d – depth of flow
L
Sharp Crested Weir
a) Rectangular Weir
2
Qactual= C 2g L (H+hv) 3/2 −(hv) 3/2
3
where:
c – Coefficient of Discharge
hv – velocity head of approach
Sharp Crested Weir
a) Rectangular Weir
2
cw= C 2g Qactual= Cw L (H+hv) 3/2 −(hv)3/2
3
where:
cw – weir factor or weir coefficient
hv – velocity head of approach
Sharp Crested Weir
a) Rectangular Weir
In many cases, H/P is small. Thus, hv = 0.
Qactual= Cw L (H) 3/2
Standard Weir Factor, Cw
a) Rectangular Weir
For H/P < 0.4:
Cw =1.84 (S.I.)
Cw =3.33 (Eng.)
Francis Formula:
Cw =1.84 [ 1+0.26(H/d)2] (S.I.)
Standard Weir Factor, Cw
a) Rectangular Weir
Rehbock & Chow Formula:
Cw =1.8 +0.22(H/P) (S.I.)
Cw =3.27 + 0.40(H/P) (Eng.)
Bazin Formula:
Cw =0.5518(3.248 + 0.02161/H)[1+0.55(H/d)2] (S.I.)
Sharp Crested Weir
a.1) Contracted Rectangular Weir
(Width of Channel > Length of Weir)
L L
Single End Contraction Double End Contraction
Sharp Crested Weir
a.1) Contracted Rectangular Weir
The equations for suppressed
rectangular weir are used but L is replaced
with L’ (effective length).
L’ = L -0.1NH >>> Effective Length
N – No. of end contractions (N=1 or N=2)
Sharp Crested Weir
b) Triangular Weir
L θ – Usually between
10 ~ 90 degrees
θ H
Sharp Crested Weir
b) Triangular Weir
8
Qactual= C 2g tan(θ/2) H5/2
15
but, thus,
8 Qactual= Cw tan(θ/2) H5/2
cw= C 2g
15 cw= 1.4 (S.I.)
Sharp Crested Weir
b) Triangular Weir
THOMSON FORMULA:
For standard 90
degrees weir, Qactual= 1.4 H5/2 (S.I.)
tan(θ/2) = 1 Qactual= 2.5 H5/2(Eng.)
Sharp Crested Weir
c) Trapezoidal Weir
-Can be analyzed as a
b L b combination of rectangular
and triangular weir
θ/2 θ/2 H
Sharp Crested Weir
c) Trapezoidal Weir
Qactual= Cw1 L H3/2 +Cw2 Z H5/2
z=b/H = tan(ө/2)
Cipolleti Weir – A trapezoidal weir with side
slopes of 1H to 4V.
Qactual= 1.859 L H3/2 (S.I.)
Qactual= 3.37L H3/2 (Eng.)
Types According to Crest Type
3) Submerged Sharp-Crested Weir
H1 H2
P
Types According to Crest Type
3) Submerged Sharp-Crested Weir
n 0.385
Qs H2
= 1−
Q H1
Qs – Submerged Q
Q – Non-submerged Q
n – 3/2 ( Rectangular weir)
d – 5/2 (Triangular weir)
Problem 6
A Rectangular, sharp-crested weir 15m long
with end contractions suppressed is 1.5m
high. Determine the discharge when the head
is 300mm.
Problem 7
During a test on a 2.4m suppressed weir
900mm high, the head was maintained
constant at 300mm. In 38 seconds, 28,800
liters of water were collected. What is the
weir factor cw? Consider velocity of approach.
Problem 8
A sharp-crested suppressed rectangular 1m
long and a standard v-notch weir are placed
in the same weir box with the vertex of the v-
notch 150mm below the crest of the
rectangular weir. Determine the head on the
rectangular weir when their discharges are
equal. Use Francis formula.
Problem 9
A trapezoidal weir having a side slope of 1H to
3V discharges 50 m3/s under a constant head of
2m. Find the length of weir assuming C = 0.60.
MODULE #3.2
FLOW MEASUREMENT DEVICES
• CONTINUITY PRINCIPLE
Law of
Conservation
of Energy
Bernoulli’s Equation
➢ No Head Loss (Ideal Condition)
E1 = E2
v12 P1 v22 P2
+ z1 + = + z2 +
2g γ 2g γ
➢ With Head Loss
E1 - HL = E2
v12 P1 v22 P2
+ z1 + − HL = + z2 +
2g γ 2g γ
Applications of
Bernoulli’s Energy
Equation
Devices
Measurement Devices
➢ Nozzle
➢ Pitot Tube
➢ Venturi Meter
➢ Weir
➢ Orifice
Orifice
Orifice
➢ An opening or an aperture through which
fluid passes.
➢ Its thickness is very small in comparison
with its other measurements.
➢ Edge is sharp so there is minimum contact
with water.
Orifice
Weir
d
D
Orifice
➢ The point at which the area of the jet is
minimum is called the vena contracta.
Avenacontracta = Aorifice x cc
Orifice
➢ To solve orifice problems, Bernoulli’s Energy Equation is set-up.
Consider the illustration below:
❶ E1 = E2 ( No Head Loss)
v12 P1 v22 P2
H + z1 + = + z2 +
❷
2g γ 2g γ
v22
0+H+0= +0+0
2g
v22 Note: Head, H, is assumed to be constant.
H= (Steady Flow)
2g
Orifice
v2= 2 g H (ideal or theoretical)
vactual= cvv2 (actual) (velocity at the vena contracta)
Thus,
Qactual = Avenacontractavactual
Problem 10
Calculate the discharge through the 140mm
diameter orifice shown. Assume C=0.62.
Problem 11
An orifice 50mm square with c=0.60 is located on one
side of a closed cylindrical tank as shown. An open
mercury manometer indicates a pressure head of
-300mmHg in the air at the top of the tank. If the
upper 4m of the tank is oil and the remainder is
water, determine the initial discharge through the
orifice.
Problem 12
A large cylindrical steel tank 4m high with its
bottom on a level ground contains two layers of
liquid. The bottom layer is water 2m deep. The top
layer is occupied by a liquid whose specific gravity
is unknown to a depth of 1m. A 50mm diameter
orifice with a coefficient of velocity 0.98 is situated
one meter from the bottom of the tank. The jet
from the orifice hits the ground 2.75m horizontally
away from the vena contracta. What is the specific
gravity of the top liquid.
Supplementary
Problems
1) A contracted weir (both sides), 1.22m in length, is placed in a rectangular
channel. The height of weir crest is 1.00m and the head is H. Determine
the head H if flow is 1cu.m/s using Cw = 1.88
2) A horizontal sharp edged orifice (Do=7.5cm, Cc=0.63, Cv=0.98) is under a
constant head of 2.30m of water. Compute:
a) The height to which the jet of water will rise above the orifice
b) The diameter of the jet 1m above the vena contracta in mm
c) The total head loss (in m)
• 3. Engineer X is sleeping at the bottom of the steel barge, rectangular in plan,
floats with a draft of 1.5m. If the barge is 10m long, 5m wide and 2m deep, will
Engineer X be dead or alive if he stood up to his feet in 5min after opening a
standard orifice, 180mm in dia in its bottom. Neglect thickness of the sides and
assume C=0.60.
Unsteady Flow (Orifice) Qin
-Unsteady flow occurs when the
head producing flow, H, is not
constant.
As
General Equation: h1
As
h2 A dh h2
s
t= න Qout
h1 Qin−Qout
When Qin = 0 When Area is Constant:
h1 A dh h1 A dh 2As
t= න
s
=න
s t= h1− h2
CA0 2g
h2 Qout h2 CA0 2gh
Unsteady Flow (Orifice)
➢ For submerged flow:
General Equation:
1 h1 A A Vlost
h−1/2 dh
s1 s2
t= න h2
h1
2g h As1+As2
Vgained
CA0 2
When Area is Constant: Tank 1 Tank 2
As1As2 2
t= h1− h2
As1+As2 CA0 2g
Unsteady Flow (Weir)
Reservoir or Tank with
Constant Water Surface, As
h1 A dh *Express Qweir in
s
t= න terms of H
h Qweir
2
Problem 13
A 1.5m Diameter vertical cylindrical tank 3m high contains
2.5m of water. A 100-mm diameter circular sharp-edged
orifice is located at its bottom. Assume C=0.60.
a)How long will it take to lower the water level to 1m deep
after opening the orifice?
b) How long will it take to empty the tank?
Problem 14
An open cylindrical tank 4m in diameter and 10m high
contains 6m of water and 4m of oil (SG = 0.8). Find the time
to empty the tank through a 100mm diameter orifice at the
bottom. Assume cc = 0.90 and cv = 0.98.
Problem 15
A tank in the form of a frustum of a right circular cone 1.75m
in diameter at the bottom and 3.5m diameter at the top is full
of water. The tank is 3.5m high. A sharp edged orifice with
c = 0.62 is located at the bottom of the tank. What diameter of
orifice is needed to empty the tank in 8 minutes?
Problem 16
Two vertical cylindrical tanks 1 and 2 having diameters 2m
and 3m respectively, are connected with a 200mm diameter
tube at its lower portion, and having c = 0.60. When the tube
is closed, the water surface in the tank is 5m above tank 2.
How long will it take after opening the tube, for the water
surface in tank 2 to rise by 1m?
Problem 17
A rectangular suppressed weir of length 1m is constructed or
cut at the top of a tall rectangular tank having a horizontal
section 20m x 20m. If the initial head over the weir is 1m.
Compute the time required to discharge 72 cu. meter of
water.
Seatwork
• Find h in the
system assuming
no head loss.