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IMPROVISED STEERING WHEEL COVER AS A SENSOR-BASED DEVICE

FOR DRIVER’S ALERTNESS

A SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL RESEARCH PAPER

PRESENTED TO THE

FACULTY OF SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

OF AMACC ABE INTERNATIONAL COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ACCOUNTANCY-

URDANETA CITY, INC.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

OF THE SUBJECT INQUIRIES, INVESTIGATION AND IMMERSION

 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

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This chapter presents the review of related literature and the studies of this

research

Foreign Literature

In agreement with R. Patil and S. Hublikar (2018), the vehicle accident is a major

public problem in many countries, particularly India. Despite awareness campaign, this

problem is still increasing due to rider's poor behaviors such as speed driving, drunk

driving, riding without sufficient sleep, etc. The numbers of death and disability are very

high because of late assistance to people who got the accident. These cause huge social

and economic burdens to people involved. Therefore, several research group and major

motorcycle manufacturers have developed safety devices to protect riders from accidental

injuries.

With the help of obstacle detection and distance measurement sensor, a front end

collision warning system is developed to prevent vehicle from the collision is named as

VVCAU. Many cases remain pending due to unknown reason of an accident. To avoid

these problems, a design is proposed to enhance on-board recording device (i.e. Black

Box). Car black box is a digital electronic device, which records and store vehicle speed,

real time and vehicle's other status information. It helps to discover and to analyze the

reason of an accident easily and to settle many disputes related to car accident such as

crash litigation, insurance settlements.

 As per A. Tautkus and A. Jurkauskas (2011), almost 47-52% from all car crashes

make collisions of cars. So it is possible to conclude that almost each second a car crash

is a collision. One of the most important parameters that should be determined during car
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crash investigation is the car speed before the accident. The methods of speed

determination before crashes arc presented in these cases: direct collision, when cars

move one after another, direct sided collision and sided sliding collision as well as

statistical data it is possible to conclude that each year 0.5 million of people are killed and

almost 20 million are injured in car accidents

As said by R. M. Brach (1983), various methods are used to calculate unknown

velocities and velocity changes for the collision of automobiles. These equations relate

the three velocity components of each vehicle at the beginning of contact to the three

velocity components of each vehicle at separation using two coefficients of restitution

and an equivalent coefficient of sliding friction. The first part of the paper contains a

discussion of some of the fundamental assumptions connected with the use of impulse

and momentum concepts for collision analysis.

A summary of the derivation of the six model equations is presented. In a second

part of the paper, the equations are solved for the conditions corresponding to two

experimental collisions. Values of the three coefficients are systematically varied to

assess their effect on the vehicle velocity changes. A listing of a computer program is

furnished, written in the BASIC language. The program can be used to solve the model

equations for the final velocities given the initial velocities and coefficients.
Local Literature

According to A. Ilagan (2017), in his presentation dubbed as ‗Road Safety and

Discipline in the Philippines‘ during the 7th ASEAN Automobile Safety Forum last Page | 4

Monday, Supt. O. Tanseco (2017) said that bad turning is illegal turning. Accidents like

these also occur when the driver changes lane abruptly without checking the side mirror

if an oncoming vehicle on either the left or right side is approaching, according to police

authorities.

Bus drivers worked an average of 16 h/day and were engaged in risky driving

behaviors such as over-speeding and road racing in order to reach their quota for the day.

The most common health symptoms experienced by the bus drivers were fatigue, back

pain, and cough and colds. The accidents were blamed on other drivers, followed by

vehicle defect, inattentiveness and tiredness/micro-sleep or sudden involuntary sleep

while driving. This study underlines the need for an occupational health and safety

program for bus drivers in the Philippines. R. Aquino (2018) reported that fourteen

passengers bus crashed, it was travelling north to Cubao in Metro Manila when it

slammed into the toll station. Similarly, Ortodoz, BM (2018) announced that five of the

27 passengers, including an eight month old baby, were killed when the bus, San Isidro

Liners (VVB 881), when it slammed into a parked vehicle.

As stated by G. Felicio [Link] (2015) one of the major concerns in the Philippines is

the road safety. The National Statistics Coordinating Board states that there were four

vehicles registered to every 100 Filipinos in 2012 and this statistic is slowly rising. The

highest number of registered motor vehicles nationwide is cited at Metro Manila. Given a
record of 82,855 road accidents in 2014 within Metro Manila alone, it is important to

have proper road safety measures. Traffic lights play an integral role in road safety. It

coordinates the flow of traffic in intersections, ensuring that cars coming from various
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directions avoid collision. Traffic lights also play a key part in traffic efficiency by

signaling the turnover of traffic. More cars passing through while the light is green

signified higher efficiency. Both road efficiency and safety are therefore dependent on

how drivers perceive and react to the color signals given out by traffic lights. In Metro

Manila, these signals are conveyed by different traffic lights designs, whose factors

include varying warning schemes, orientations, and heights. This study aims to learn

whether the variations in design cause changes in drivers‘ behaviors, such that efficiency

and safety are compromised by one design, or improved by another. The study also

intends to understand what hinders drivers from reacting accurately and promptly to

traffic lights given the current designs, such that improvements can be made to future

light designs.0

Foreign Study

As explained by A. Anund Et al. (2013) this study was to explore if Observer

Rated Sleepiness (ORS) is a feasible method for quantification of driver sleepiness in

field studies. There are two measures of ORS were used: (1) one for behavioral signs

based on facial expression, body gestures and body movements labelled B-ORS, and (2)

one based on driving performance e.g. if swerving and other indicators of impaired

driving occurs, labelled D-ORS. A limited number of observers sitting in the back of an

experimental vehicle on a motorway about 2 hours repeatedly 3 times per day (before
lunch, after lunch, at night) observed 24 participant‘s sleepiness level with help of the

two observer scales.

Based on mixed model Anova and correlation analysis the result showed that Page | 6

observer ratings of sleepiness based on drivers‘ impaired performance and behavioral

signs are sensitive to extend the general pattern of time awake, circadian phase and time

of driving. The detailed analysis of the subjective sleepiness and ORS showed weak

correspondence on an individual level. Only 16% of the changes in KSS were predicted

by the observer. The results show that the ORS-method detects the expected general

variations in sleepy driving in field studies, however, sudden changes in driver sleepiness

on a detailed level as 5 minutes is usually not detected; this holds true both when taking

into account driving behavior or driver behavioral signs.

As said by C.N. Watling (2014), driver‘s sleepiness is a substantial crash risk

factor and as such, is a major contributor to crash statistics. The current study sought to

examine how various demographic factors, attitudes, perceived legitimacy, personality

constructs, and risk taking variables were associated with self-reported likelihood of

driving sleepy and pulling over and resting when sleepy.

Overall, the obtained results suggest that the age and attitudes of the driver have

greater influence than personality traits or risk taking factors. Campaigns focused on

changing attitudes to reflect the dangerousness of sleepy driving could be important for

road safety outcomes.

In agreement with M.K. Lemke and L. Wideman (2016), sleep is a critical factor

in these outcomes, contributing to fatigue and degrading multiple aspects of safety-

relevant performance. To determine the degree to which sleep impacts safety-relevant

performance among long-haul truck drivers. To evaluate workday and non-workday sleep

quality and duration as predictors of drivers‘ safety-relevant performance. Drivers

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reported long work hours, with over 70% of drivers working more than 11 h daily.

Drivers also reported a large number of miles driven per week, with an average of

2,812.61 miles per week, and frequent violations of hours-of-service rules, with 43.8% of

drivers ―sometimes to always‖ violating the ―14-h rule.”

Sleep quality was better associated with driving while sleepy and with job

performance and concentration than sleep duration. Sleep duration was better associated

with accidents and accident risk than sleep quality. Sleep quality appears to be better

associated with safety-relevant performance among long-haul truck drivers than sleep

duration. Comprehensive and multilevel efforts are needed to meaningfully address sleep

quality among drivers.

As per study conducted by [Link] et al. (2007), the reports on the accident risk

of foreign and native drivers in various road environments in Greece. In particular, the

analysis aims to determine the combined effect of driver nationality. The induced

exposure technique is applied due to the lack of exposure data. Estimated and observed

odds ratios are then examined for the quantification of the various effects in terms of

relative risk.

The initial examination of a saturated model leads to the rejection of all three- and

higher-order effects within variables, without providing an adequate fit to the data. On

the contrary, a non-saturated second-order model presents a very satisfactory overall fit.
Local Study

According to G.P. Felicio et al. (2015), road safety has always been one of the

major concerns in the Philippines. This study aims to learn whether the variation in Page | 8

design causes changes in drivers‘ behaviors, such that efficiency and safety are

compromised by one design, or improved by another. The study also intends to

understand what hinders drivers from reacting accurately and promptly to traffic lights

given the current designs, such that improvements can be made to future light designs.

Overall, the researchers tend to come up with a conclusion that traffic light colors are

efficient when it comes to safety.

In agreement J. Chan et al. (2016), eye tracking has been studied in many fields,

including advertising and newspaper design. It is an effective tool to study reading and

viewing patterns of different kinds of audiences. In this study, they analyze the behavior

of motorists in reading traffic signs. J. Chan et al. (2016) also determined that participants

read traffic signs in a standard fashion, and they tend to ignore these signs‘ other

characteristics, such as shape and color. Finally, given our test results, we are able to

provide empirical evidence on motorists‘ sign reading patterns — or if they even read

these signs at all — which can further aid in standardizing traffic sign designs.

According to R. Dela Torre and W. Lopez (2016), In those paper, a proposed

wireless device that can be attached to a vehicle was developed to track the route using

global positioning system, perform geo fencing and perform controlling mechanism to

help the driver locates a shortest path, avoid traffic jams, and do messaging and traffic

advisories based on contacts and information stored in the software utilities. Based on
initial testing, the software is capable of recording and reading vehicle logs, activating

GPS route, reading accelerometer log, and reading compass log as bases of controlling

mechanism while the device is activated, WiDrive.

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Result shows that Wi Drive is reliable as it successfully mapped to the GPS, and

passed the crash accelerometer test at different distance. If given a chance to improve and

implement in a wide scale testing, an exponential benefits can be achieved. Private and

public transportations are use as common mobility of people, making it important to

know where traffic congestions, car accidents and other related vehicular activities that

may ruin your way to office works or to your destinations be avoided.

Synthesis

The cited studies and literature build the foundation of the study. The gathered

information above is the source of the main objective to conduct this research that gives

necessary facts and concept to support the study.

Poor behaviors of vehicle driver are one of the factors observed by the

government agencies all over the world. R. Patil and S. Hublikar (2018), C.N. Watling

(2014) and O. Tanseco (2017) reported the cause of accidents, such as sleepy driving, bad

turning etc. Whether the variation in design changes in driver behaviors, such as that

efficiency and safety are compromised by one design are improved by another ( L.C.

Grepo et. al. (2015))

While,G. Felicio et al. (2015), emphasized that it is important to have a proper

road safety measures such as traffic lights that play for an integral role at safety. A.

Anund et al. (2013) and M.K. Lemke and L. Wideman (2016) declared that sleep is a
critical factor in these outcomes, contributing to fatigue and degrading multiple aspects of

safety-relevant performance both use a feasible method for quantification of driver

sleepiness. As stated by J. Chan et al. (2016), using eye-tracking data they determined
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which part of traffic sign driver focus their attention, difference in viewing patterns when

the test subject have shown multiple signs that convey meaning. R.M. Brach (1983).,

[Link] et al. (2007), A. Tauktus and Jurkauskas (2011) have calculated speed before

the accidents, impulse and momentum in various situation and quantification of various

effects in terms of relative risk.