Classification
Application MACHINES
Operation
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Machine, device,
having a unique
purpose, that
MACHINE augments or replaces
human or animal effort
What is it? for the accomplishment
of physical tasks.
CLASSIFICATION
OF MACHINES
Machines generating
mechanical energy
Considering the various
applications of the machines, Machines transforming
they are classified into three mechanical energy
main types, these are:
Machines utilizing
mechanical energy
CLASSIFICATION
OF MACHINES
• Machines Generating Mechanical Energy
o The machines generating
mechanical energy are also called as
prime movers. These machines
convert some form of energy like
heat, hydraulic, electrical, etc into
mechanical energy or work.
Gas Water Steam
Turbine Turbine Engine
CLASSIFICATION
OF MACHINES
• Machines transforming mechanical energy
o These machines are called
converting machines because they
convert mechanical energy into
other form of energy like electricity,
hydraulic energy and etc.
Hydraulic Electric
Pump Generator
CLASSIFICATION
OF MACHINES
• Machines Utilizing Mechanical Energy
o These machines receive mechanical
energy and utilize it for various
applications. Some examples of these
machines are lathe machine that utilizes
the mechanical energy to cut metals and
washing machine that utilizes the rotation
of the rotor for washing the clothes.
Lathe Drilling Milling
Machine Machine Machine
OPERATION AND
APPLICATION OF
MACHINES
A lathe machine is a tool
which is used to rotate a
work piece to perform
various operations.
Most Drilling machines, also
Common Definition called drill press, cut holes
Machines in metal with a twist drill.
A milling machine cuts metal
as the workpiece is fed
against a rotating cutting tool
called a milling cutter.
Lathe Machine Operations
1. Facing
This operation is performed by feeding the tool
perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the chuck to
produce flat surfaces.
2. Turning
During the turning operation, the feed is moved along
the axis of rotation of the chuck to produce a cylindrical
surface of desired shape and size.
3. Boring
The process of removing material from hole of the work
piece. Holes are bored with the help of single point
cutting tool.
4. Drilling
It is the process of making holes
in the work piece by the use of
drills.
Lathe Machine Operations
5. Reaming
The process of enlarging the holes to accurate sizes.
Reaming is always performed after drilling operation.
6. Counter Boring
The process of boring a hole to more than one
diameter on the same axis. This operation is performed
by boring tool.
7. Knurling
It is the process of making indentations (recess or
sharp depression) on the border of a work piece.
8. Chamfering
Chamfering is the process of beveling the extreme ends
of a work piece in order to remove the burrs, and to
have a better look.
Lathe Machine Operations
9. Parting Off
It is the process of cutting a work piece after it has
been machined to the required shape and size.
10. Grooving
The process of creating a narrow slot on the work piece
is called grooving. It is also known as recessing or
necking.
11. Forming
It is process in which a convex, concave or any
irregular surface is formed on the work piece with the
help of a forming tool.
12. Taper Turning
During taper turning the feed is set at an angle to
the work piece to produce a conical shape.
Lathe Machine Operations
13. Threading
The process of making threads on a
cylindrical job is called threading.
14. Undercutting
In the undercutting operation, the diameter is
enlarge if done internally and decrease the
diameter if done externally.
LATHE MACHINE APPLICATIONS
01 The lathe machine are used in metal working, wood
turning, metal spinning, parts reclamation, thermal
spraying and glass working.
It can be used to shape pottery, the potter’s wheel is the
02 latest well known design made by lathe.
If we have most suitably equipped metal lathe than it can
03 be used to produce most solids of revolution, plane
surfaces and screw threads or helices.
04 Ornamental lathes can produce three-dimensional solids
of incredible complexity.
Milling Machine Operations
1. Plain Milling
A process of milling flat surfaces keeping the axis
of the cutter parallel to the surface being milled.
2. Face Milling
A machining operation is done on the surfaces
which are perpendicular to the axis of the cutter.
3. End Milling
A process of producing flat surfaces which may be
horizontal, vertical and at an angle taking worktable as a
reference.
4. Form Milling
It is the process of machining special contour (outline)
composed of curves, straight lines, or entirely of curves,
at a single cut.
Milling Machine Operations
5. T-slot Milling
An operation on producing the T-slots on the
workpiece by using the T-slots milling cutter.
6. Side Milling
An operation on producing the flat vertical surface on
the sides of the workpiece by using a side milling
cutter.
7. Gear Cutting
It is the operation on producing gear tooth on the gear
blank by using a form-relieved cutter in a milling
machine.
8. Straddle Milling
It is the operation on producing the flat vertical surface
on both sides of the workpiece by using two side milling
cutter mounted on the same arbor.
Milling Machine Operations
9. Grooves Milling
It is the operation on producing the groove on the
surface of the workpiece by using a saw-milling cutter
or end milling cutter.
10. Gang Milling
It is the machining process in which two or more
milling cutters are used together to perform different
milling operation simultaneously.
11. Slot Cutting
In this operation slots are cut by a cutter on the work
piece. The slots are in various shapes like circular,
rectangular etc. and sizes according to the requirement.
12. Angular Milling
It is a process of milling flat surfaces which are neither Parallel nor
perpendicular to the axis of the milling cutter.
Milling Machine Operations
13. Helical Milling
This milling operation is done to produce objects having helical
design. It is done on the periphery of the cylindrical workpiece.
14. Cam Milling
It is a machining process which is used to make cams. The cams are
used to open and close of the valves in the internal combustion
engines.
15. Thread Milling
It is the process of milling used to cut threads on the cylindrical
workpiece
16. Saw Milling
It is machining process which is used to produce narrow grooves or
slots on the workpiece.
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