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Science - Nervous System

The nervous system coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli and transmitting nerve impulses through its main parts: the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), with the CNS processing information and the PNS connecting to organs and muscles. Reflex actions are rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli, facilitated by neurons that transmit impulses throughout the system.

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6 views2 pages

Science - Nervous System

The nervous system coordinates body activities by detecting stimuli and transmitting nerve impulses through its main parts: the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. It is divided into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS), with the CNS processing information and the PNS connecting to organs and muscles. Reflex actions are rapid, involuntary responses to stimuli, facilitated by neurons that transmit impulses throughout the system.

Uploaded by

谷Lily
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© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

SCIENCE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Nervous System
The nervous system controls and coordinates body 3. Neuron (Nerve Cell)
activities by detecting stimuli and sending
• Structural and functional unit of the nervous
messages (nerve impulses) to different parts of the
body. It works rapidly and allows the body to •
respond to changes in the environment.
• +
• system.
1. Main Parts
• Composed of:
a) Brain – control center of the body. Responsible
for thinking, memory, voluntary actions, emotions, o Cell body: Contains nucleus and
and coordination. cytoplasm.
b) Spinal cord – long, cylindrical structure in the o Dendrites: Receive messages from
vertebral column. Connects brain to the rest of the other neurons.
body and transmits impulses.
c) Nerves – bundles of nerve fibers that carry o Axon: Transmits impulses away from
impulses to and from different body parts. the cell body.
o Myelin sheath: Insulates axon and
speeds up impulse transmission.
2. Divisions of Nervous System
o Synapse: Junction between two
a) Central Nervous System (CNS) neurons where impulses are
• Composed of brain and spinal cord. transmitted chemically.

• Processes information and generates


responses. 4. Nerve Impulse Transmission
b) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) • Nerve impulse is an electrical signal that
• All nerves outside CNS. travels along neurons.

• Connects CNS to organs, muscles, and skin. • Impulse passes from dendrite → cell body
→ axon → synapse → next neuron.
• Divided into:
• Neurotransmitters carry impulses across
o Somatic Nervous System synapses.
(voluntary): Controls voluntary
actions like walking or talking. • Response may be voluntary (conscious) or
involuntary (reflex).
o Autonomic Nervous System
(involuntary): Controls involuntary
actions like heartbeat, digestion, and 5. Reflex Action
breathing.
• Reflex: Rapid, automatic, involuntary
▪ Sympathetic: Prepares body response to a stimulus.
for emergency (“fight or
flight”). • Example: Blinking, knee-jerk, withdrawal
from hot objects.
▪ Parasympathetic: Restores
body to normal state (“rest • Reflex arc: Pathway of reflex impulse:
and digest”).
1. Stimulus detected by receptor
2. Impulse sent via sensory neuron
3. Processed in spinal cord (CNS)
4. Impulse sent via motor neuron
5. Effector (muscle or gland) produces
response

6. Key Points
• Nervous system controls body rapidly.
• CNS processes information; PNS carries
signals.
• Neurons transmit impulses.
• Reflexes are involuntary and protective.
• Sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
balance body functions.

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