REDOX
Nabill, RIJB
Contents
• Introduction
• Combustion
• Oxidation and
reduction
• Redox reaction
Introduction
What is redox?
Definition
• Redox reaction can be defined as a
chemical reactions that involve
simultaneous oxidation and reduction
Oxidation
• An acceptance of oxygen to another
substance
Reduction
• A loss of oxygen from another substance
Definition (cont’d)
OXIDATION REDUCTION
Electron Loss of electron Gain of electron
Hydrogen Loss of hydrogen Gain of hydrogen
Oxygen Gain of oxygen Loss of oxygen
Increase of oxidation Decrease of oxidation
Oxidation Number number number
Redox in
Everyday Life
• Combustion
• Respiration
• Photosynthesis
Combustion
• Combustion of gas is very helpful as source of energy
for home and industry
• Methane, natural gas is mainly used
• A combustion of methane will produce carbon dioxide
and water vapour
• The energy released by the combustion of methane is
a large which can be used as fuel
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)
Respiration
• Our bodies need energy to make the reactions in our
cells
• The energy is supplied by foods that being digested in
our body
• Carbohydrate, the breaking down of carbohydrate
forming glucose
• The combustion of glucose in the cells provides energy
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Photosynthesis
• Likewise, plants also needed energy to undergo
chemical reaction in their cells
• Plants must make their own energy through a process
called photosynthesis
• A process by which plants light energy is captured and
used to convert carbon dioxide and water into
oxygen and glucose (energy-rich organic compounds)
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
Oxidation and
Reduction
• When heated copper mixed with
oxygen, it will become coated with
black copper (II) oxide
• This reaction produce no flame, yet
it is very exothermic
• Copper + oxygen → copper (II) oxide
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
• The black coating can be removed
by allowing hydrogen gas passed
over
• Copper (II) oxide + hydrogen →
copper + water
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
Notes
Oxidation
• An acceptance/received/gain
of oxygen to another substance
Reduction
• A rejection/release/loss of
oxygen from another substance
Oxidation and Reduction (Oxygen)
Oxidation
CuO + H2 → Cu + H2O
Reduction
• Copper (II) oxide is losing oxygen
• The hydrogen is gaining the oxygen
• Copper (II) oxide is undergoing reduction or being reduced
• Hydrogen is undergoing oxidation or being oxidised
Oxidation and Reduction (Oxygen)
Oxidation
ZnO + C → Zn + CO
Reduction
• The Zinc oxide is losing oxygen
• The copper is gaining the oxygen
• Zinc oxide is undergoing reduction or being reduced
• Copper is undergoing oxidation or being oxidised
Notes
Oxidation
• A rejection/release/loss of
hydrogen to another substance
Reduction
• An acceptance/received/gain
of hydrogen from another
substance
Oxidation and Reduction (Hydrogen)
Reduction
2NH3 + 3Br2 → N2 + 6HBr
Oxidation
• Ammonia is losing hydrogen
• Bromine gas is gaining the hydrogen
• Ammonia is undergoing oxidation or being oxidised
• Bromine gas is undergoing reduction or being reduced
Oxidation and Reduction (Hydrogen)
Reduction
H2S + Cl2 → S + 2HCl
Oxidation
• Hydrogen sulfide is losing hydrogen
• Chlorine gas is gaining the hydrogen
• Hydrogen sulfide is undergoing oxidation or being oxidised
• Chlorine gas is undergoing reduction or being reduced
Notes
Oxidation
• A gain of oxygen
• A loss of hydrogen
Reduction
• A loss of oxygen
• A gain of hydrogen
Oxidation and Reduction
Oxidation
CuO + NH3 → Cu + N2 + H2O
Reduction
• Copper (II) oxide is losing oxygen
• Ammonia is losing hydrogen
• Copper (II) oxide is undergoing reduction or being reduced
• Ammonia is undergoing oxidation or being oxidised
Redox in Combustion
Reduction
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
Oxidation
• Methane is losing hydrogen
• Oxygen is gaining hydrogen
• Methane is undergoing oxidation or being oxidised
• Oxygen is undergoing reduction or being reduced
Redox in Respiration
Reduction
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O
Oxidation
• Glucose is losing hydrogen
• Oxygen is gaining hydrogen
• Glucose is undergoing oxidation or being oxidised
• Oxygen is undergoing reduction or being reduced
Application of Redox in industry
• Extraction of metals from
metals oxides ores
• Extraction of Iron from
hematite (Fe2O3)
• There are two reactions
taking place
• Carbon dioxide reduced to
carbon monoxide by
reaction with carbon
Reduction
CO2 + C → 2CO
Application of Redox
in industry (cont’d)
• Carbon monoxide reduces the iron
(III) oxide to iron
• Iron (III) oxide + carbon monoxide →
iron + carbon dioxide
Reduction
Fe2O3 + 3CO → 2Fe + 3CO2
• Moderately reactive (zinc, lead and
copper) can be extracted from their
ores by reduction with carbon
Practice
1. Which of these reactions involve reduction and oxidation
2. Which of these reactions usually involve burning?
3. What type of reaction has happened to copper (II) oxide in equation D?
A. Hexane + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water
B. Magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide
C. Calcium carbonate → calcium oxide + carbon dioxide
D. Magnesium + copper (II) oxide → magnesium oxide +
copper
E. Hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide → sodium
chloride + water
OIL RIG
Oxidation
Is
Loss electron
Reduction
Is
Gain electron
Oxidation and Reduction (Electron)
2Cu + O2 → 2CuO
Cu → Cu2+ + 2e- O2 + e- → 2CuO
Oxidation Reduction
• Copper has been oxidised, due to the gaining of oxygen
• What has been reduced? Explain
• Application of ionic equation to analyse the changes
• Copper atoms in the metal have become Cu2+ ions by losing its electrons
• Oxygen molecules in gas have split and become O2- ions by gaining electrons from copper
Oxidation and Reduction (Electron)
Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s)
Ionic equation Reduction
Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s)
Oxidation
Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2e- Cu2+(aq) + 2e- → Cu(s)
• Zinc atoms in the metal lost two • Cu2- ions in Copper (II) sulfate gained
two electrons and become copper
electrons and become Zn2+ ions
atoms in metal
Oxidation and Reduction (Electron)
Reduction
• Based on this ionic equation, it can clearly
Cl2(aq) + 2I- → 2Cl-(aq) + I2(aq) see the redox reaction
• It can also be separated into half ionic
Oxidation equation to represent the gain and loss of
Reduction electron
Cl2(g) + 2e- → 2Cl-(aq) • Chlorine atoms of molecule have gained
electrons to become chlorine ions
Oxidation • Iodine ions have lost electrons to form
iodine
2I-(aq) → I2(aq) + 2e-
4. Redox means reduction and oxidation. It can be
defined by loss and gain of oxygen or by loss and gain
Practice
of electrons.
a) Which definition is more useful?
b) Is it possible to have oxidation without reduction
in a chemical reaction? Explain your answer
Oxidising Agent
• Oxidising agent (also known as
oxidant or oxidiser) is a chemical
compound that readily transfer
oxygen atoms or substance that gains
electrons in redox reaction
• Oxidising agent oxidise other
substances and gains electrons, hence
oxidation number decrease
• E.g: Oxygen (air), hydrogen peroxide,
potassium manganate (VII) and
potassium dichromate (VI)
Reducing Agent
• Reducing agent (also known as
reductant or reducer) is the element or
compound in redox reaction that
reduce other species.
• It oxidised and therefore donated
electron in redox reaction
• Reducing agent reduces other
substance and lose electrons,
therefore oxidation number is
increased
• E.g: Hydrogen , carbon, carbon
monoxide, potassium iodide
Oxidising and
Reducing agent
In simple term
• Oxidising agent (oxidant) is reduced
• Reducing agent (reductant) is oxidised
Notes
• All atoms in a molecule can be
assigned an oxidation number
• This number changes when an oxidant
acts on a substrate
Nomenclature
• Name of several compounds are
written with Roman numerals
• Mostly often after names of transition
metals
• Such as copper (II) sulfate, Iron (II)
oxide and cobalt (II) chloride
• Due to variable valency, these metals
can form other ions in different
compounds
• This number is known as oxidation
number
Valency of metals
Transition metal Oxidation number Compounds
+1 Copper (I) oxide, Cu2O
Copper
+2 Copper (II) oxide, CuO
+2 Iron (II) chloride, FeCl2
Iron
+3 Iron (III) chloride, FeCl3
+2 Manganese (II) oxide, MnO
Manganese +4 Manganese (IV) oxide, MnO2
+7 Manganese (VII) oxide, Mn2O7
• The oxidation number of an element is the charge of an
Oxidation element if the element exists as an ion
• Also known as oxidation state
number • The rules in assigning the oxidation number of an
element are as follows
Rules of oxidation
number
• Oxidation number of the uncombined element is zero (0)
• Oxidation number of in a sample monoatomic ion is the change in the ion
• Oxidation number of hydrogen is usually +1
• Oxidation number of oxygen is usually -2
• Sum of the oxidation numbers in a compound is zero (0)
• Sum of the oxidation numbers in compound ion is the charge of the ion
Notes
Oxidation
• The oxidation number of an
element is increased
Reduction
• The oxidation number of an
element is decreased
Oxidation and Reduction (Oxid. number)
Oxidation
Zn(s) + Cu2+ (aq) → Zn2+ (aq) + Cu(s)
0 +2 +2 0
Reduction
• Oxidation number of Zinc has increased from 0 to +2
• Oxidation number of Cu2+ ions has decreased from +2 to 0
Oxidation and Reduction (Oxid. number)
Cl2(g) + 2Kl (aq) → 2KCl (aq) + I2(aq)
Ionic equation Reduction
Cl2(g) + l- (aq) → Cl- (aq) + I2(aq)
0 -1 -1 0
Oxidation
• Oxidation number of Chlorine gas has decreased from 0 to -1
• Oxidation number of I- ions has increased from -1 to 0
Oxidation and
Reduction
(Colour change)
• Potassium
manganate(VII), KMnO4,
common oxidising agent
(oxidant)
• Use to detect the
presence of reducing
agents
• Colour changes from
purple to colourless
Potassium manganate(VII)
Reduction
MnO4- + 8H+ → Mn2+ + 4H2O
+7 +2
Mn7+
• Oxidation number of manganese in manganate(VII) ion (MnO4-) is decreased from +7
to +2
• Due to the reduction, the manganate(VII) ion loses its purple colour and the solution
appears colourless
Oxidation and
Reduction
(Colour change)
• Potassium iodide, KI,
common reducing agent
(reductant)
• Use to detect the
presence of oxidising
agents
• The colour of the solution
changes from colourless
to yellow-brown
Potassium iodide
Oxidation
2I- → I2 + 2e-
-1 0
• Oxidation number of Iodide ion (I-) is increased from -1 to 0
• Due to the oxidation, the Iodide aqueous produced its yellow-brown colour from a
colourless I- ion
Practice
5. Define the following terms, giving
on example of each
a) An oxidising agent
b) A reducing agent
6. Complete the following
statement
_____________is the gain of electrons;
_____________is the loss of electrons.
During redox reaction the oxidising
agent ________________ electrons; the
oxidising agent itself _______________
during the reaction
Practice
7. What is the oxidation number of the element underlined in
the following elements, compounds and ions
a) Al3+
b) ClO3-
c) O3
d) PCl3
e) Cr2O72-
8. What is the oxidising agent in each of the following reaction
a) Mg(s) + ZnSO4(aq) → MgSO4(aq) + Zn(s)
b) Br2(aq) + 2KI(aq) → 2KBr(aq) + I2(aq)
c) 5Fe2+ + MnO4- + 8H+ → 5Fe3+(aq) + Mn2+(aq) + 4H2O(l)
9. Describe the colour change would see in reaction b) and c)
in question 8
Thank you