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Unit- ¥ DECISION ASStSaMENT | '
A Socision & Types *
Le A deciswen ean allocator of waswerees .
w ok Bs generat brewoble
Us Me parton whe has
allocabed .
complex ,
& A Aectsron makes
aadthn ty over fe rermaces ‘fol ao being
Ly pocterns sarge | from VeUy gynple te YY
and vou rasrowo ty vous byoad .
Ge Soot aren Siruatren telcos Aho ollaoing «
cy The eBjectiva fe be achieved
& poctenns saage frou vay Spe 12
raxrow te veuy brood «
by Dooi sivn Savation Helder the allorong :
cy The aBjectiva to be achieved .
iy Noods to bo ful filled -
WW Constyaidls G allaabas ossvctaled uth te act ton -
QW) These affects hy the docisin »
{y Peciawn options | alteanatives
(W Eevirenment in which all f ‘fee ove imbadded .
Wi) The expariantial Jand Uasity
andsoscstptive, Dedinp Asexinait
‘> Three Deciewn axsoxsmant Presiptive 8%
Rernative.
W Behavior to) Descitptive Decison Awewment *
> 2 concerned ccith the very in which hua,
in wea) sHustions aclually make decteons.
+H & intended to Inclde both fe pres wel b
Molo a dectswn G the actual dactewn thal is male
WD Normofive Dacor Auoxseaaot !
> TR %& copcrnad wif the doctanne Wet should be
rade Ff the daciston maker wicks to satiety some st f crdon|
> Naat astoms tat a satora) parson would
Gurely ogre with 4 pootulahed .
ONEAB) Prosesiphive Dacieton Aaowmont : :
HE pyelves Suegestons of appmpitade: decttoo hahavion,
‘Rot hunipeu fe formal nowmative appraches to enswe tak
tre preas wefledls tfo naod 4 mead pemple In wal decismn
Gruabons
> Danis ¢ Wann dewlopel a conflict tedel of Dei 0
moletng ‘tok voflects " simuflancous & opmamg tondincies
within the individual
The most Frequont Syroptones of Such cenfltch, at
best tabron , fockings 4 uncartainly , vaclladio & acube emotional ste
For Yiu reason his modd offen called as “bross-Bawd model’
Foe Tyra neotwon Axorssrent efints
UW) Dectemn crder corkain isues
W Peete under probabiishe uncerkaindy Teswes
WW Acts under Prbabilishe imprecision “iasues
AW Suciem anda inlprmaton imparfectn \esuas
W Deckenn under Conllid § Co-opesahon Yeucs .
=WD Becigrp_undtor cerfainfy Tacucs +
Ly ase ‘these in hich each albetralive actor resulls
in one & only ofa ovleome ¢ ‘fut oulcom \s suse fo occa.
WW Declgion_undor_pachahi litte eet any Facuos *
& aoe tice in which ono cover cudcom an
wrewulk From a given action Sa pending Ho stale of nature
@ toe Stabs ce wit known probabilities .
Cy nestgge under_prtabiicie mpmetonn Desir
Ly a those in which one of covarsh outcomes an rosulk
from a given achon deerding on He cabs rahue and
‘hue etebes ‘occa wif ynlaon ) Improdisel_proballihe
W Decisnmn undor Inhorimation Imperfockon Tssuat :
Sy 000 those in which cna cf Sevora) aukeome con
vedwlt from @ given action dapendlng on He stake o| rahwe
& thew chats occu wit Imparleclsy Specifial probaliies.
W Deora unl congured & co-epaatnn Tsuar :
Lea tos In which Thos is wom fan a single
decigon maha @ bhow Me beck 4 adtivtios of 010 Soereron
rok, acre nol Pacesartly known 4o all decision makou -W DT & PM foo dectstw under cerlaintt, ‘Mlushaakwon ,
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poplin a | 84 \6
oplon b qo Bo
oplwn 4(DTG Pm Ay Sbection Under Risk
aes, [ad [eh oe
Probotiitly | 2 : 2
Ophmn a Dy be 4 (9 -Ob.}
Option b 90 30 at 21-4
Oplmne | 3b | as 4a sb-ts |.
j f
(HY De® PM foe Sects undo probabtlishe
uncertainty 5Probability 2
pion a ou 9 60 DUP = bo!
Opinon b > 30 al D19 ~ 309)
opin < EG ys [va [ats |
(WW) DTG PM Aa Ungormaton imprecigyyn
{W) BT PM ft Umgormaton Imprecievon
© Veh Shee &
Ly Neoded for A watons |
W) The decision mekor howe can avenrn towards idk.
No, @ DM may be visk- prom ,
@ Net al consequcncrs axe easily quantified en tous 4
mondlany Value .
Formally , a wy efurchon is a metfenatical
tronsfoimvinon tal maps Ye ak of cleans of Soeien Prblem(ote gm tobesval of fo mal Ure. UF assigns a nuimeicd value
fe cade oulcome of a dcciswn preblem ,
\ Basic arsumpion farivms needed fy atlablih UT:
Any to aukeomas vesulling from a decieron ray be
tompaxd € pled ina prefacne cides,
Utne mou be assigned to lottena invelving cut corres
as will as to the euleoma . The fom “Lette " 2 defined as a
chance mechanism “fad fields cubeomes ey ,ea,--@n ccitfe
Probabiliien AP. Fy Tespectivey ,
Gi) 5f A Bs prefered ty cg © Ls profeved tm B, ton
for oufftcidly lage P, Me lelter] & profeasad toc.
44% Wnportant cenlitw in eslablisiing Hleun vonay
fquivalent (ome) .
(WW Theo 3s no Intrinsic rena) fr ffe Lolferios «
G& According to ity foory , the docteron maker
ahold sock to chem the allinsivwe a7
fe. yesulling ex packed wally (az).
| witch makesLy Thus, fa expected voluo of) lily,
mots FUSar y= mane 2 4 P(e; /a4)
fF
G& Ee ts ale called tha subjectie
expocked oAflity (£0).
LA Iothoy Ba Chane mechantem thal resulls tr
an cubeome with @ pite ©) tonaagquence e()) eat Pb Pl),
on cakeome with @ prize (o> Consaquance e (a) wilh Pb Pla)...
and an culcory uti a prim) Consquene e(y) with Pb ei.
the poobabiithes Ot) ast Ye hen-negative &
Le the poobabilitios At) wast be ho -nagahve §
Such “hol ‘Foy sar to of, % ot ,
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(hi) Indiffexcnce Nefiods
QO scomment “Ifaough Beasson Observalton
ly The vesk prondum 2s The ameunt ue aw willing to
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ae(ny = EO ~ce().
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rg “isk aveumon in fhe eral)” as ‘Yalx) 2-0 vi
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vik plaancee vtlX). rf
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&y A primany interest Sn MAUT & to Awuchoo &
anew te uly functna .
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whos yp > Udy func
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Fr aggregate the valucr ef Single abfribule oly fauth,
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be writer
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G Pres invlved to AUT
() Santi fy Poorman Ad aibubos
UD) ‘dont fy Hiewscy of Peformance Aftrbubes
ww ‘Ddanti fy Prysicad Palomar Measwsos
w ‘donhfy Reladen fren Lowest Level AM ribubes tp basis
W) Fotablist Relalive importance ang attributes
) Evaluahe mubtiph At vibub Value Gores
WH Conduck Sunstiihy Arabisis @ Commuricabe fosulls> Chawncloistis f MAUT
(0 Conmplebe.
(W Non-redurdant
() Decomposable
opiabe | Undowlandebl
©) Grall Six
+ Group Declan Noky & etn:
Ly Decitwrs offen ase ethan tmade By, qeoup of
instead of an jolaled individual .
iy “4 B Yea common fom of gqnup Lock on rrakaeg «
1D Voting approachas «
Plusality
Ly most tommen
voting Pues me vehieg
i ompatan Votiy:
Mn cach & eveuy voling se, “ihe winner ¢ woinness
oo decided according to wha 4 vwehng agile . 68 free 13 70
ora .a decison 2 made ciffes telat andlfue rund (2)
Jo choose wifes by some offcn moffird
poor
(h Peential problems vole votng :
W posadon of wing
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Wi) dvdiral_gociad vatfens _fanchon :
Ly Too Pakoms *
for all x @ 4, either ay wd ghar
a xy,42, why & yee iemely «Rz.
Axiom I -
fiom G@ - fou
LA rlaon Fat calisfis Axiom 1B aid to be
comected @ a relation “tak odisfias Ariom TBs aid to be eid,
WY Nodigications ty _achic fp_achiove Social) wool Funchen |
G a iedifeatens oppcat to be apprpriak ; |
T+ We coud Qeow wl yrsostitched ¢ Yon vepite the
Trapping +h id a tranittive Suid) order centained in 0,
TH wo could matted he at of adetubl profiles to ul)
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Gnlainad tr to.
(Cotten) goog) Funcom:
44 allows dovelopirant of a mnubhipleative grup
wth) funchon .b= .
G Tt 2 possible to mor Airoctty des) with expetty
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additive pookd .
Socal wafers Funston ¢
Ly swr Ba cat q src inliffeence nap condshng
“Whe Gecia) indiffircnce cusses (Sea) An Sie ivr He various
Combinedtons of ubitihes he. hoo inhividuals ‘fat consprise fo Sic
Aral rosull Wh ‘fo Gane eve) A Scud) wotfore (w),
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- da hoo tushtour
we flu ‘v v, Us? Wlilities
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ely. we
SWF = Wo (Us /U2, Un). ®
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S83 matn Approachas of, SOF 7
@ on-Samuolsod eyor
(® Avwvian ouok
W Gn's swr% Gploe tngveatg elinks fo Sylow tnptoniog Nosegavar
Le Ruponsibilition soil geroally induda ie prgram §
propel maragemncot [planning (acbode ng Costing , Sear bait
doadouhtp & ‘nkesactons with Cushmou & supplioss] ,
La” vou important feature @ need To ovqaattzahien
SB Neastey, MEstaker will coar 31 is hopad tial individuals
§ organk zabtons coun frome witstakes Such fiak “hings ave
dono bolfer nowt fimo’.
Riderabinn 2 ssaranonnk
Gituabion assoxsment
; Dotecon ofa prblow
ve Seon Kh Bypiens ee pra) ello
toa problem
‘Inwlemontaton of Af gelubron
Fraluahon of Hie cubcome -
ORGANIZATIONAL LEARNING:
Sneweasng Bectsnn Frequoncies
Tncraasing Decision Impcs|ts even
o
wi
®
aw
7)
w
(iy
Ls Tmportant chops in Bishan Mange mank +
Vonisied matogerast functors |
Plannit
bu genizing
Stabfi
D cai
Co-ordinahirg
Ro pos
Budgeting ;
1-Tysve Formulate
11 Environmental tonitow
12 Srvepmental urderstandi
[Pes pcor6]
—_ i
"3° Idontifiadion 4 infounechon Necds
Y Lderkfioatin of altouchiw. potersial Core of
actitn .
®% Tue Analisis
21 Sdontigicattion ch impacls f abkeinatives
22 Tine unig he alhernadives for ffectvoros3 Yewe Entuprataton
81 Eyaluahion of Each allformfive
3-3 election qf best alfornative
35 Druplelnenine the sleched alornakiwe .
wo Aston Engincnirg Orgastaatnnd Stuchus 3
ee re ea |
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co) {CS} ce} (Lea 1
cof {co} (Ey ee)
a yo Ee) we) eo
fol. Woo, (Le TJ
C3} |] nateterane J} design
Rotromarh tJ Gecton grag Qual Secheo
tac ose Sh
5 Hierarchical ( rurctionad lira) aston tngg- ogantiohSe)
Respur ‘wal ro i
os] bal
| JE E
cI
JAE
® Aystoms tng mot tine project rvernagereent
o Pagination af Systane Nanagerat >
many responsibil os o{ top-level sy
& Cooxdinalon of swe Faoneficadhon
& Tdonti fication 4 resources swoquuived
tho & sho.
bent maragemant
+ Defiaitivn & ceordi rab
4 Tntxpos with toP Love) roragesrort [obork % dowclopel),Why Sycham Enginoasing Ndtfinds | (3 metheds) .
F Wohusth asad Boer sawing $ Managment rests:
Ly & approaches . PERT & CPM. :
Gr PERT [ Progam Evaluation g Revie Technique)
Le com (Caficad Ratti Nath)
Gan a Nlw vwanageent wold , tho idontifred preecdan ca
rmlahons bho Vaiow activities ae displayed to fe fiom of lo,
thadh offer called a1 Pree diagramming
Pebihy 00 Wi © fay on Artin,
Ly Patahons :
Ww Aelivihy > Sequence of ‘pbs ( tasks
CY Predecotsor atkivity oa ‘remedial pnccal an achiily
UH) Suecouva auchvily ES Teomaintely follows ‘fe ackialy
W antecedent actly > prod ances achivty ards cnsiteadn
fem BoW derensent activity = mutt fillow an adkiily being consid
WD) but point =7 pale with & on ino succesus activities
(map pont >> pote chew 9 01 mowe activities
ox combined ,
> By chosbe:
Ly Bar chats [Gantt chat .
\ Sirople visual chauk -Like aid Fur prvjeck Planning
g Tmanagornont 2
> ox dete:
Ly Bar chads [Gantt chat
Ly Sitople view chouk -Lake add for pavject Planning
8 mont .
Ly chasls used to display ce Schedule af activites
ty Worizontal anis > Time Sale 3
Velial ois > Activitioswaa - estelladiy
EB - nmcitial «
4) = Slack Tre
W
Le" Paxels Principle” stakes tint a small) number ef,
blems ase oral
pole Gpnotally wesponsible fox tic wujoity of Aho
fl effects .
Costs Pesconk
» | too
wo .
al ©
= ho Aiypottoh cal
en ae Rasclto chat -
a
°
Project Achvites=> Coot Estimation watfieds &% tok) dost Braddon Ghuchmas !
Le sowtal cypmaches to estimate cost fa pwrject -
© Aral
© Rotfom up > (
WW) rxperk opinion
() Ruamolne makbs
©) Top down [-Dosign to Cost
WO Price ty win
Ly Appraches ‘thal roa be used to eetimalo of fist (tos! robes:
W direct Labor whe
W Jabor overhead vale | Braden
(ti) Gonatad G cutnetnistrative sabe
Ww Sinflahon soho
Profit
UG Appaachos ty coal as Preing strabegtas :
a) Futl cost pricing
(#) Tovestmont — pret
Promctioral prctng