UNIT – III

FUNCTIONS, ARRAYS

Fruitful functions: return values, parameters, local and global scope, function composition,

recursion; Strings: string slices, immutability, string functions and methods, string module;

Python arrays, Access the Elements of an Array, array methods.

Functions, Arrays:

Fruitful functions:

We write functions that return values, which we will call fruitful functions. We have seen

the return statement before, but in a fruitful function the return statement includes a return

value. This statement means: "Return immediately from this function and use the following

expression as a return value."

(or)

Any function that returns a value is called Fruitful function. A Function that does not return

a value is called a void function

Return values:

The Keyword return is used to return back the value to the called function.
# returns the area of a circle with the given radius:

def area(radius):

temp = 3.14 * radius**2

return temp

print(area(4))

(or)

def area(radius):

return 3.14 * radius**2

print(area(2))

Sometimes it is useful to have multiple return statements, one in each branch of a PYTHON
PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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return -x

else:

return x

Since these return statements are in an alternative conditional, only one will be executed.
As soon as a return statement executes, the function terminates without executing any

subsequent statements. Code that appears after a return statement, or any other place the

flow of execution can never reach, is called dead code.

In a fruitful function, it is a good idea to ensure that every possible path through the program

hits a return statement. For example:

def absolute_value(x):

if x < 0:

return -x

if x > 0:

return x

This function is incorrect because if x happens to be 0, both conditions is true, and the

function ends without hitting a return statement. If the flow of execution gets to the end of a

function, the return value is None, which is not the absolute value of 0.

>>> print absolute_value(0)

None

By the way, Python provides a built-in function called abs that computes absolute values.
# Write a Python function that takes two lists and returns True if they have at least one

common member.

def common_data(list1, list2):

for x in list1:

for y in list2:

if x == y:

result = True

return result

print(common_data([1,2,3,4,5], [1,2,3,4,5]))

print(common_data([1,2,3,4,5], [1,7,8,9,510]))

print(common_data([1,2,3,4,5], [6,7,8,9,10]))

Output:

C:\Users\MRCET\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python38-32\pyyy\[Link] PYTHON PROGRAMMING

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True
True

None

#-----------------

def area(radius):

b = 3.14159 * radius**2

return b

Parameters:

Parameters are passed during the definition of function while Arguments are passed during

the function call.

Example:

#here a and b are parameters

def add(a,b): #//function definition

return a+b

#12 and 13 are arguments

#function call

result=add(12,13)
print(result)

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

25

Some examples on functions:

# To display vandemataram by using function use no args no return type

#function defination

def display():

print("vandemataram")

print("i am in main") PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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#function call

display()

print("i am in main")

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
i am in main

vandemataram

i am in main

#Type1 : No parameters and no return type

def Fun1() :

print("function 1")

Fun1()

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

function 1

#Type 2: with param with out return type

def fun2(a) :

print(a)

fun2("hello")

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]
Hello

#Type 3: without param with return type

def fun3():

return "welcome to python"

print(fun3()) PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

welcome to python

#Type 4: with param with return type

def fun4(a):

return a

print(fun4("python is better then c"))

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

python is better then c

Local Scope:

A variable which is defined inside a function is local to that function. It is accessible from

the point at which it is defined until the end of the function, and exists for as long as the

function is executing

Global Scope:

A variable which is defined in the main body of a file is called a global variable. It will be

visible throughout the file, and also inside any file which imports that file.

 The variable defined inside a function can also be made global by using the global

statement.

def function_name(args):

.............

global x #declaring global variable inside a function

..............

# create a global variable PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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x = "global"

def f():

print("x inside :", x)

f()

print("x outside:", x)

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

x inside : global

x outside: global

# create a local variable

def f1():

y = "local"

print(y)

f1()

Output:

local
 If we try to access the local variable outside the scope for example,

def f2():

y = "local"

f2()

print(y)

Then when we try to run it shows an error,

Traceback (most recent call last):

File "C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]", line

6, in <module> PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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print(y)

NameError: name 'y' is not defined

The output shows an error, because we are trying to access a local variable y in a global

scope whereas the local variable only works inside f2() or local scope.

# use local and global variables in same code

x = "global"
def f3():

global x

y = "local"

x=x*2

print(x)

print(y)

f3()

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

globalglobal

local

 In the above code, we declare x as a global and y as a local variable in the f3(). Then,

we use multiplication operator * to modify the global variable x and we print

both x and y.

 After calling the f3(), the value of x becomes global global because we used the x *
2 to print two times global. After that, we print the value of local variable y i.e local.

# use Global variable and Local variable with same name

x=5

def f4():

x = 10

print("local x:", x)

f4()

print("global x:", x) PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

local x: 10

global x: 5

Function Composition:

Having two (or more) functions where the output of one function is the input for another. So

for example if you have two functions FunctionA and FunctionB you compose them by
doing the following.

FunctionB(FunctionA(x))

Here x is the input for FunctionA and the result of that is the input for FunctionB.

Example 1:

#create a function compose2

>>> def compose2(f, g):

return lambda x:f(g(x))

>>> def d(x):

return x*2

>>> def e(x):

return x+1

>>> a=compose2(d,e) # FunctionC = compose(FunctionB,FunctionA)

>>> a(5) # FunctionC(x)

12

In the above program we tried to compose n functions with the main function created.

Example 2:
>>> colors=('red','green','blue')

>>> fruits=['orange','banana','cherry']

>>> zip(colors,fruits) PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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<zip object at 0x03DAC6C8>

>>> list(zip(colors,fruits))

[('red', 'orange'), ('green', 'banana'), ('blue', 'cherry')]

Recursion:

Recursion is the process of defining something in terms of itself.

Python Recursive Function

We know that in Python, a function can call other functions. It is even possible for the

function to call itself. These type of construct are termed as recursive functions.

Factorial of a number is the product of all the integers from 1 to that number. For example,

the factorial of 6 (denoted as 6!) is 1*2*3*4*5*6 = 720.

Following is an example of recursive function to find the factorial of an integer.

# Write a program to factorial using recursion

if x==0:

result = 1

else :

result = x * fact(x-1)

return result

print("zero factorial",fact(0))

print("five factorial",fact(5))

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

zero factorial 1

five factorial 120

----------------------

def calc_factorial(x):

"""This is a recursive function

to find the factorial of an integer"""

return 1

else:

return (x * calc_factorial(x-1)) PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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num = 4

print("The factorial of", num, "is", calc_factorial(num))

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

The factorial of 4 is 24

Strings:

A string is a group/ a sequence of characters. Since Python has no provision for arrays,

we simply use strings. This is how we declare a string. We can use a pair of single or

double quotes. Every string object is of the type ‘str’.

>>> type("name")

<class 'str'>
>>> name=str()

>>> name

''

>>> a=str('mrcet')

>>> a

'mrcet'

>>> a=str(mrcet)

>>> a[2]

'c'

>>> fruit = 'banana'

>>> letter = fruit[1]

The second statement selects character number 1 from fruit and assigns it to letter. The

expression in brackets is called an index. The index indicates which character in the

sequence we want

String slices:

A segment of a string is called a slice. Selecting a slice is similar to selecting a character:

in the beginning of the string and working their way from -1 at the end.

Slice out substrings, sub lists, sub Tuples using index.

Syntax:[Start: stop: steps]

 Slicing will start from index and will go up to stop in step of steps.

 Default value of start is 0, PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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 Stop is last index of list

 And for step default is 1

For example 1−

str = 'Hello World!'

print str # Prints complete string

print str[0] # Prints first character of the string

print str[2:5] # Prints characters starting from 3rd to 5th

print str[2:] # Prints string starting from 3rd character print

str * 2 # Prints string two times

Output:

Hello World!

llo

llo World!

Hello World!Hello World!

Hello World!TEST

Example 2:

>>> x='computer'

>>> x[1:4]

'omp'

>>> x[1:6:2]

'opt'

>>> x[3:] PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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'puter'

>>> x[:5]

'compu'

>>> x[-1]

'r'

>>> x[-3:]

'ter'

>>> x[:-2]

'comput'

>>> x[::-2]

'rtpo'

>>> x[::-1]

'retupmoc'

Immutability:

It is tempting to use the [] operator on the left side of an assignment, with the intention of

changing a character in a string.

>>> greeting='mrcet college!'

>>> greeting[0]='n'

TypeError: 'str' object does not support item assignment

The reason for the error is that strings are immutable, which means we can’t change an

existing string. The best we can do is creating a new string that is a variation on the original:

>>> greeting = 'Hello, world!'

>>> new_greeting = 'J' + greeting[1:]

>>> new_greeting

'Jello, world!'

Note: The plus (+) sign is the string concatenation operator and the asterisk (*) is the

repetition operator PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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String functions and methods:

There are many methods to operate on String.

[Link] Method name Description

characters are alphanumeric and false otherwise.

2. isalpha() Returns true if string has at least 1 character and all

characters are alphabetic and false otherwise.

3. isdigit() Returns true if string contains only digits and false

otherwise.

4. islower() Returns true if string has at least 1 cased character and all cased

characters are in lowercase and false

otherwise.

5. isnumeric() Returns true if a string contains only numeric

characters and false otherwise.

6. isspace() Returns true if string contains only whitespace

characters and false otherwise.

7. istitle() Returns true if string is properly “titlecased” and

false otherwise.

8. isupper() Returns true if string has at least one cased character and all
cased characters are in uppercase

and false otherwise.

9. replace(old, new

[, max])

Replaces all occurrences of old in string with new

or at most max occurrences if max given.

10. split() Splits string according to delimiter str (space if not

provided) and returns list of substrings;

11. count() Occurrence of a string in another string

12. find() Finding the index of the first occurrence of a string

in another string

13. swapcase() Converts lowercase letters in a string to uppercase

and viceversa

14. startswith(str,

beg=0,end=le

n(string))
Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index

beg and ending index end are given) starts with substring str;

returns true if so and false

otherwise.

Note:

All the string methods will be returning either true or false as the result

1. isalnum(): PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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Isalnum() method returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are

alphanumeric and false otherwise.

Syntax:

[Link]()

Example:

>>> string="123alpha"

>>> [Link]() True

2. isalpha():
isalpha() method returns true if string has at least 1 character and all characters are

alphabetic and false otherwise.

Syntax:

[Link]()

Example:

>>> string="nikhil"

>>> [Link]()

True

3. isdigit():

isdigit() returns true if string contains only digits and false otherwise.

Syntax:

[Link]()

Example:

>>> string="123456789"

>>> [Link]()

True
4. islower():

Islower() returns true if string has characters that are in lowercase and false otherwise.

Syntax: PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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[Link]()

Example:

>>> string="nikhil"

>>> [Link]()

True

5. isnumeric():

isnumeric() method returns true if a string contains only numeric characters and false

otherwise.

Syntax:

[Link]()

Example:

>>> string="123456789"
>>> [Link]()

True

6. isspace():

isspace() returns true if string contains only whitespace characters and false otherwise.

Syntax:

[Link]()

Example:

>>> string=" "

>>> [Link]()

True

7. istitle()

istitle() method returns true if string is properly “titlecased”(starting letter of each word is

capital) and false otherwise

Syntax:

[Link]() PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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Example:

>>> string="Nikhil Is Learning"

>>> [Link]()

True

8. isupper()

isupper() returns true if string has characters that are in uppercase and false otherwise.

Syntax:

[Link]()

Example:

>>> string="HELLO"

>>> [Link]()

True

9. replace()

replace() method replaces all occurrences of old in string with new or at most max

occurrences if max given.

Syntax:
[Link]()

Example:

>>> string="Nikhil Is Learning"

>>> [Link]('Nikhil','Neha')

'Neha Is Learning'

[Link]()

split() method splits the string according to delimiter str (space if not provided)

Syntax:

[Link]()

Example:

>>> string="Nikhil Is Learning"

>>> [Link]() PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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['Nikhil', 'Is', 'Learning']

[Link]()

count() method counts the occurrence of a string in another string Syntax:

Example:

>>> string='Nikhil Is Learning'

>>> [Link]('i')

[Link]()

Find() method is used for finding the index of the first occurrence of a string in another

string

Syntax:

[Link](„string‟)

Example:

>>> string="Nikhil Is Learning"

>>> [Link]('k')

[Link]()

converts lowercase letters in a string to uppercase and viceversa

[Link](„string‟)

Example:

>>> string="HELLO"

>>> [Link]()

'hello'

[Link]()

Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index end are

given) starts with substring str; returns true if so and false otherwise. PYTHON PROGRAMMING III
YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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Syntax:

[Link](„string‟)

Example:

>>> string="Nikhil Is Learning"

>>> [Link]('N')
True

[Link]()

Determines if string or a substring of string (if starting index beg and ending index end are

given) ends with substring str; returns true if so and false otherwise.

Syntax:

[Link](„string‟)

Example:

>>> string="Nikhil Is Learning"

>>> [Link]('g')

True

String module:

This module contains a number of functions to process standard Python strings. In recent

versions, most functions are available as string methods as well.

It’s a built-in module and we have to import it before using any of its constants and classes

Syntax: import string

Note:
help(string) --- gives the information about all the variables ,functions, attributes and classes

to be used in string module.

Example:

import string

print(string.ascii_letters)

print(string.ascii_lowercase)

print(string.ascii_uppercase)

print([Link]) PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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print([Link])

#print([Link])

print([Link])

Output:

C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

=========================================

abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

0123456789

0123456789abcdefABCDEF

!"#$%&'()*+,-./:;<=>?@[\]^_`{|}~

Python String Module Classes

Python string module contains two classes – Formatter and Template.

Formatter

It behaves exactly same as [Link]() function. This class becomes useful if you want to

subclass it and define your own format string syntax.

Syntax: from string import Formatter

Template

This class is used to create a string template for simpler string substitutions

Syntax: from string import Template

Python arrays:

Array is a container which can hold a fix number of items and these items should be of the
same type. Most of the data structures make use of arrays to implement their algorithms.

Following are the important terms to understand the concept of Array.

 Element− Each item stored in an array is called an element.

 Index − Each location of an element in an array has a numerical index, which is used

to identify the element.

Array Representation PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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Arrays can be declared in various ways in different languages. Below is an illustration.

Elements

Int array [10] = {10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 85, 90}

Type Name Size Index 0

As per the above illustration, following are the important points to be considered.

 Index starts with 0.

 Array length is 10 which means it can store 10 elements.

 Each element can be accessed via its index. For example, we can fetch an element at

index 6 as 70
Basic Operations

Following are the basic operations supported by an array.

 Traverse − print all the array elements one by one.

 Insertion − Adds an element at the given index.

 Deletion − Deletes an element at the given index.

 Search − Searches an element using the given index or by the value.

 Update − Updates an element at the given index.

Array is created in Python by importing array module to the python program. Then the

array is declared as shown below.

from array import *

arrayName=array(typecode, [initializers])

Typecode are the codes that are used to define the type of value the array will hold. Some

common typecodes used are:

Typecode Value

b Represents signed integer of size 1 byte/td>

B Represents unsigned integer of size 1 byte PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET
75

c Represents character of size 1 byte

i Represents signed integer of size 2 bytes

I Represents unsigned integer of size 2 bytes

f Represents floating point of size 4 bytes

d Represents floating point of size 8 bytes

Creating an array:

from array import *

array1 = array('i', [10,20,30,40,50])

for x in array1:

print(x)

Output:

>>>

RESTART: C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/[Link]

10

20
30

40

50

Access the elements of an Array:

Accessing Array Element

We can access each element of an array using the index of the element.

from array import *

array1 = array('i', [10,20,30,40,50])

print (array1[0])

print (array1[2]) PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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Output:

RESTART: C:/Users/MRCET/AppData/Local/Programs/Python/Python38-32/pyyy/[Link]

10

30

Array methods:
Python has a set of built-in methods that you can use on lists/arrays.

Method Description

append() Adds an element at the end of the list

clear() Removes all the elements from the list

copy() Returns a copy of the list

count() Returns the number of elements with the specified value

extend() Add the elements of a list (or any iterable), to the end of the current list

index() Returns the index of the first element with the specified value

insert() Adds an element at the specified position

pop() Removes the element at the specified position

remove() Removes the first item with the specified value

reverse() Reverses the order of the list

sort() Sorts the list PYTHON PROGRAMMING III YEAR/II SEM MRCET

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Note: Python does not have built-in support for Arrays, but Python Lists can be used instead.

Example:
>>> college=["mrcet","it","cse"]

>>> [Link]("autonomous")

>>> college

['mrcet', 'it', 'cse', 'autonomous']

>>> [Link]("eee")

>>> [Link]("ece")

>>> college

['mrcet', 'it', 'cse', 'autonomous', 'eee', 'ece']

>>> [Link]()

'ece'

>>> college

['mrcet', 'it', 'cse', 'autonomous', 'eee']

>>> [Link](4)

'eee'

>>> college

['mrcet', 'it', 'cse', 'autonomous']

>>> college

['mrcet', 'cse', 'autonomous']