Date:

Experiment-1

Aim: To study about various network cables.

Theory:
Networking cables are networking hardware used to connect one network device to other
network devices or to connect two or more computers to share printers, scanners etc.
Different types of network cables, such as coaxial cable, optical fiber cable, and twisted pair
cables, are used depending on the network's physical layer, topology, and size. The device can
be separated by a few meters (e.g. via Ethernet) or nearly unlimited distances (e.g. via the
interconnections of the Internet).
Cable is the medium through which information usually moves from one network device to
another. The type of cable chosen for a network is related to the network's topology, protocol,
and size.
Procedure:
1. Purchasing Ethernet cables can be quite expensive and pre-made lengths are not always
the length you need. Making Ethernet cables is easy with a box of bulk Category 5e
Ethernet cable and RJ-45 connectors that are attached to the cut ends of your preferred
cable length.
2. There are two kinds of Ethernet cables you can make, Straight Through and Crossover.

2.1) STRAIGHT THROUGH- Ethernet cables are the standard cable used for almost all
purposes, and are often called "patch cables". It is highly recommended you duplicate the
colour order as shown on the left. Note how the green pair is not side-by-side as are all the
other pairs. This configuration allows for longer wire runs.

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2.2) CROSSOVER CABLES-The purpose of a Crossover Ethernet cable is to directly

connect one computer to another computer (or device) without going through a router, switch
or hub.
3. Cut into the plastic sheath about 1 inch (2.5 cm) from the end of the cut cable. The crimping
tool has a razor blade that will do the trick with practice.
4. Unwind and pair the similar colours. Pinch the wires between your fingers and straighten
them out as shown. The colour order is important to get correct.
5. Use scissors to make a straight cut across the 8 wires to shorten them to 1/2 Inch (1.3 cm)
from the cut sleeve to the end of the wires. Carefully push all 8 unstripped coloured wires into
the connector. Note the position of the blue plastic sleeve. Also note how the wires go all the
way to the end.
6. CRIMPING THE CABLE - carefully place the connector into the Ethernet Crimper and
cinch down on the handles tightly. The copper splicing tabs on the connector will pierce into
each of the eight wires. There is also a locking tab that holds the blue plastic sleeve in place
for a tight compression fit. When you remove the cable from the crimper. that end is ready to
use.
7. For a standard "Straight Through" cable, repeat all steps and wire colour order on the other
end of cable. For a crossover cable, the other end will have a different colour order as shown
by the crossover picture above.

Types of cables used in networks

The following sections discuss the types of cables used in networks:
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable
 Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable
 Coaxial Cable
 Fiber Optic Cable
 Cable Installation Guide
 Wireless LANs
 Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable

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1. Twisted Pair Cable

A twisted pair cable is a type of cable made by putting two separate insulated wires together in a
twisted pattern and running them parallel to each other. This type of cable is widely used in
different kinds of data and voice infrastructures.

1. Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) Cable:

Unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables are widely used in the computer and
telecommunications industry as Ethernet cables and telephone wires. In an UTP cable,
conductors which form a single circuit are twisted around each other in order to cancel out
electromagnetic interference (EMI) from external sources. Unshielded means no additional
shielding like meshes or aluminium foil, which add bulk, are used.

1. Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) Cable:

Often abbreviated STP, a type of copper telephone wiring in which each of the two copper
wires that are twisted together are coated with an insulating coating that functions as a ground
for the wires. The extra covering in shielded twisted pair wiring protects the transmission line
from electromagnetic interference leaking into or out of the cable. STP cabling often is used in
Ethernet networks, especially fast data rate Ethernets.
1. Coaxial Cable:
A coaxial cable is a type of shielded and insulated copper cable that is used in computer
networks and to deliver cable TV services to end users. It is used for both baseband and
broadband data communication services.
coaxial cable is also known as coax, which is derived from the geometric axis created between
a shield and insulator.
It consists of four primary components, as follows:
A core copper wire, which serves as the primary channel.

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A dielectric plastic insulator, which surrounds the copper.

A braided copper/aluminium sheath beneath the insulator. This is used to protect from external
electromagnetic interference.
The last layer, which is made of Teflon or plastic coating, is used to protect the inner layers
from physical damage, such as fire and water.
Coaxial cables tend to carry signals at a greater distance and are a good choice for weak
signals, due to their layered protection.

1. Fiber Optic Cable:

An optical fiber cable is a type of cable that has a number of optical fibers bundled together,
which are normally covered in their individual protective plastic covers. Optical cables are
used to transfer digital data signals in the form of light up to distances of hundreds of miles
with higher throughput rates than those achievable via electrical communication cables. All
optical fibers use a core of hair-like transparent silicon covered with less refractive indexed
cladding to avoid light leakage to the surroundings. Due to the extreme sensitivity of the
optical fiber, it is normally covered with a high-strength, lightweight protective material like
Kevlar.

a. USB Cables:
Most universal serial cable (USB) connect a computer with a Peripheral device (keyboard or
mouse) rather than to another computer. USB cables feature twisted pair wiring.

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1. Patch Cables:
A patch cable is an electrical or optical cable used to connect one electronic device to another
towards building infrastructure for signal routing. Devices of different types (e.g. a switch
connected to a computer, or a switch connected to a router) are connected with patch cables.
Patch cables are usually produced in many different colours so as to be easily distinguishable.
and most are relatively short, no longer than a few meters.

1. Cross-Over Cables:
A crossover cable is a cable that is used to interconnect two computers by "crossing over"
(reversing) their respective pin contacts. Possible reasons to connect two computers directly
to each other include:
Playing a game competitively (one person at each computer) with fast response time.
Testing one computer by examining its behaviour at the other computer.
Saving the cost of a hub when you want to interconnect two devices in the same home or
office.

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1. Serial-Parallel Cables:
Because many PCs in the 1980s and early 1990s lacked Ethernet Capability and USBI had
not been developed yet. Real and parallel interfaces (obsolete on modern computer) were
sometimes used for PC-to-PC networking. So called null model cables, for example. connected
the serial ports of two PCs enabling the data transfer at speeds between 0.115 and 0.45 Mbps.

Result:
We have successfully studied about various types of cables used in networking

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Experiment-2

Aim: To study about Cisco Packet Tracer.

System Requirements:
 Microsoft Windows (7/8.1/10) or Linux Ubuntu (14.04 64- bits).
 At least Pentium 4 (2.5 GHz)
 A minimum of 4 GB RAM (4GB Recommended)700 MB of storage space
 A minimum screen resolution of 1024 X 768.

Theory:
Cisco Packet Tracer is a powerful network simulation program that allows students to
experiment with network behaviour and ask "what if questions. As an integral part of the
Networking Academy comprehensive learning experience, Packet Tracer provides simulation,
visualization, authoring. assessment, and collaboration capabilities to facilitate the teaching
and learning of complex technology concepts.

Packet Tracer supplements physical equipment in the classroom by allowing people

(specifically students) to create a network with an almost unlimited number of devices,
encouraging practice discovery, and troubleshooting. The simulation-based learning
environment helps students develop 21st century skills such as decision making, créative and
critical thinking, and problem solving. Packet Tracer complements the Networking Academy
curriculum, allowing instructors to easily teach and demonstrate complex technical concepts
and networking systems design.
Instructors can customize individual or multiuser activities, providing hands-on lessons for
students that offer value and relevance in their classrooms. Students can build, configure, and
troubleshoot networks using virtual equipment and simulated connections, alone or in
collaboration with other students. Packet Tracer offers an effective, interactive environment
for learning networking concepts and protocols. Most importantly, Packet Tracer helps
students and instructors create their own virtual "network worlds" for exploration,
experimentation, and explanation of networking concepts and technologies.

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Fig.2.1 Cisco Packet Tracer

Packet tracer Workspaces: Cisco Packet Tracer has two workspaces- logical and physical. The
logical workspace allows users to build logical network Topologies by placing, connecting,
and clustering virtual network devices. The Physical workspace provides a graphical physical
dimension of the logical network, giving a sense of scale and placement in how network
devices such as routers, switches, and hosts would look in a real environment. The physical
View also provides geographic representations of networks, including multiple cities,
buildings, and wiring closets.

Fig 2.2 Workspaces in Cisco Packet Tracer

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Packet Tracer Modes: Cisco Packet Tracer provides two operating modes to visualize the
behaviour of a network-real-time mode and simulation mode. In real-time mode the network
behaves as real devices do, with immediate real-time response for all network activities. The
real-time mode gives students a viable alternative to real equipment and allows them to gain
configuration practice before working with real equipment. In simulation mode the user can
see and control time intervals, the inner workings of data transfer, and the propagation of data
across a network. This helps students understand the fundamental concepts behind network
operations. A solid understanding of network fundamentals can help accelerate learning about
related concepts.

Fig 2.3 Utility Tools in Cisco Packet Tracer

Tools can be accessed from the top bar, left-hand bar, and bottom bar.

Result:
We have successfully studied about the Cisco Packet Tracer software.

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Experiment-3

Aim:
To establish a PC to PC connection.

System Requirements:
Cisco Packet Tracer.

Theory:

IP Address:
An IP address is a unique address that identifies a device on the internet or a local network. IP
stands for "Internet Protocol," which is the set of rules governing the format of data sent via
the internet or local network.
In essence, IP addresses are the identifier that allows information to be sent between devices
on a network: they contain location information and make devices accessible for
communication. The internet needs a way to differentiate between different computers,
routers, and websites. IP addresses provide a way of doing so and form an essential part of
how the internet works.
Subnet Mask:
A subnet mask is a 32-bit number created by setting host bits to all 0s and setting network bits
to all 1s. In this way, the subnet mask separates the IP address into the network and host
addresses. The "255" address is always assigned to a broadcast address, and the "0" address is
always assigned to a network address. Neither can be assigned to hosts, as they are reserved for
these special purposes.
The IP address, subnet mask and gateway or router comprise an underlying structure -- the
Internet Protocol-- that most networks use to facilitate inter-device communication.
When organizations need additional subnetworking, subnetting divides the host element of
the IP address further into a subnet. The goal of subnet masks is simply to enable the
subnetting process. The phrase "mask" is applied because the subnet mask essentially uses its
own 32-bit number to mask the IP address.
Procedure:
Step 1:
Open Cisco Packet Tracer and add two end devices (PC in here). After this double click on
PC1 to open the configuration window.

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Step 2:
In the configuration window click on Fast Ethernet0 and in that enter the IP address of your
choice and hit enter to get the subnet mask. Do this for both the PC's,

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Step 3:
Now click on connections and select the type of wire through which you want to make a
connection (Copper Cross-over wire in this case). You will also see 2 green dots appearing on
both the ends of wire. These dots represent that both the ports are active.

Step 4:Now click on the message box in the top bar and click on PCO and then on PCI. If
everything is done right then we will see a successful message displayed in the right corner.

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Result:
PC to PC connection has been established successfully.

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Experiment-4

Aim:
To design and simulate the star topology network (using switch and hub) using the CISCO
PACKET TRACER.

System Requirements:
Cisco Packet Tracer.

Theory:

Star Topology:

A star topology is a topology for a Local Area Network (LAN) in which all nodes are
individually connected to a central connection point, like a hub or a switch. A star takes more
cable than e.g. a bus, but the benefit is that if a cable fails, only one node will be brought
down.
All traffic emanates from the hub of the star. The central site is in control of all the nodes
attached to it. The central hub is usually a fast, self-contained computer and is responsible for
routing all traffic to other nodes. The main advantages of a star network are that one
malfunctioning node does not affect the rest of the network. However, this type of network
can be prone to bottleneck. and failure problems at the central site.

Procedure:
 Adding PCS or Laptops
From the network component box, click on End Devices and drag-and-drop a Generic PC
icon and a Generic laptop icon into the Workspace.
 Adding hubs
To add a hub in Cisco Packet Tracer, click the hub icon and then select the hub type and
add it into the workspace.

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Fig 4.1 Adding hub with PCs.

 ·Adding switch
To add a switch in Cisco Packet Tracer, click the switch icon and then select the switch
and add it into the workspace.

Fig 4.2 Adding switch with PCs.

Making the connections
Use suitable cables to connect the devices.
 Configuration of the devices
To configure the IP address of an interface, we configure all PC one by one click on pc,
open DESKTOP window and fill IP Address.

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 Sending the message

1. Select a PC which act us source to carry message and drop a message there
2. Select another PC which will act as the destination PC.
3. Check the status of the delivery of message.

Fig 4.3 Message transmission between PCs using a hub.

Fig 4.4 Message transmission between PCs using a switch.

Result:
Simulation of star topology network using switch and hub has been done successfully.

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Experiment-5
Aim: Create ring and bus topology using Cisco Packet Tracer.
Requirement:
Cisco Packet Tracer.

Theory:
Bus Topology:

Bus topology is a type of network configuration where all devices are

connected to a single communication line called a bus. Data transmission
occurs through this central bus, allowing devices to communicate with each
other. Any device can transmit data onto the bus, and all other devices
receive the data, but only the intended recipient processes it. While easy to
set up and cost-effective, bus topology can suffer from network slowdowns
if too many devices are connected or if the main bus fails, disrupting
communication for all connected devices.
Procedure:
 Adding PCs and laptops.
From the network component box, click on End Devices and drag-and-drop
a Generic PC icon and a Generic laptop icon into the Workspace.
 Adding switch.
For ring topology, to add a switch in Cisco Packet Tracer, click the switch
icon and then select the switch and add it into the workspace as shown in
below Fig 5.1.

Fig 5.1

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 Making the connections.

Use suitable cables to connect the devices, for creating working Ring and
Bus Topology in Cisco Packet Tracer we need following two types of
connections:
1. Connection between a Computer and Switch via Straight-Through Cable
2. Connection among Switches using Cross-Over Cable.
 Configuration of the devices.
To configure the IP address of an interface, we configure all PC one by
one click on pc. open DESKTOP window and fill IP Address.
 Sending the message.
o Select a PC which act as a source to send message and drop a message
there.
o Select another PC which will act as the destination PC.
o Check the status of delivery of the message.

Fig 5.2

Result:
Creation of ring and bus topology using Cisco Packet Tracer has been done successfully.

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Experiment-6
Aim:
Running and using services/ commands like ping, trace, nslookup, arp, ftp etc.

Theory:
Introduction:

1) Date Command
The date command in the Windows Command Prompt is used to display
or set the system date. If used without parameters, date displays the
current system date setting and prompts you to enter a new date

2) Time Command
The time command in the Windows Command Prompt is used to display
or set the system time. If used without parameters, time displays the
current system time setting and prompts you to enter a new time.

3) Echo Command
The date command in Windows Command Prompt (CMD) is used to
display or change the system date

4) Ver Command
The ver command in Windows Command Prompt (CMD) is used to display the
name and version of the operating system, the command shell, or in some
implementations the version of other commands

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5) ipconfig Command
The ipconfig command in Windows Command Prompt (CMD) is a
powerful command- line tool that allows you to configure your
computer’s TCP/IP settings

5.1) ipconfig/all Command

The ipconfig /all command is a command that you can enter in your
Windows Command Prompt to view the full TCP/IP configuration for
all network interfaces on your machine.

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5.2) ipconfig/renew Command

The ipconfig /all command is a command that you can enter in your
Windows Command Prompt to view the full TCP/IP configuration for
all network interfaces on your machine.

6) Ping Command
The Ping command is a command in Windows Command Prompt
(CMD) is a command-line utility that is used to test and diagnose
connectivity-related issues on a network.

7) Route Command
The Route command is a command in Windows Command Prompt
(CMD) is a command-line utility that allows you to view and
manipulate the IP routing table on your computer.

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8) PathPing Command
The Path Ping command is a command in Windows Command Prompt
(CMD) is a network troubleshooting tool that combines the
functionality of ping and tracer.

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9) Tracert Command
The Path Ping command is a command in Windows Command Prompt (CMD) is a
command-line tool that allows you to use a set of computer network diagnostic commands
to troubleshoot TCP/IP problems.

Result:
In conclusion, these network diagnostic tools are indispensable for system administrators, network
engineers, and anyone responsible for maintaining network infrastructure. They offer valuable insights
into network performance, connectivity issues, and help in resolving problems efficiently.

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Experiment-7
Aim:
To configure a Network using Distance Vector Routing protocol.

Theory:
Distance Vector Routing is a type of routing algorithm used by routers in computer networks to dynamically calculate the
best path for forwarding packets to their destination based on distance metrics

Procedure:
1. Develop a Topology shown in figure given below.
2. Configure all Routers
3. Implement RIP protocols in Router to configure Network.

Router0 configuration....
Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no

Press RETURN to get started!

Router>Router>en

Router#config t

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.

Router(config)#hostname router0

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router0(config)#int lo0

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up

router0(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
router0(config‐if)#int f0/0
router0(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link] router0(config‐
if)#no shut

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up router0(config‐if)#int f0/1

router0(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link] router0(config‐
if)#no shut

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

router0(config‐if)#end
%SYS‐5‐CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console
router0#wr
Building configuration... [OK]
router0# router0#
%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed

state to up router0 con0 is now available

Press RETURN to get started. router0>

router0>en
router0#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. router0(config)#router rip
router0(config‐router)#net [Link]
router0(config‐router)#
router0(config‐router)#end
%SYS‐5‐CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console router0#show ip route

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Codes: C ‐ connected, S ‐ static, I ‐ IGRP, R ‐ RIP, M ‐ mobile, B ‐ BGP D ‐ EIGRP, EX ‐EIGRP

external, O ‐ OSPF, IA ‐ OSPF inter area
N1 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 ‐ OSPF external type 1, E2 ‐
OSPF external type 2, E ‐ EGP
i ‐ IS‐IS, L1 ‐ IS‐IS level‐1, L2 ‐ IS‐IS level‐2, ia ‐ IS‐IS inter area
* ‐ candidate default, U ‐ per‐user static route, o ‐ ODR P ‐ periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set [Link]/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets

C [Link] is directly connected, Loopback0
C [Link] is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C [Link] is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/1 router0#
router0#
Router1 Configuration.....
Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no Press
RETURN to get started!
Router>enable Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#int lo0

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up Router(config‐if)#ip
address [Link] [Link]
Router(config‐if)#no shut Router(config‐
if)#int f0/1
Router(config‐if)#ip address [Link]
[Link] Router(config‐if)#no shut

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to

up Router(config‐if)#int f0/0
Router(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link] Router(config‐if)#no shut

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Router(config‐if)#end
%SYS‐5‐CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console Router#wr Building
configuration... [OK]

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Router# Router# Router#

%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up Router

con0 is now available

Press RETURN to get started.

Router> Router>en Router#con t

% Ambiguous command: "con t" Router#co t

% Ambiguous command: "co t" Router#conf t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#router rip
Router(config‐router)#net [Link] Router(config‐router)# Router(config‐router)# Router(config‐router)#end
%SYS‐5‐CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console Router#
Router2 Configuration.....

Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no Press RETURN to get started!

Router>enRouter#config tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#int
lo0

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up
Router(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link]
Router(config‐if)#no shut Router(config‐
if)#int f0/0
Router(config‐if)#ip address [Link]
[Link] Router(config‐if)#no shut

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up Router(config‐if)#int
f0/1
Router(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link] Router(config‐if)#no shut

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up Router(config‐if)#End

%SYS‐5‐CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console

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Router#wr
Building configuration... [OK]
Router#
Router# Router#
%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
Router con0 is now available Press RETURN to
get started.
Router>
Router> Router>en
Router#show ip route

Codes: C ‐ connected, S ‐ static, I ‐ IGRP, R ‐ RIP, M ‐ mobile, B ‐ BGP D ‐ EIGRP, EX ‐EIGRP external,
O ‐ OSPF, IA ‐ OSPF inter area
N1 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 ‐ OSPF external type 1, E2 ‐
OSPF external type 2, E ‐ EGP
i ‐ IS‐IS, L1 ‐ IS‐IS level‐1, L2 ‐ IS‐IS level‐2, ia ‐ IS‐IS inter area

*‐ candidate default, U ‐ per‐user static route, o ‐ ODR P ‐ periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set [Link]/24 is subnetted, 3 subnets C

[Link] is directly connected, Loopback0
C [Link] is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 C [Link] is directly connected,
FastEthernet0/1 Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#router rip
Router(config‐router)#net [Link] Router(config‐router)#end
%SYS‐5‐CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console Router# Router#
Router#show ip route
Codes: C ‐ connected, S ‐ static, I ‐ IGRP, R ‐ RIP, M ‐ mobile, B ‐ BGP D ‐ EIGRP, EX ‐EIGRP external,
O ‐ OSPF, IA ‐ OSPF inter area
N1 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 ‐ OSPF external type 1, E2 ‐
OSPF external type 2, E ‐ EGP
i ‐ IS‐IS, L1 ‐ IS‐IS level‐1, L2 ‐ IS‐IS level‐2, ia ‐ IS‐IS inter area

*‐ candidate default, U ‐ per‐user static route, o ‐ ODR P ‐ periodic downloaded static route
Gateway of last resort is not set [Link]/24 is subnetted, 7 subnets
R [Link] [120/2] via [Link], 00:00:19, FastEthernet0/0
R [Link] [120/1] via [Link], 00:00:19, FastEthernet0/0
C [Link] is directly connected, Loopback0
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R [Link] [120/1] via [Link], 00:00:19, FastEthernet0/0

R [Link] [120/2] via [Link], 00:00:19, FastEthernet0/0
C [Link] is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
C [Link] is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 Router#

Router#
Route

Router3 Configuration.......
Continue with configuration dialog? [yes/no]: no

Press RETURN to get started! Router> Router>en

Router#config t
Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#int lo0

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface Loopback0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface Loopback0, changed state to up Router(config‐if)#int f0/0
Router(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link] Router(config‐if)#no shut

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/0, changed state to up
Router(config‐if)#
Router(config‐if)#int f0/1
Router(config‐if)#ip address [Link] [Link] Router(config‐if)#no shut

%LINK‐5‐CHANGED: Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up

%LINEPROTO‐5‐UPDOWN: Line protocol on Interface FastEthernet0/1, changed state to up
Router(config‐if)#end
%SYS‐5‐CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console Router#wr Building
configuration... [OK]
Router# Router#
Router#show ip route
Codes: C ‐ connected, S ‐ static, I ‐ IGRP, R ‐ RIP, M ‐ mobile, B ‐ BGP D ‐ EIGRP, EX ‐EIGRP external,
O ‐ OSPF, IA ‐ OSPF inter area
N1 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 ‐ OSPF external type 1, E2 ‐
OSPF external type 2, E ‐ EGP

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i ‐ IS‐IS, L1 ‐ IS‐IS level‐1, L2 ‐ IS‐IS level‐2, ia ‐ IS‐IS inter area

*- candidate default, U ‐ per‐user static route, o ‐ ODR P ‐ periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set [Link]/24 is subnetted, 2 subnets

C [Link] is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1 C [Link] is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0
Router#conf t

Enter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z. Router(config)#router rip
Router(config‐router)#net [Link] Router(config‐router)#

Router(config‐router)#end
%SYS‐5‐CONFIG_I: Configured from console by console Router#show ip route
Codes: C ‐ connected, S ‐ static, I ‐ IGRP, R ‐ RIP, M ‐ mobile, B ‐ BGP D ‐ EIGRP, EX ‐EIGRP external,
O ‐ OSPF, IA ‐ OSPF inter area
N1 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 ‐ OSPF NSSA external type 2 E1 ‐ OSPF external type 1, E2 ‐
OSPF external type 2, E ‐ EGP
i ‐ IS‐IS, L1 ‐ IS‐IS level‐1, L2 ‐ IS‐IS level‐2, ia ‐ IS‐IS inter area
* ‐ candidate default, U ‐ per‐user static route, o ‐ ODR P ‐ periodic downloaded static route

Gateway of last resort is not set [Link]/24 is subnetted, 7 subnets

R [Link] [120/1] via10.1.14.1, 00:00:09, FastEthernet0/1
R [Link] [120/2] via10.1.34.1, 00:00:14, FastEthernet0/0
[120/2] via [Link], 00:00:09, FastEthernet0/1

R [Link] [120/1] via [Link], 00:00:14, FastEthernet0/0

R [Link] [120/1] via [Link], 00:00:09, FastEthernet0/1
C [Link] is directly connected, FastEthernet0/1
R [Link] [120/1] via [Link], 00:00:14, FastEthernet0/0
C [Link] is directly connected, FastEthernet0/0 Router#

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Experiment – 8

Aim:
Introduction to Network Bandwidth analyzer tool for network monitoring.

Prerequisites:
 Basic understanding of networking concepts.

 Installation of Wireshark on your system.

Theory:
Wireshark:
Wireshark is a powerful network protocol analyzer that lets you capture and interactively browse the traffic
running on a computer network. It allows you to see what’s happening on your network at a microscopic
level and is widely used by network administrators, security professionals, developers, and educators.

Key Features:
Packet Capture: Wireshark captures packets from a network interface and displays them in a detailed,
hierarchical manner.

Live Capture and Offline Analysis: You can capture live data from a network interface or analyse
existing capture files offline.

Protocol Support: Wireshark supports a wide range of protocols, allowing you to inspect traffic at
different OSI layers.
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Filtering Capabilities: You can apply filters to focus on specific types of traffic, making it easier to
analyze relevant data.

Rich Display: The captured packets are presented in a user-friendly interface with color-coded protocol
layers and customizable layouts.

Statistics: Wireshark provides various statistics tools for analyzing network traffic patterns, endpoint
conversations, and protocol distribution.

Export and Save: You can export captured packets in various formats for further analysis or archival
purposes

Result:
Wireshark stands out as a comprehensive network bandwidth analyzer tool, offering features such as packet
capture, live and offline analysis, robust protocol support, advanced filtering capabilities, rich display
options, statistical analysis tools, and flexible export options.

Nikunj Agarwal 50415611924 AIDS-S14

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Experiment-9
Aim:
Introduction to basic networking tools: Wireshark and NetworkMiner.

Operating System Used:

Windows 7

Prerequisites:
 Basic understanding of networking concepts.
 Installation of Wireshark and NetworkMiner on your system.

[Link]:
Overview: Wireshark is a popular network protocol analyzer that allows you to capture and interactively browse the
traffic running on a computer network.
Usage:
1. Launch Wireshark.
2. Select the network interface you want to capture packets from.
3. Click on the "Start" button to begin capturing packets.
4. Analyze captured packets using various filters and tools provided by Wireshark.
Features:
 Real-time packet capturing.
 Protocol analysis.
 Deep inspection of hundreds of protocols.
 Live capture and offline analysis.
 Rich display filters for capturing specific traffic.
Practical Exercise:
1. Open Wireshark.
2. Select your network interface.
3. Start capturing packets.
4. Visit a website or perform any network activity.
5. Stop capturing packets.
6. Analyze captured packets to understand the network activity.

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2. NetworkMiner:
Overview: NetworkMiner is a network forensic analysis tool that can be used as a passive network
sniffer/packet capturing tool. It captures network packets and parses protocols such as DNS, FTP, HTTP,
IRC, SMB, SMTP, SNMP, and TFTP.
Usage:
1. Launch NetworkMiner.
2. Start capturing packets by clicking on the "Start" button.
3. NetworkMiner will automatically parse and display relevant information from captured
packets.
4. Navigate through different tabs to analyze extracted data such as hosts, sessions, files, etc.
Features:
 Passive packet sniffing.
 Automatic extraction of files, emails, and images.
 Parsing of various protocols.
 Search and filter capabilities.
 Exporting extracted files and metadata.
Practical Exercise:
1. Open NetworkMiner.
2. Start capturing packets.
3. Perform network activities such as browsing websites or transferring files.
4. Stop capturing packets.
5. Analyze extracted data such as host information, extracted files, and sessions.

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Result:
Hence Wireshark and NetworkMiner are powerful networking tools that are indispensable for network
administrators, security analysts, and forensic investigators. With the ability to capture and analyze network
traffic, these tools provide valuable insights into network behavior, security threats, and performance
issues.

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Experiment-10

Aim:

To implement Static connection using Switches and Routers.

Procedure:
1) Start by adding four generic PCs, two Switch-PT and two Router-PT for their
respective sections.

2) Use Copper Straight-Through wires to connect PCs to switches and

switches to routers with Fast Ethernet ports.
3) Use Copper Cross-Over cable to connect two routers with Fast Ethernet ports.
4) Set IPs according to the Network IPs.

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5) Establish Static Connection

a) Click on first router and select static option under ROUTING.
b) Set Network equal to another network IP.
c) Set mask equal to type C mask i.e. [Link]
d) Set Next Hop equal to IP of another router.
e) Do the same for another router.

6) Check the connections by sending messages from one network to other.

Conclusion: Successfully implemented a implemented a static connection between four PCs

using switches and routers.

Nikunj Agarwal 50415611924 AIDS-S14