Scribd
Upload
3 views6 pages

Exam Questions

The document outlines the phylogeny of the circulatory system in the phylum Chordata, detailing the differences between invertebrate chordates, agnathans, gnathostomes, and tetrapods. It describes the evolution from simple open circulatory systems in tunicates to more complex closed systems in lancelets, jawless fishes, and ultimately to the four-chambered hearts found in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Each group exhibits distinct circulatory features that reflect their evolutionary adaptations.

Uploaded by

Tanmay Verma
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
3 views6 pages

Exam Questions

The document outlines the phylogeny of the circulatory system in the phylum Chordata, detailing the differences between invertebrate chordates, agnathans, gnathostomes, and tetrapods. It describes the evolution from simple open circulatory systems in tunicates to more complex closed systems in lancelets, jawless fishes, and ultimately to the four-chambered hearts found in reptiles, birds, and mammals. Each group exhibits distinct circulatory features that reflect their evolutionary adaptations.

Uploaded by

Tanmay Verma
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

TOPIC : Phylogeny of the

circulatory system of the


phylum chordata.
Name - Kajla Akshyat
Kushwah Aditya
Group No - LA2 254(1)
1. Invertebrate Chordates (Subphylum
Urochordata and Cephalochordata):
.Urochordates (Tunicates): Most
tunicates have a simple, open
circulatory system. Blood is pumped
bya tubular heart and circulated through
vessels and sinuses. Oxygen and
nutrients are exchanged directly
between the blood and surrounding
tissues.
.Cephalochordates (Lancelets):
Lancelets have a closed circulatory
system, where blood is enclosed
within vessels. They possess a heart
that pumps blood through vessels, but
there is limited differentiation between
arteries and veins.
2. Agnathans (Jawless
Fishes):
Hagfishes: Hagfishes have a poorly
developed circulatory system with a
single-chambered heart and a variable
number of branchial arches. Blood is
pumped through vessels, but there is no
true heart structure.
Lampreys: Lampreys have a more
advanced circulatory system compared
to hagfishes. They possess a
two-chambered heart with one atrium
and one ventricle. Blood is pumped
anteriorly by the heart towards the gills
and posteriorly to the rest of the body.
3. Gnathostomes (Jawed
Vertebrates):
Cartilaginous Fishes (Class
Chondrichthyes): Cartilaginous fishes,
such as sharks and rays, have a
two-chambered heart with one atrium and
one ventricle. Blood is pumped from the
heart to the gills for oxygenation and then
distributed to the rest of the body.
Bony Fishes (Class Osteichthyes): Bony
fishes have a two-chambered heart similar
to cartilaginous fishes, but some species
exhibit modifications such as a bulbus
arteriosus or a conus arteriosus to regulate
blood flow. They also have a closed
circulatory system with well-developed
arteries, veins, and capillaries.
4. Tetrapods (Four-Limbed
Vertebrates):
Amphibians (Class Amphibia): Most amphibians
have a three-chambered heart with two atria and
one ventricle, although some species have
variations. Blood is pumped from the heart to the
lungs and skin for gas exchange, and then to the
rest of the body.

Reptiles (Class Reptilia), Birds (Class Aves),


and Mammals (Class Mammalia): These groups
have a four-chambered heart with two atria and two
ventricles, allowing complete separation of
oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. Blood is
pumped from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation
and then to the rest of the body.
Thank you

You might also like