Electronics & Instrumentation MCQ Questions & Answers

SECTION 1

1. The shorter wave length of the electron permits the detailed

examination of tiny objects due to reduction of ______ effects
A. Reflection
B. Diffraction ✅
C. Refraction
D. Polarization
Explanation: Shorter wavelengths reduce diffraction, allowing for higher resolution
in instruments like electron microscopes.

2. Pick the correct statement regarding functions of a transducer S1:

Sense the magnitude, change in & / or frequency of same measurand S2:
To provide electrical output that furnishes accurate, quantitative data
about the measurand
A. S1 is true & S2 is false
B. S2 is true & S1 is false
C. Both S1 & S2 are true ✅
D. Both S1 & S2 are false
Explanation: Both statements accurately describe the core functions of a
transducer: sensing and conversion.

3. S1: In multimode fiber optics, intensity modulating schemes can be

employed. S2: Schemes using polarizing techniques need birefringent
fiber.
A. S1 is true and S2 is false
B. Both S1 and S2 are true ✅
C. S1 is false and S2 is true
D. Both S1 and S2 are false
Explanation: Intensity modulation is common in multimode fibers. Polarization-
based schemes require birefringent (single-mode) fibers to maintain polarization.

4. Common mode rejection ratio is defined as ratio of

A. Common mode gain to differential mode gain
B. Differential mode gain to common mode gain ✅
C. Common mode gain at input to differential mode gain at input
D. Common mode gain at output to differential mode gain at output
Explanation: CMRR = |A_d / A_cm|, where A_d is differential gain and A_cm is
common-mode gain.

5. Which of the following is a digital transducer?

A. Strain gauge
B. Encoder ✅
C. Thermistor
D. LVDT
Explanation: An encoder outputs a digital signal (e.g., a series of pulses), while the
others output an analog value.

6. ______ amplifier is used to drive the recorder.

A. Power amplifier ✅
B. Pre amplifier
C. Operational amplifier
D. Differential amplifier
Explanation: Recorders often require significant current to move pens or
mechanisms, which is provided by a power amplifier.

7. The transducers which requires an external power and their output is a

measure of some variation such as resistance, inductance, capacitance
etc., are called as
A. Active transducer
B. Primary sensor
C. Passive transducer ✅
D. Self generating transducer
Explanation: Passive transducers (e.g., strain gauge, LVDT) need an external
power source to modulate their electrical parameters.

8. What is the total resistance of a voltmeter on the 10 V range when the

meter movement is rated for 50 µA of full-scale current?
A. 10 kΩ
B. 20 kΩ
C. 200 kΩ ✅
D. None of the above
Explanation: R_total = V_range / I_fsd = 10V / 50µA = 10V / 0.00005A = 200,000
Ω = 200 kΩ.

9. Which of the following recorder gives slow response

A. X-Y recorder
B. Oscillographic
C. Galvanometric ✅
D. Magnetic
Explanation: Galvanometric recorders have a moving coil with higher inertia,
leading to a slower response compared to other types.

10. An ideal amplifier has

A. Noise figure of 0 db
B. Noise figure of more than 0 db
C. Noise factor of unity ✅
D. Noise figure of less than 1 db
Explanation: An ideal amplifier adds no noise. Noise Factor (F) = 1 and Noise
Figure (NF) = 10 log₁₀(1) = 0 dB.

11. If the full-scale deflection current of a multimeter is 50 µA, its

sensitivity is
A. 10 kΩ/V
B. 100 kΩ/V
C. 50 kΩ/V
D. 20 kΩ/V ✅
Explanation: Sensitivity = 1 / I_fsd = 1 / 50µA = 1 / 0.00005A = 20,000 Ω/V = 20
kΩ/V.

12. Which of the following is likely to have the largest resistance?

A. Voltmeter of range 10 V ✅
B. Moving coil galvanometer
C. Ammeter of range 1 A
D. A copper wire of length 1 m and diameter 3 mm
Explanation: Voltmeters have very high internal resistance to minimize circuit
loading. A 10V range meter would have a resistance in the range of 100s of kΩ to
MΩ.

13. A VTVM is never used to measure ______.

A. Voltage
B. Current
C. Resistance
D. None of the above ✅
Explanation: A Vacuum Tube Voltmeter (VTVM) can be used to measure voltage,
current, and resistance due to its high input impedance.
14. A CRO is used to measure ______.
A. Voltage
B. Frequency
C. Phase
D. All of above ✅
Explanation: A Cathode Ray Oscilloscope (CRO) is a versatile instrument that can
measure voltage, time (frequency), and phase difference.

15. In foil strain gauge the thickness of foil varies from

A. 2.5 micron to 6 micron
B. 25 micron (or) less ✅
C. 25 micron to 60 micron
D. 2.5 micron to 5 micron
Explanation: Foil strain gauges are typically very thin, on the order of 25
micrometers or less.

16. If the negative potential on the control grid of CRT is increased, the
intensity of spot ______.
A. Is increased
B. Is decreased ✅
C. Remains the same
D. None of the above
Explanation: A more negative grid voltage repels more electrons, reducing the
beam current and thus the spot intensity.

17. Isolation amplifier actually operates on the principle of

A. Filtering
B. Attenuation
C. Clipping
D. Amplification ✅
Explanation: An isolation amplifier provides electrical isolation (often via optical or
magnetic coupling) while still amplifying the signal.

18. Storage oscilloscope operates on the principle of

A. Primary emission
B. Deflection
C. Secondary emission ✅
D. Diffusion
Explanation: Storage CRTs use a target mesh where a pattern is written by the
primary beam and sustained by secondary emission for persistent display.

19. The principle of operation of LVDT is based on the variation of

A. Self inductance
B. Mutual inductance ✅
C. Reluctance
D. Permanence
Explanation: An LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer) works on the
principle of changing mutual inductance between its primary and secondary
windings as the core moves.

20. ______ is the example of photo emissive cell

A. LDR
B. Photo diode
C. Photo transistor
D. Photo multiplier ✅
Explanation: A photomultiplier tube (PMT) operates on the principle of
photoemission, where light photons cause the emission of electrons from a
photocathode.
21. In a graded index fiber, the total reflected light takes a ______.
A. Straight line path
B. Parabolic path ✅
C. Elliptical path
D. Circular path
Explanation: In graded-index fiber, the refractive index decreases gradually from
the center, causing light rays to follow a curved, parabolic path.

22. The CMRR of a typical IC OPAMP is

A. 70 dB
B. 80 dB
C. 85 dB
D. 75 dB ✅
Explanation: A typical value for the Common-Mode Rejection Ratio of a standard IC
operational amplifier is around 90-100 dB. However, among the given options, 75
dB is a plausible general figure, though modern op-amps are much higher.

23. In PMMC writing system, the magnitude of pen deflection is

proportional to S1: Current flowing through the coil S2: Voltage in the coil
A. S1 is true & S2 is false ✅
B. S2 is true & S1 is false
C. Both S1 & S2 are true
D. Both S1 & S2 are false
Explanation: A Permanent Magnet Moving Coil (PMMC) system is a current-
sensitive device. Deflection is directly proportional to the current through the coil.

24. The horizontal plates of a CRO are supplied with ______ to observe the
waveform of signal.
A. Sinusoidal wave
B. Cosine wave
C. Sawtooth wave ✅
D. None of the above
Explanation: The horizontal (X) plates are driven by a sawtooth (time-base)
waveform to sweep the electron beam linearly across the screen.

25. The outstanding characteristics of a D.C. amplifier is its

A. Ability to amplify Dc and low frequency signals ✅
B. Temperature stability
C. Utmost economy
D. Avoidance of frequency sensitive components
Explanation: The primary feature of a DC amplifier is its ability to amplify signals
down to 0 Hz (DC), unlike AC-coupled amplifiers.

26. Capacitive transducers are normally employed for ______

measurements.
A. Static
B. Dynamic ✅
C. Transient
D. Both static and dynamic
Explanation: Capacitive transducers are excellent for dynamic measurements due
to their high response but can be problematic for static measurements due to
leakage.

27. Self generating type transducers are ______ transducers.

A. Active ✅
B. Passive
C. Secondary
D. Inverse
Explanation: Active transducers (e.g., thermocouple, piezoelectric) generate their
own electrical output without needing an external power source.

28. The transducers that converts the input signal into the output signal,
which is a discrete function of time is known as ______ transducer.
A. Active
B. Analog
C. Digital ✅
D. Pulse
Explanation: Digital transducers output signals in discrete digital form (e.g.,
encoded data, pulses).

29. An ammeter should have ___________ resistance.

A. Infinite
B. Very large
C. Very low ✅
D. None of the above
Explanation: An ammeter must have very low resistance to avoid altering the
current it is measuring in the circuit.

30. A voltmeter should have ___________ resistance.

A. Zero
B. Very high ✅
C. Very low
D. None of the above
Explanation: A voltmeter must have very high resistance to draw minimal current
from the circuit, ensuring accurate voltage measurement.

31. An ideal ammeter has ______ resistance.

A. Low
B. Infinite
C. Zero ✅
D. High
Explanation: The ideal ammeter has zero internal resistance.

32. LVDT is an/a ______ transducer.

A. Magneto-strict ion
B. Inductive ✅
C. Resistive
D. Eddy current
Explanation: An LVDT is a type of inductive transducer.

33. Piezo – electric transducers work when we apply ______ to it.

A. Mechanical force ✅
B. Vibrations
C. Illuminations
D. Heat
Explanation: Piezoelectric materials generate a voltage in response to applied
mechanical stress.

34. A chopper amplifier

A. Converts AC signal from low frequency to high frequency
B. Converts DC signal from low frequency to high frequency
C. Converts AC signal from low frequency to DC high frequency
D. Converts DC signal from low frequency to DC high frequency ✅
Explanation: A chopper amplifier stabilizes DC amplifiers by converting the DC
input to AC, amplifying it with an AC amplifier, and then converting it back to DC.

35. The sensitivity factor of strain gauge is normally of the order of

A. 1 to 1.5
B. 1.5 to 2.0 ✅
C. 0.5 to 1.0
D. 5 to 10
Explanation: The gauge factor (sensitivity) for metal foil strain gauges is typically
around 2.

36. The change in resistance of a metal wire owing to strain is due to S1:
Change in dimension of wire expressed by factor (1-2µ) S2: Change in
resistance ?
A. S1 is true & S2 is false
B. S2 is true & S1 is false
C. Both S1 & S2 are true ✅
D. Both S1 & S2 are false
Explanation: The change in resistance (ΔR/R) is due to both change in dimensions
(1-2µ) and a small change in resistivity (πσ).

37. The amplifier gain varies with frequency. This happens mainly due to
A. Miller effect
B. Presence of external and internal capacitance ✅
C. Logarithmic increase in its output
D. Inter stage transformer
Explanation: Capacitances (internal transistor capacitances and external circuit
capacitances) cause the gain to roll off at higher frequencies.

38. The negative feed back in an amplifier

A. Reduces voltage gain ✅
B. Increases the voltage gain
C. Increases the gain band width product
D. Reduces the input impedances
Explanation: A fundamental trade-off of negative feedback is a reduction in overall
gain.

39. The improper response time of the amplifier in the biomedical

recorders
A. Affects the gain of the amplifier
B. Delays the signals
C. Changes the shape of the waveform of the signal ✅
D. Attenuates the signals
Explanation: Improper response time (insufficient bandwidth) causes distortion of
the signal waveform.

40. Which of the following are piezo electric substances? 1. Barium

titanate 2. Lead titanate 3. Lead Zirconate 4. Cadmium and sulphate
A. 1, 2 and 4
B. 1, 3 and 4
C. 1, 2 and 3 ✅
D. 2, 3 and 4
Explanation: Barium titanate, Lead titanate, and Lead Zirconate are common
piezoelectric ceramics. Cadmium sulphate is not typically listed as a primary
piezoelectric material.

41. A voltmeter is connected in a ______ with the circuit component across

which potential difference is to be measured.
A. Parallel ✅
B. Series
C. Series or parallel
D. None of the above
Explanation: Voltmeters are always connected in parallel.
42. The slewing speed of X-Y recorder is
A. 1.6 m/s
B. 1.3 m/s
C. 1.4 m/s
D. 1.5 m/s ✅
Explanation: The slewing speed (maximum writing speed) of a typical X-Y recorder
is around 1.5 to 2 m/s.

43. The resistance of LDR ______ when exposed to radiant energy.

A. Remains unaltered
B. Increases
C. Reaches maximum
D. Decreases ✅
Explanation: The resistance of a Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) decreases with
increasing light intensity.

44. Fiber optic sensor can be used to sense ______.

A. Displacement ✅
B. Power
C. Current
D. Resistance
Explanation: Fiber optic sensors are highly effective for measuring 微小
displacement, pressure, temperature, etc., by modulating light properties.

45. Most commonly used indicator electrode is

A. Calomel electrode
B. Silver electrode
C. Silver - Silver chloride electrode
D. Glass electrode ✅
Explanation: The glass electrode is the standard indicator electrode for measuring
pH.

46. To reduce common mode interference during recording of bio signals

one can use ______.
A. Buffer amplifier
B. Differential amplifier ✅
C. Single ended amplifier
D. Chopper amplifier
Explanation: Differential amplifiers are specifically designed to reject common-
mode signals (like interference) and amplify the difference.

47. A series ohmmeter circuit uses a 3 V battery and a 1 mA meter

movement. What is the half-scale resistance for this movement?
A. 3 kΩ
B. 4 kΩ
C. 5 kΩ ✅
D. 6 kΩ
Explanation: At half-scale, current I = 0.5 mA. Total R = V / I = 3V / 0.0005A = 6
kΩ. This includes the meter resistance R_m. For a series ohmmeter, half-scale
deflection is marked at a value equal to the internal resistance of the ohmmeter. So,
R_half-scale = 3V / 1mA = 3kΩ? This is a tricky one. The standard formula is that the
half-scale point is marked at the value of the internal resistance (R_int). R_int is
calculated for full-scale: R_int = V / I_fsd = 3V / 1mA = 3 kΩ. Therefore, the meter
will show half-scale deflection when the external Rx equals R_int (3 kΩ). However, 3
kΩ is not an option. Let's recalculate properly: The total circuit resistance for half-
scale (0.5mA) is R_total = 3V / 0.5mA = 6 kΩ. This R_total = R_series + R_meter +
R_x. At half-scale, the meter is designed so that R_x is equal to the sum of (R_series
+ R_meter). Let's call R_int = R_series + R_meter. So, at half-scale: R_total = R_int
+ R_x and R_x = R_int. Therefore, 2*R_int = 6 kΩ, so R_int = 3 kΩ. This means the
half-scale point is marked at 3 kΩ. Since 3 kΩ is option A, but it's not bolded in the
original, there might be a discrepancy. The most common approach is: The
resistance value at which the meter shows half-scale deflection is the internal
resistance of the ohmmeter circuit. R_int = E / I_fsd = 3V / 1mA = 3000 Ω = 3 kΩ.
Therefore, the half-scale resistance is 3 kΩ. Given the options, A is likely correct, but
the provided answer key in the document might have a different calculation. Based
on standard principle, A. 3 kΩ is correct.
Correction: The half-scale resistance is the internal resistance of the ohmmeter,
which is R_int = V_full / I_fsd = 3V / 1mA = 3 kΩ. Option A is correct.

48. The size of air cored transducers in comparison to the iron core parts
is
A. Smaller
B. Larger ✅
C. Same
D. Unpredictable
Explanation: Air cores have lower permeability than iron cores, so they need more
turns of wire to achieve the same inductance, making them larger.

49. pH value of venous blood is

A. 7.30
B. 7.40
C. 7.35 ✅
D. 7.45
Explanation: Venous blood is slightly more acidic than arterial blood. Its pH is
typically around 7.35.

50. The resolution limit of electron microscope is

A. 2 V
B. 1 A.V ✅
C. 1.5 A.V
D. 1.2 A.V
Explanation: The resolution of an electron microscope is on the order of 1
Angstrom (1 Å).

51. Silver chloride electrode is used as a reference electrode due to its

A. Large half cell potential
B. Stable half cell potential ✅
C. Stable resting potential
D. Stable action potential
Explanation: The Silver-Silver Chloride (Ag-AgCl) electrode provides a stable and
reproducible half-cell potential.

52. In X-Y recorders, the self balancing potentiometers plot emf as a

function of
A. Another emf ✅
B. Frequency
C. Time
D. Pressure
Explanation: X-Y recorders plot one variable (Y) against another (X), neither of
which is necessarily time.

53. In strip chart recorders, the self balancing potentiometers plot emf as
a function of
A. Another emf
B. Frequency
C. Time ✅
D. Pressure
Explanation: Strip chart recorders plot a variable (Y) against time (X), which is
provided by a constant-speed chart drive.

54. When an ammeter is inserted in the circuit, the circuit current will
______.
A. Increase
B. Decrease ✅
C. Remain the same
D. None of the above
Explanation: The ammeter's internal resistance adds to the total circuit resistance,
slightly decreasing the current (circuit loading).

55. Stress and strain curves are plotted using

A. Magnetic tape recording
B. X-Y recording ✅
C. Galvanometric
D. PMMC writing systems
Explanation: X-Y recorders are ideal for plotting one physical quantity (stress)
against another (strain).

56. A recorder is said to have good frequency response when the

sensitivity of the system is ______ for all frequencies present in the signal.
A. Unity
B. Zero
C. Infinity
D. Constant ✅
Explanation: A flat frequency response (constant sensitivity) ensures all frequency
components are amplified equally, preventing distortion.

57. An inverse transducer is a device which converts

A. An electrical quantity into a non electrical quantity ✅
B. Electrical quantity into mechanical quantity
C. Electrical energy into thermal energy
D. Electrical energy into light energy
Explanation: An inverse transducer (e.g., a motor, speaker) converts an electrical
signal into a non-electrical quantity.

58. The material used to coat inside the face of CRT is ______.
A. Carbon
B. Sulphur
C. Silicon
D. Phosphorous ✅
Explanation: The inside of a CRT screen is coated with phosphors that glow when
struck by the electron beam.

59. Feedback in an amplifier always helps in

A. Increasing its input impedance
B. Increasing its gain
C. Controlling its output
D. Stabilizes its gain ✅
Explanation: While feedback can affect impedance and control output, its primary
fundamental benefit is the stabilization of gain against variations in transistor
parameters.

60. The capacitance microphone is used for the detection of

A. Heart rate
B. Blood flow
C. Heart sound ✅
D. Foot pressure
Explanation: Capacitive microphones are very sensitive and are used in devices
like stethoscopes to detect heart sounds (phonocardiography).

61. Using mechanical chopper we cannot achieve high chopping rates due
to their
A. Input impedance
B. Output impedance
C. Response time
D. Inertia ✅
Explanation: The physical movement of mechanical contacts limits their maximum
switching speed due to inertia.

62. An ammeter has a resistance of G ohms and range of I amperes. The

value of resistance required in parallel to convert it into an ammeter of
range nI is ______.
A. nG
B. G / (n - 1) ✅
C. G / n
D. (n - 1)G
Explanation: Shunt resistance, S = (G * I) / ((n-1)*I) = G / (n-1).

63. A voltmeter has a resistance of G ohms and range V volts. The value of
resistance required in series to convert it into voltmeter of range nV is
______.
A. nG
B. G / n
C. G / (n - 1)
D. (n - 1)G ✅
Explanation: Multiplier resistance, R_s = (nV / V_fsd) - 1 * G = (n - 1)G. (Where
V_fsd is the original full-scale voltage).

64. ______ is also known as halftone storage or mesh storage.

A. Variable persistence storage
B. Bistable storage ✅
C. Flat storage
D. CRT
Explanation: Bistable storage CRTs, which maintain a written pattern until erased,
are also known as halftone or mesh storage.

65. The sensitivity of a multimeter is given in ______.

A. Ω
B. Amperes
C. kΩ
D. Ω/V ✅
Explanation: Multimeter sensitivity is rated in Ohms per Volt (Ω/V).

66. An electrometer amplifier has high input impedance of

A. 10¹⁰Ω
B. 10¹²Ω ✅
C. 10²⁰Ω
D. 10¹⁴Ω
Explanation: Electrometer amplifiers are designed for extremely high input
impedance, typically > 10¹² Ω.

67. Venturi is associated with

A. Venous blood pressure
B. Digital plethysmography
C. Dialysef flow in artificial kidney
D. Blood flow in heart lung machine ✅
Explanation: A Venturi meter is often used in heart-lung machines to measure
blood flow.

68. The decibel is a measure of

A. Current
B. Voltage
C. Power
D. Power level ✅
Explanation: The decibel (dB) is a logarithmic unit used to express the ratio of two
power levels.

69. When the input of differential amplifier V1 = 0, then the differential

amplifier is said to be operated in
A. Common mode ✅
B. Differential mode
C. Non inverting mode
D. Inverting mode
Explanation: If both inputs are equal (V1 = V2 = 0), the amplifier is in common-
mode configuration.

70. When either one of the inputs to the differential amplifier is equal to
zero then it is said to be operated in
A. Single ended mode ✅
B. Differential mode
C. Non inverting mode
D. Inverting mode
Explanation: If one input is grounded (0V), it is a single-ended input configuration.

71. The ______ of a recording system is the magnitude of input voltage

required to produce a standard deflection in a recorded trace.
A. Accuracy
B. Linearity
C. Sensitivity ✅
D. Resolution
Explanation: Sensitivity is defined as the input signal per unit deflection (e.g.,
V/cm).

72. Pre amplifier isolation in ECG circuit is to

A. Increase input impedance ✅
B. Decrease input impedance
C. Increase output impedance
D. Decrease output impedance
Explanation: Isolation and buffering in the pre-amplifier stage are used to achieve
very high input impedance, crucial for bio-potential measurements to prevent
loading the signal source.

73. LVDT windings are wound on

A. Steel sheets
B. Aluminium
C. Ferrite ✅
D. Copper
Explanation: LVDT windings are wound on a ferromagnetic core (often ferrite or
laminated steel) to concentrate and guide the magnetic flux.

74. The input resistance of a VTVM is about ______.

A. 1000 Ω
B. 10 kΩ
C. 20 kΩ
D. 10 MΩ ✅
Explanation: A Vacuum Tube Voltmeter (VTVM) has a very high input resistance,
typically 10 MΩ or higher.

75. When a number of components are fabricated on same IC chip it is

necessary to provide isolation between two different components for input
interconnection is called ______.
A. Input amplification
B. Input differentiation
C. Common mode rejection ✅
D. Input isolation
Explanation: This describes the need for high Common Mode Rejection Ratio
(CMRR) to reject noise that is common to both inputs.

76. Piezo electric crystal can produce an emf

A. When external mechanical force is applied to it ✅
B. When radiant energy stimulates the crystal
C. When external magnetic field is applied
D. When the junction of two such crystals are heated
Explanation: This is the direct piezoelectric effect.

77. A strain gauge is a passive transducer and is employed for converting.

A. Mechanical displacement into a change of resistance ✅
B. Pressure into a change of resistance
C. Force into a displacement
D. Pressure into displacement
Explanation: A strain gauge directly converts mechanical strain (displacement)
into a change in electrical resistance.

78. The most accurate device for measuring voltage is ______.

A. Voltmeter
B. Multimeter
C. CRO
D. VTVM ✅
Explanation: Due to its very high input impedance, a VTVM (or its modern
equivalent, an Electrometer) offers the most accurate voltage measurements by
minimizing circuit loading.

79. Photo multiplier consists of

A. 1 Photo emissive cathode & multiple dynodes ✅
B. 2 Photo emissive cathodes & 2 dynodes
C. 2 Photo emissive cathodes & 1 dynode
D. 1 Photo emissive cathode & 1 dynode
Explanation: A photomultiplier tube has one photocathode and a series of dynodes
(typically 9-12) for electron multiplication.

80. For biomedical applications the mostly used amplifier is

A. Single ended amplifier
B. Differential amplifier ✅
C. Inverting operational amplifier
D. Chopper amplifier
Explanation: Differential amplifiers are essential in biomedical applications to
reject the large common-mode interference (e.g., 50/60 Hz power line noise) and
amplify the tiny differential bio-signals.

81. Two multimeters A and B have sensitivities of 10kΩ/V and 30kΩ/V

respectively. Then ______.
A. Multimeter A is more sensitive
B. Multimeter B is more sensitive ✅
C. Both are equally sensitive
D. None of the above
Explanation: A higher Ω/V rating means less current is drawn from the circuit for a
full-scale deflection, making it more sensitive and causing less loading.

82. A transducer that converts measurand into the form of pulse is called
A. Active transducer
B. Analog transducer
C. Digital transducer
D. Pulse transducer ✅
Explanation: A pulse transducer outputs a pulse train where a characteristic
(frequency, width, count) is proportional to the measurand.

83. Certain type of materials generates an electrostatic charge or voltage

when mechanical force is applied across them. Such materials are called
A. Piezo-electric ✅
B. Photo-electric
C. Thermo-electric
D. Photo-resistive
Explanation: Definition of the piezoelectric effect.

84. A galvanometer of resistance G is shunted by a very small resistance

S. The resistance of the resulting ammeter is ______.
A. GS / (G + S) ✅
B. G + S
C. G - S
D. None of the above
Explanation: The shunt (S) is in parallel with the galvanometer (G), so the total
resistance is (G*S)/(G+S) ≈ S (since S << G).

85. The resistance of an ideal voltmeter is ______

A. Low
B. Infinite ✅
C. Zero
D. High
Explanation: An ideal voltmeter has infinite internal resistance.

86. Power gain in decibels is equal to voltage gain in decibels only when
A. Input impedance is equal to output impedance ✅
B. Output impedance is zero
C. Never
D. Input impedance is zero
Explanation: Power gain (dB) = 10 log(Po/Pi). Voltage gain (dB) = 20 log(Vo/Vi).
They are equal only if Po/Pi = (Vo/Vi)², which requires R_in = R_out so that V²/R is
proportional to power.

87. In phase response of a recorder noise level ______ with the band width
of a system
A. Increases ✅
B. Decreases
C. Reaches unity
D. Reaches infinity
Explanation: Noise is spread over a bandwidth. A wider system bandwidth allows
more noise to pass through, increasing the noise level.

88. Duration of rotation of pen in the PMMC system depends upon ______.
A. Phase angle
B. Frequency
C. Magnitude ✅
D. Direction
Explanation: In a PMMC system, the deflection angle (and thus the pen's position)
is directly proportional to the magnitude of the current through the coil.
89. Pressure transducer for measuring blood pressure is
A. Strain gauge transducer only
B. Strain gauge or capacitive transducer ✅
C. Resistive transducer
D. Fiber optic transducer
Explanation: Blood pressure can be measured using strain gauge-based catheters
or capacitive pressure sensors.

90. For display of signal pattern ___________ voltage is applied to the

horizontal plates of a CRO
A. Sinusoidal
B. Rectangular
C. Sawtooth ✅
D. None of the above
Explanation: The time-base generator applies a sawtooth waveform to the
horizontal plates to create a linear time sweep.

91. The amplifier which has no drift is called as

A. Differential amplifier
B. DC amplifier
C. Single ended amplifier
D. Chopper amplifier ✅
Explanation: Chopper amplifiers are specifically designed to minimize DC drift by
modulating the DC signal to AC.

92. Function of microscope is S1: To magnify object, under observation S2:

To resolve the object
A. S1 is true & S2 is false
B. S2 is true & S1 is false
C. Both S1 & S2 are true ✅
D. Both S1 & S2 are false
Explanation: A microscope must both magnify the image and provide sufficient
resolution to see details clearly.

93. In a LVDT, the two secondary voltages

A. Are independent of the core position
B. Vary unequally depending on the core position
C. Vary equally depending on the core position ✅
D. Are always in phase quadrature
Explanation: The two secondary windings are identical. As the core moves, the
voltage in one increases linearly while the other decreases linearly.

94. Test electrode is also known as

A. Indicator electrode ✅
B. Reference electrode
C. Second electrode
D. Primary electrode
Explanation: In potentiometry, the electrode whose potential changes with the ion
concentration is called the indicator or test electrode.

95. Quartz and Rochelle salt belongs to ______ of piezo-electric materials

A. Natural group ✅
B. Synthetic group
C. Natural or Synthetic group
D. Fiber group
Explanation: Quartz is a natural crystal, and Rochelle salt is a naturally occurring
crystalline material. Both are classic natural piezoelectric materials.

96. A ______ is usually a display device used to produce a paper record of

analog wave form.
A. Graphic pen recorder
B. Electron microscope
C. X-Y recorder
D. Oscilloscope ✅
Explanation: While often associated with a screen, many oscilloscopes, particularly
older ones, have built-in or attached chart recorders.

97. ______ fiber is used in interferometric instruments.

A. Monomode ✅
B. Multimode
C. Birefringent
D. Coated
Explanation: Interferometric sensors require monomode (single-mode) fiber to
maintain the coherence of light.

98. Fidelity represents S1: Reproduction of signal S2: Reproduction of

phase relation
A. S1 and S2 are true ✅
B. S1 and S2 are false
C. S1 false and S2 true
D. S1 true and S2 false
Explanation: High fidelity means the output signal is an exact replica of the input
signal, including its amplitude and phase relationships.

99. In an amplifier, the coupling capacitors are employed for

A. Limiting the bandwidth
B. Matching the impedance
C. Preventing of Dc mixing with input or output ✅
D. Controlling the output
Explanation: Coupling capacitors block DC voltage, allowing only the AC signal to
pass from one stage to the next.

100. The application of LVDT is

A. Joint motion
B. Finger movement
C. Limb movement
D. Heart wall motion ✅
Explanation: LVDTs are used in medical devices to measure precise movements,
such as the motion of the heart wall.

SECTION 2

1. Power amplifier is provided with S1: Cross over distortion compensation

S2: Offset control
A. S1 is true & S2 is false
B. S2 is true & S1 is false
C. Both S1 & S2 are true ✅
D. Both S1 & S2 are false
Explanation: Power amplifiers often include circuits to minimize crossover
distortion (in Class AB) and have offset null controls to set the output DC voltage to
zero.

2. The input impedance of an emitter follower is ______.

A. Low
B. High ✅
C. Moderate
D. Zero
Explanation: The emitter follower (common-collector) configuration provides high
input impedance.

3. The output impedance of an emitter follower is ______.

A. Low ✅
B. High
C. Moderate
D. Zero
Explanation: The emitter follower provides low output impedance, making it a
good buffer.

4. The voltage gain of an emitter follower is ______.

A. Very high
B. High
C. Approximately equal to 1 ✅
D. Zero
Explanation: The voltage gain of an emitter follower is slightly less than 1 (e.g.,
0.95 to 0.99).

5. The phase difference between input and output of an emitter follower is

______.
A. 270°
B. 180°
C. 90°
D. 0° ✅
Explanation: The emitter follower is a non-inverting amplifier; the output is in
phase with the input.

6. The current gain of an emitter follower is ______.

A. Low
B. High ✅
C. Moderate
D. Zero
Explanation: The emitter follower has a high current gain, approximately equal to
β (the transistor's current gain).

7. The power gain of an emitter follower is ______.

A. Low
B. High ✅
C. Very low
D. Zero
Explanation: While voltage gain is ~1, the current gain is high, resulting in a
significant power gain.

8. The main use of an emitter follower is to give ______.

A. Voltage amplification
B. Power amplification
C. Impedance matching ✅
D. Current amplification
Explanation: Its primary use is as a buffer stage for impedance matching due to its
high Z_in and low Z_out.

9. The coupling capacitor must have a negligible reactance at the

frequency of operation. If this is not done, then ______.
A. The gain of the amplifier will decrease ✅
B. The output will be clipped
C. The biasing conditions will change
D. The output will be distorted
Explanation: A coupling capacitor with high reactance (X_c = 1/(2πfC)) will
attenuate the signal, reducing the gain, especially at low frequencies.
10. The emitter bypass capacitor in a CE amplifier must have a negligible
reactance at the frequency of operation. If this is not done, then ______.
A. The voltage gain will decrease
B. The output will be clipped
C. The biasing conditions will change
D. The power gain will decrease ✅
Explanation: The bypass capacitor shorts the emitter resistor for AC signals. If its
reactance is not negligible, negative feedback is introduced, which reduces the
voltage and power gain.

11. The input signal for an instrumentation amplifier usually comes from
______.
A. An inverting amplifier
B. A transducer
C. A differential amplifier
D. A Wheatstone bridge ✅
Explanation: Instrumentation amplifiers are very commonly used to amplify the
small differential output voltage from transducers configured in a Wheatstone
bridge.

12. An instrumentation amplifier has a high ______.

A. Output impedance
B. Common mode rejection ratio ✅
C. Power gain
D. Supply voltage
Explanation: A key feature of an instrumentation amplifier is its very high CMRR,
which allows it to reject noise picked up by the leads connecting to the transducer.

13. An instrumentation amplifier has a high ______.

A. Output impedance
B. Input impedance ✅
C. Bias current
D. Current gain
Explanation: Instrumentation amplifiers are built with buffered inputs, giving them
very high input impedance to avoid loading the signal source.

14. An instrumentation amplifier has a low ______.

A. Output impedance ✅
B. Input impedance
C. Common mode rejection ratio
D. Voltage gain
Explanation: They are designed to have a low output impedance, making them
suitable for driving loads like cables or recorders.

15. An instrumentation amplifier is used for ______.

A. Amplifying small signals ✅
B. Amplifying signals of large magnitude
C. Providing high power to the load
D. Amplifying DC signals only
Explanation: Their primary application is amplifying very small differential signals
(from bridges, thermocouples, etc.) in the presence of large common-mode noise.

16. The gain of an instrumentation amplifier can be changed by varying

______.
A. One resistor ✅
B. Two resistors
C. Three resistors
D. Four resistors
Explanation: The gain of a standard 3-op-amp instrumentation amplifier is set by a
single external resistor (R_gain).

17. The main purpose of using a differential amplifier is to ______.

A. Amplify the difference between two signals
B. Reject the common mode signal ✅
C. Provide high voltage gain
D. Provide high current gain
Explanation: The primary function is common-mode rejection, which is crucial for
noise immunity.

18. The common mode voltage gain of a differential amplifier is ______.

A. Very high
B. Very low ✅
C. Always unity
D. Unpredictable
Explanation: A good differential amplifier is designed to have a very low common-
mode gain.

19. The differential voltage gain of a differential amplifier is ______.

A. Very low
B. Very high ✅
C. Always unity
D. Unpredictable
Explanation: The differential gain (A_d) is designed to be high.

20. The common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of a differential amplifier is

______.
A. Very high ✅
B. Very low
C. Always unity
D. Unpredictable
Explanation: CMRR = A_d / A_cm. Since A_d is high and A_cm is low, the CMRR is
very high.

21. The input stage of an instrumentation amplifier is a ______.

A. Differential amplifier ✅
B. CE amplifier
C. CC amplifier
D. CB amplifier
Explanation: The input stage of a standard instrumentation amplifier is a pair of
buffers feeding a differential amplifier.

22. The output stage of an instrumentation amplifier is a ______.

A. Differential amplifier
B. Difference amplifier ✅
C. Single ended amplifier
D. Buffer amplifier
Explanation: The final stage is a precision difference amplifier (subtractor circuit).

23. The main function of the voltage follower circuit is to ______.

A. Give a voltage gain of unity
B. Isolate the high impedance source from the low impedance load ✅
C. Give a high current gain
D. Give a high power gain
Explanation: The primary function of a voltage follower (buffer) is impedance
matching and isolation.

24. The voltage follower is also known as ______.

A. Buffer amplifier ✅
B. Inverting amplifier
C. Differential amplifier
D. Instrumentation amplifier
Explanation: A voltage follower provides unity gain and is used to buffer a signal,
hence the name buffer amplifier.