Wooden box on 4 legs

Height: 121 cm (avoid ground heat)

Painted white (reflects sun)

**Structure & Placement**
Double-layered wood with airspace (insulation)
11. Matching Exercise (Instruments

by Feature) Slatted/louvred sides (air movement)

Placed on grass (reduces ground heat)

**Stevenson Screen ideal location**: open, away Daily readings at same time
from buildings/trees, on grass, away from public **Usage**
Now often automated digital recording
Diurnal range = max - min
**Calculations** 10. Worked Examples (Exam Tips) Max-min thermometer (Six's thermometer)
Mean annual range = highest monthly mean - 1. Stevenson Screen **Inside Instruments**
lowest monthly mean
Hygrometer (wet & dry bulb)
**Always add units**
Rain gauge

**Outside Instruments** Wind vane

**Instrument**: Campbell-Stokes sunshine
recorder Anemometer

Glass sphere focuses sunlight Barometers/barographs: avoid wind, sun, heat

**How it works**
Burns trace on recording card Thermometers: away from heat-radiating
buildings
Open space **Station Layout Rules**
9. Sunshine Hours Wind vane/anemometer: away from
South-facing (N hemisphere) / North-facing (S trees/buildings; ≥3 × obstacle height
**Placement**
hemisphere)
Rain gauge: open space; ≥2 × distance from
No shade, direct sun all day nearest object

Replace card daily

**Process** **Weather**: day-to-day (rain, sun, snow);
Measure burn length → convert to measured over days
hours/minutes 2. Weather vs. Climate
**Climate**: long-term expectation (e.g., warm
summers); measured over 30+ years
**Definition**: Weight of air on Earth
Weather Instruments
**Sea level pressure**: ~1.03 kg/cm²
- Mind Map **Instrument**: Wind vane

**Unit**: millibars (mb) **Measurement**: Compass point wind is *from*

3. Wind Direction (N, S, NE, etc.)
**Isobars**: lines of pressure on map 8. Pressure
**Unit**: Compass direction
Mercury barometer (mercury in tube)

Aneroid barometer (corrugated metal chamber,

**Instruments** 3–4 cups on metal arms
spring, levers, pointer)
**Instrument**: Anemometer
Barograph (continuous reading on rotating Spins on 10 m shaft
cylinder, 1-week paper)
**Units**: m/s or km/hr

4. Wind Speed Traditional: cup counter

**Definition**: Water vapour in air **Types**
Digital portable: fan & screen
**Instrument**: Hygrometer (wet & dry bulb)
7. Humidity **Placement**: away from buildings/trees (avoid
% of max capacity at given temp airflow blockage)

Warm air holds more vapour

**Relative humidity**
Saturated = no evaporation **Definition**: Any water falling (hail, mist, rain,
sleet, snow)
If not saturated: wet bulb cools (evaporation)
**Instrument**: Rain gauge

5. Precipitation **Unit**: mm
**Units**: °C or °F
Collect water daily at same time
Six's thermometer (U-shaped, max & min)
**Instruments** Pour into tapered cylinder
Thermograph (bimetallic strip + levers + graph **Process**
paper) Read at eye level, bottom of meniscus

Daily min/max Trace = very small reading

Daily average 6. Temperature

Diurnal range (max - min) **Measured values**

Mean monthly temp

Mean annual temp

**Shade temperature** measured (avoid direct

insolation)